LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

University  of  California. 

(   rl   p-T     (    >K 


Accessions  No.  & 0  7 j^.        Class  No.    /€>0     . 


0?  THE 

UNIVERSITY' 


LATIN    READER: 


WITH   REFERENCES   TO   THE   EDITOR'S   LATIN   GRAMMAR, 
NOTES,  AND   VOCABULARY. 


BY 


B.  L.  GILDERSLEEVE,  Ph.D.  (Ktlingen),  LL.D., 

Professor  of  Greek  in  the  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore,  and  late  Professor 
in  the  University  of  Virginia. 


UIIVEE 


UNIVERSITY  PUBLISHING-  COMPANY, 

NEW    YORK. 

1879. 


GlLDERSLEEVE'S  LATIN  SERIES. 


LATIN    PRIMER. 
LATIN    GRAMMAR. 
LATIN    READER. 
LATIN    EXERCISE-BOOK. 


Copyright,  1875,  by 

University  Publishing  Company. 

***352. 


MAIN 


PREFACE. 


The  text  of  this  Latin  Reader,  with  the  exception  of  the  Fifth  Part, 
consists  of  selections  from  the  Lateinisches  Lesebuch  of  Prof.  Lattmann, 
to  whose  labors  the  other  volumes  of  the  series  are  largely  indebted  for 
whatever  practical  usefulness  they  may  have  been  found  to  possess. 

The  Fifth  Part  is  made  up  of  the  Fifth  Book  of  Caesar's  Gallic  War, 
with  a  Syntactical  Commentary,  originally  intended  to  serve  as  a  drill- 
book  in  Latin  Syntax.  Instead  of  mere  references  to  the  Grammar,  the 
rules  themselves  are  given  in  as  brief  compass  as  practicable,  and  a  system 
of  annotation  has  been  devised,  to  secure,  if  possible,  a  thorough  mastery 
of  the  principles  involved.  The  following  method  of  working  this  por- 
tion of  the  book  is  suggested.  After  the  reading  of  the  lesson  assigned, 
the  pupil  is  to  shut  the  book  and  repeat  the  rule  in  response  to  the  cita 
tion  of  the  passage  by  the  teacher.  When  the  rule  has  been  given  in  a 
previous  lesson,  and  is  simply  referred  to,  the  teacher  may  ask  for  the 
rule  before  the  close  of  the  reading,  and  if  it  be  thought  expedient, 
attention  may  be  stimulated  by  requiring,  in  case  of  failure,  the  writing 
out  of  the  rule  and  the  citations. 

In  the  preparation  of  the  Vocabulary,  my  labor  has  been  lightened  by 
a  careful  list  of  the  words  occurring  in  the  Fifth  Book  of  Caesar,  for 
which  I  have  to  thank  Mr.  H.  C.  Brock,  of  Virginia ;  and  I  am  under 
especial  obligations  to  Mr.  A.  D.  Savage,  of  New  York,  for  the  verifica- 
tion of  the  numerous  references  in  the  foot-notes  on  the  same  part  of 
this  little  work. 

B.   L.    GlLDERSLEEVE. 

University  of  Virginia, 
April  15th,  1875. 


OOZsTT.ElsrTS. 


i. 

PA6B 

Fabulae  Aesopicae 6 

II. 
Fabulae  Aetatis  Heroicae 15 

III. 
Narratiunculae 25 

IV. 
De  Gestis  Alexandra 37 

V. 
De  Bello  Gallico,  Liber  Quintus 77 

NOTES 124 

VOCABULARY 136 


rI7E 


Latin  Reader 


i. 

FABULAE   AESOPIOAE. 


1.  Taurus  et  musca. 

In  cornu  tauri  parva  sedebat  musca.  Si  te  nimi3  grav5, 
inquit,  statim  avolabo.  Taurus  respondet:  Ubi  es?  nihil 
eentio. 

2.  Asinus  aegrotus. 

Asinus  erat  aegrotus ;  filius  eum  diligenter  ctirabat.  Venit 
lupus  et  ostium  pulsans:  Aperi,  inquit,  mi  aselle;  venio  ad 
patrem  visendum.1  Filius  per  rimam  ostil  respondet : a  Amici 
vocem  audio,  sed  video  fauces  lupi. 

i  433.  a  220. 

3.    Climax. 

Passer  callidus  ceperat  culicem.  Culex  clamabat :  Concede 
mihi  vitam,  oro  te.  Reputa  juventutem  meam.  Non  ita,  re- 
spondet ille,  devorabo  te ;  nam  ego  x  sum  magnus,  tu  es  parvus. 
— Passerem  edentem  conspicit  accipiter  et  cito  unguibus  cor- 
ripit.  Turn  passer  clamavit:  Cur  me  necas  ?  Nihil  peccavi. 
Parce !  Non  ita,  respondet  accipiter,  devorabo  te  ;  nam  ego 
sum  magnus,  tu  es  parvus. — Dum  accipiter  passerem  dilacerat,3 
subito  ex  aere  devolat  vultur  et  corripit  accipitrem.  Magne 
rex,  clamat  accipiter,  mitte  iram  tuam  et  redde  mihi  libertatem. 
Non  ita,  respondet  ille,  devorabo  te  ;•  nam  ego  sum  magnus,  tu 
es  parvus.  Ita  loquens  praedam  dilaniat.  Eepente  superbo* 
collum  perforat  sagitta,  quam  venator  e  propinquo  emiserat. 
Cur  me  interficis?  clamat  vultur  moribundus,  nunquam  tibi 4 
nocui.  Jiire 6  te  interficio,  respondet  venator ;  nam  ego  sum 
magnus,  tu  es  parvus. 

»  198.  a  572.  ■  343.  4  345.  6  398. 


6  LATIN   READER. 

4.    Societas  leonlna. 

Vacca,  ovis,  capella '  societatem  fecerant  cum  leone.  Paulo  2 
post  ceperunt  cervum  permagnum.  Leo  statim  quattuor  partes 
fecit ;  turn  ita  locutus  est :  Ego  piimam  partem  stimo,  quia  leo 
sum;  alteram  mihi  tribuetis,  quia  fortitudine 3  excello ;  tertia 
mihi  debetur,  quia  validior  sum,  quam  vos.  Eestat  quarta  pars: 
at  ne 4  quis  6  vestrum  audeat  earn  tangere. 

»483.2.  8400.  »398.  4  266.  »302. 

5.    Leo  et  mus. 

Leo  maguus  dormiebat  in  silva;  prope  ludebant  mures,  et 
incaute  iinus  nasum  leonis  tetigit.  Leo  experrectus  murem 
corripit.  Turn  mus  oriivit  eum :  Da  mihi  veniam,  gratus  tibi 
ero.  Leo  respondet :  Misera  bestiola,  quid J  tu  mihi 2  proderis  ? 
Sed  ignoscam  tibi2  et  dimittam  te,  nam  leones  sunt  generosi. 
Effuge.  Mus  effugit. — Paulo  post  leo  praedam  quaerens  incide- 
rat  in  laqueos.  Fremebat  maxime.  Cito  mus,  qui  fremitum 
audlverat,  accurrit.  Acutis  dentibus3  laqueorum  nodos  rodit 
et  laqueos  solvit.     Sic  parvus  miis  Hberavit  magnum  leonem. 

»  331,  R.  2.  a  345.  »  403. 

6.    Ner5  et  Phylax. 

Nero  et  Phylax  una  invenerant  eximium  os.  Uterque  totum 
os  postulat ;  rixa  exardescit ;  postremo  amlci  pugnam  commit- 
tunt.  Fluebat  solum  sanguine.  Tandem  Phylax  JSTerdnem 
fugavit  exsultansque  ad  locum,  ubi  praedam  reliquerant,  rediit. 
At  aberat  os.  Canis  prudentior  id  abstulerat,  dum  illl  pugua- 
bant. 

7.    Leo  senex. 

Leo  defectus  annis  recubabat  in  spulunca  sua  et  aegrum 
simulabat.  Vlsitatum !  regem  complures  venerunt  bestiae, 
quits  protinus  devoravit.  Accessit  etiam  vulpes,  sed  cauta 2  ante 
speluncam  procul  stabat  saltitans  regem.  Cur  non  intras  ?  in- 
terrogavit  leo.  Vulpes  respondit:  Quod  video  ves+Igia  intran- 
tium  multa,  at  nulla  exeuntium. 

>  436.         »  324,  R.  5. 


FABULAE  AESOPICAE.  7 

8.  Sturnus  et  cuculus. 
Ad  sturnum,  qui  ex  urbe  auftigerat,  volavit  cuculus  ;  scire 
enim  l  volebat,  quid  homines  de  cantu  suo  2  jiidicarent.3  Quo- 
modo,  interrogavit,  homines  de  luscinia,  loquuntur  ?  Ille  re- 
spondet :  Lusciniae  cantum  maximopere  laudant. — QuOmodo  de 
alauda? — Multi  quidem  hiijus  cantum  laudant. — QuOmodo  do 
coturnice  ? — Nonnulli  etiam  coturnlcis  cantu  delectantur. — Quid 
vero4  de  me  jiidicant? — Hoc,  inquit  sturnus,  dlcere  tibi  non 
possum;  nusquam  enim  1  tui  fit  mentio.  Id  non  exspeetaverat 
cuculus.  Si  ita  est,  inquit  Ira  t  us,  in  posterum  semper  de  me 
ipse  5  loquar. 

1  681.  a  521.  3  469.  « 4S9.  8  298. 

9.  Luscinia  et  acanthis. 
Luscinia  et  acanthis  ante  fenestram  in  caveis  incmsae  pende- 
bant.  Luscinia  cantum  jucundissimum  incipit.  Pater  filium 
interrogat,  utra1  avis  tam  suaviter  canat,2  et  ostendit  el  utram- 
que.3  Filius  statim :  Sine  dubio,  inquit,  acanthis  ista  est,  quae 
sonos  illos  suavissimos  edit;  pennas  enim  habet  pulcherrimas. 
Haec  fabula  eos  reprehendit,  qui  homines  ex  vestibus  et  forma 
aestimant. 

1  315,  R.  a  469.  >  307. 

10.  Asinus  pelle  le5nis  indutus. 
Fugitivus  asinus  reperit  in  silva  pellem  leonis.  Induit  pellem 
et  terrebat  bestias  et  homines,  tanquam  led  esset.1  Eustici  in  vi- 
cos  suos  se  condunt ;  Jupl,  ursl,  cervi,  boves,  equi,  oves,  omnes  be- 
stiae  fuga  salutem  quaerunt.  Postquam  hoc  modo  diu  per  agro,9 
saeviit,2  venit  tandem  dominus.  Turn  ille  horrendum  in  modum 
rudere  coepit,  ut  herum  quoque  falleret.3  Sed  forte  una  auri- 
cula eminebat.  Hanc  herns  comprehendens:  Alios,  inquit, 
fallas,4  me  non  falles.  Nov! "  te,  ml  asine.  Ita  vehementer 
verberatum 6  domum 7  pellit. 

!604.      2  563.      8545.      *  257.       5  228,  R.  1.       6  667,  R.  1.      T  410. 

11.  Vulpes  orator  pacis. 

Bland5  vultu. 1  ad  stabulum,  in  ciijus  tecto  cum  multis  galli- 

als  sedebat  gallus,  accessit  vulpes.     Salvete,  inquit,  et  laetum, 

quern  vobls  adfero,  accipite  nuntium.     Omnes,  quae  inter  ani- 


8  LATIN"   READER. 

malia  erant,  inimicitiae  exstinctae  sunt,  pax  est  facta.  Ambu- 
lant cum  leonibus  cervl,  cum  lupis  oves,  cum  felibus  mures; 
descendite  igitur,  ut  etiam  nos  amicitiam  sempiternam  junga- 
mus.  Bene  mones,  respondit  gallns,  descendemus,  et  canis, 
quern  accurrentem  video,  testis  esto. — Accurrit  canis?  2  subjicit 
vulpes.  Fieri  potest,  ut  pax  canibus  nondum  nuntiata  sit.3 
Valete. 

i  401.  2  455.  3  558. 
12.  Oervus. 
Cervus  contemplabatur  imaginem  snam  in  rivulo.  Laudabat 
cornua  ram 6s a,  sed'crurum  nimiam  gracilitatem  vituperabat. 
Subito  prope  canes  tollunt  latratum.  Trepidat  cervus  et  cito 
fugit.  Fugienti1  instant  canes;  sed  facile  eum  crura  gracilia 
auferunt.  Currit  in  silvam.  At  nunc  ramosa  cornua  cervum 
ubique  impediunt,  moxque  canes  dentibus  eum  dilacerant. 
Turn  moribund  us  errorem  suum  intellexit.  Vituperavl,  inquit, 
crura  velocia,  cornua,  quae  me  perdiderunt,  laudavi. 

1346. 
13.  Puer  mendax. 
Puer  mendax,  qui  patris  gregem  pascebat,  libenter  alios  ludifi- 
cabatur.  Aliquando  ingentem  clamorem  sustulit:  Auxilio J 
venite;  lupus  adest!— Accurrunt  propere  rusticl  et  ridentur. 
Proximo  mense2  hunc  dolum  repetivit.  Paulo3  post  re  vera 
lupus  apparet.  Jam  rursus  clamat:  Auxilio  venite;  lupus 
adest!  At  nemo  accurrit.  Majore  voce  clamat,  lacrimat,  eju- 
lat ;  frustra  omnia.  Tertium  nos  decipere  vult,  inquiunt  rusticl. 
Tta  lupus  in  gregem  irrupit  et  plurimas  4  oves  dilaniavit. 

^SO.  2392.  3400.  *  316. 

14.  Minus  perferte,  majus  ne  veniat  malum. 
Kanae  olim  clamore  magno '  regem  petierunt  a  Jove.  Eidet 
Pater  deorum  atque  magnum  truncum  e  caelo  in  paludem  de- 
jicit.  Subito  motu  aquarum  sonoque  perterritae,  mergunt  et 
latent  in  limo.  Forte  una  profert  e  stagno  caput  et,  exploratu 
rege,  cunctas  evocat.  Illae,  timore  posito,  adnatant;  mox  petu- 
lans  turba  in  truncum  insilit.  Alium  regem  postulant,  quoniam 
inutilis  esset,2  qui  fuerat  datus.     Turn  Juppiter  misit  ciconiam. 


FJPBULAE   AESOPICAE.  9 

Ea  uno  die3  magnum  ranarum  numerum  dilacerat,  jugulat, 
vivas  alias  devorat.  Reliquae  mersae  lugent,  flent,  orant,  ut  ab 
hac  calamitate  Kberentur.  Sed  deum  nun  movent  querelae  ac 
lacrimae.  Benignum,  inquit,  et  placid um  regem  non  tulistis, 
jam  ferum  et  barbarum  fertote  ! 

»  401.  2  541.    See  509,  2.  3  392. 

15.  Ranarum  convlcia. 

Agricolae  Lycii  Latonam  sitientem  ab  aqua  prohibebant  atque 
etiam  minas  et  convlcia  addebant.  Dea  Ira !  commota  improbos 
agricolfis  mutavit  in  ranas.  Neque  tamen  mutati  conviciis  2  de- 
sistunt. 

Quamvis  sint3  sub  aqua,  sub  aqua  maledicere  tentant. 

»  407,  R.  1.  2  388.  3  60S. 

16.  Equus  auxilium  petit  ab  homine. 
Equus  gerebat  bellum  cum  cervo.     Cum  equus  pulsus  esset1 
e  prato,  auxilium  petit  ab  homine.     lledit  cum  homine  ac  cer- 
vum    vincit.     Sed  jam  ipse  homini   servire   cogitur,   equitem 
dorso 2  ferre  et  ore  f re  num. 

i  586.  3  387. 

17.  Quod  catulum,  non  decet  asinum. 

Dominus  asini  habebat  etiam  catulum.  Is  a  domino  1  saepe 
laudabatur  et  permulcebatur,  frustaque  semper  egregia  el  daban- 
tur.  Hoc  cum  invidia  videbat  asinus.  Cogitabat  secum  :  Cur 
canis  ita  amatur  a  domino?  '  Cur  ego2  male  tractor?  Ille  inuti- 
lis  est ;  ego  2  maxima  semper  commoda  domino  comparavi.  At 
canis  callidus  est  adulator;  a  me  dominus  nunquam  blanditias 
accepit.  Etiam  ego  amabor,  si  idem  faciam,3  quod  ille  facere 
solet. — Forte  hoc  tempore  4  dominus  intrat  in  stabulum.  Sta- 
tim  asinus  accurrit,  rudens  pedes  ponit  in  domini  humeris  et 
faciem  lata  sua  lingua  lambere  incipit.  Exterritus  dominus  et 
iratus  vocat  famulos,  qui  fustibus  asinum  stultum  misere  mul- 
cant.     Mulcatus  stultitiam  suam  deploravit. 

1  205.  2  198.  3234,  R.  1.  *  392. 

18.  Dictum  citius  quam  factum. 
Mures  aliquando  consultabant,  qaomodo  se  a1  fele  tueri  pos- 


1 


* 


10  LATIN"  READER* 

sent.  Multa  proponebantur  a  singulis  muribus,  sed  nihil  place- 
bat.  Postremo  unus  dixit:  Tintinnabulum  fell 2  annectendnm 
est;3  turn  statim  audiemus,  cum  veniet,4  facileque  effugiemus. 
Omnes  mures  laetl 5  praedicant  prudentem  consilii  auctorem. 
Jam  tu,  inquiunt,  annecte  tintinnabulum.  Ego  vero,  respon- 
det  ille,  consilium  dedi,  alius  operam  sumat."  Irritum  consilium 
fuit,  quoniam,  qui  fell  aunecteret7  tintinnabulum,  non  reperie- 
batur.8 

1  388.        2  346.        3  243.        *  234,  R.  1.        »  324,  R.  5.        •  236,  R.  3.        7  634.        8  224. 

19.  Duobus  litigantibus,  tertius  gaudet. 
Duo  viatores  asinum  in  solitiidine  errantem  conspicati  sunt. 
Accurrunt  laeti  et  capiunt.  Mox  autem  oritur  contentio,  uter  x 
eum  domum a  abdiiceret.3  Uterque 4  asinum  sibi  vindicavit, 
quia  eum  prior6  conspexisset.6  Dura  ill!  de  ea  re  acriter  rixan- 
tur,7  asinus  aufiigit  ac  neuter  lucrum  fecit. 

»  315,  R.        2  410.        3  258.      " 4  307.        «  324,  R.  6.         «  541.        »  572. 
20.  Amicus  certus  in  re  incerta  cernitur. 

Duo  amici  una  faciunt  iter.  Occurrit  in  itinere  ursus. 
Alter  1  arborem  conscendit  et  periculum  evitat ;  alter,  cum  rae- 
minisset,2  illam  bestiam  cadavera  non  attingere,3  hum!  sese 
prosternit  animamque  continet,  se  mortuum  esse 3  simulans. 
Accedit  ursus,  contrectat  jacentem,  6s  suum  ad  hominis  os  au- 
resque  admovet,  cadaver  esse  ratus,4  discedit.  Postea  cum  so- 
cius  quaereret,  quidnam  ei  5  ursus  dixisset6  in  aurem,  respondit, 
Monuit,  ne  confiderem  7  amico,8  cujus  fidem  adverso  tempore 
non  essem  9  expertus. 

1306.        2586.      »527.       4278,  R.      6  343,  R.  2.        «469.        »546.        8  345.        »636. 

21.  Lupus  ovis  pelle  indutus. 

Lupus  ovis  pelle  indutus  se  immiscuit  ovium  gregi,1  quoti- 
dieque  aliquam  ex 2  iis  occldebat.  Quod  cum  pastor  animad- 
vertisset,3  ilium  necatum  4  de  altissima  arbore  suspendit.  Cum 
ceteri  pastures  eum  interrogarent,3  cur  ovem  suspendisset, ' 
pelle  detecta,4  monstrat  lupum. 

»346.        2371,R.  5.        »586.        *  409,  R.  2.        »469. 


FABULAE   AESOPICAE.  11 

22.  Lupl  gratia. 
Lupus,  cui '  os  devoratum  in  gutture  haeserat,  vehementer 
cruciabatur.  Grui  praemiam  promisit,  si  illud  e  gutture  extra- 
xisset.a  Quod3  cum  grus  longitudine  colli  facile  effecisset/ 
pretium  sibi  promissum  postulat.  Turn  lupus  subridens  den- 
tibusque  frendeus:  JSonne5  satis,  inquit,  pretii 6  tibi  videtur 
quod  7  caput  incolume  ex  lupi  faucibus  retulisti  ? 

1343,  R.  2.  2515,  R.  3.  3  612.  *  586.  6  457.  a  371.  T  525. 
23.  Senex  et  mors. 
Senex  quidam  ligna  in  silva  ceciderat  et,  fasce  in  humeros 
sublato,1  domum2  redire  coepit.  Cum  fatigatus  esset3  et  onere 
et  itinere,  deposuit  ligna  et,  senectiitis  et  inopiae  miserias  secura 
reputans,  clara  voce4  invocavit  Mortem,  ut  se5  omnibus  malls  6 
liberaret.7  Mox  adest  Mors  et  interrogat,  quid  vellet.  8  Turn 
senex  perterritus :  Pro  !  nunc  liguorum  fascem,  quaeso,  hume- 
ris  meis  9  imponas.10 

»  409.  2  410.  3  536.  *  401.  5  521.  6  3S8.  7  515.  8  511,  R.  1.  9  316.  10  253. 
24.  Vespertilio. 
Vespertilio  de lapsus  in  terrain  comprehensus  fuit  a  fele.  Pe- 
tiit  ille  suppliciter,  vitam  ut '  sibi  concederet.  Sed  feles  hoc  se 
facere  posse  negabat,2  cum  esset3  capitalis  hostis  omnium  avium. 
Turn  vespertilio,  se  non  avem,  sed  murem  esse,  dixit.  Itaque 
dimissus  est.  Paulo  4  post  captus  ab  alia  fele,  similiter  petiit, 
ut x  sibi 5  misero  vitam  condonaret.  Id  feles  sibi  factu 6  perdiffi- 
cile  esse  ait,  quae  cum  omnibus  muribus  bellum  gereret.7  Ves- 
pertilio autem,  se  murem  nequaquam  esse,  affirmavit,  sed  volu- 
crem.  Sic  iterum  periculum  evasit  et  nomine  mutato  6  bis  ser- 
vatus  est. 

»  546.  2  446.  3  587.  *  400.  6  521.  8  437.  7  636  aud  653,  R.  end.  8  667,  R.  2. 
25.  Duo  si  faciunt  idem,  ndn  est  idem. 
Fabro  pauperi,1  qui  pontem  trcinsibat,  securis  dclapsa  est  in 
fluvium  profundum.  Turn  ille,  inops  consilii,2  in  ripa  sedens, 
misere  lamentari  coepit  et  cliimare  :  Deus  fluvii !  miserere  mei ! ' 
Dens  emersit  et  interrogavit,  cur  lamentaretur.*  "Eheu,  secu- 
ris mea  delapsa  est  in  aquam  tuam."  Immersit  deus  et  retulit 
Becurim,  non  earn  tamen,  quam  amiserat  faber,  sed  auream,  et, 


I7BI 


12  LATIN"   READER. 

nam  5  haec  esset,  quam  amisisset,6  interrogavit.  Non  est,  re- 
spondet  vir  probus  cum  suspirio.  Deus  iterum  mersit  et  aliam 
extulit  eamque 7  argenteam.  Hanc  quoque  faber  negavit 8  snam 
esse.  Tertium  deus  veram  securim  attulit.  Haec  est,  excla- 
mavifc  faber,  gratias  tibi  ago,  deus  benigne!  Hac  probitate  de- 
legatus deus  omnes  ill!  secures  donavit.  Faber  laetus  ad  suds 
rediit. — Vix  rem  vicinus  audiverat,  cum  ad  eundem  pontem  cum 
seciiri  festmavit.9  Sua  sponte  facit,  ut  securis  in  aquam  deci- 
deret. 10  Apparet  deus.  Eheu,  inquit  ille,  securim  meam  per- 
didi !  Adfert  deus  tres  secures,  auream,  argenteam,  ferream. 
Elige  ipse  tuam,  in  quit.  Turn  ille  aim  2  cupidus:  Haec,  inquit, 
mea  est,  et  auream  est  arrepturus.  Sed  jam  deus  secures  omnes 
in  fluvium  rejiciens:  Apage,  inquit,  homo  avare  et  mendax! 
Ne  tuam  quidem11  securim  recipies.  Turn  ille  domum  rediit, 
neque  narravit  cuiquam,12  ubi  securim  amisisset.4 

I  346,  end.    2  373.    3  376.     *  469.    5  462.    •  509,  2.    »  293,  R.  2.    8  446.    »  532.    »o  557. 

"  447,  R.  2.        12  482,  R.  3. 

26.  Graculus  Aesopi. 
Juppiter,  cum  avibus  regem  daturus  esset,  diem  constituit, 
qua  convenirent 1  ad  ipsum. 2  Turn  graculus,  suae  sibi  deformi- 
tatis  3  conscius,  pennas,  quae  aliis  avibus  4  exciderant,  sustulit 
iisque  ornatus  processit.  Ceterae  autem  aves  suas  quaeque 5 
pennas  impudent!  ill! 4  eripuerunt  atque  deiisnm  6  rostris  fuga- 
verunt. 

1  632.  a  521,  R.  7.  3  373.  *  343,  346,  end.  6  305,  R.  1.  8  667,  R.  1. 
27.  Parvae  res  concordia  crescunt. 
Inter  rustic!  cfijusdam  '  filios  grave  discidium  ortum  erat. 
Diu  frustra  operam  dederat  pater,  ut  concordiam  reconciliaret. 
Tandem:  Virgulas,  inquit,  fili!,  mihi  afferte.  Allatas 2  virgulas 
omnes  in  iinum  fasciculum  colligavit,  eumqne  constrictum a 
filils  obtulit,  ut  frangerent. 3  111!  autem,4  quanquam  vim  om- 
nem  adhibebant,  frustra  laborabant  nee  quidquam 6  profecerun^. 
Deinde  pater  nodum  discidit  singulasque  illis  virgulas  dedit, 
quas  nullo  negotio  confregerunt.  Quo  facto  6  senex  eus  sic  allo- 
cutus  est:  Haec  res,  filii,  vobls  7  exemplo  sit.8  Tuti  eritis  ab  9 
ininiicorum  injuriis,  quamdiu  inter  vos  10  amabitis  n  et  concor- 


EABULAE  AESOPICAE.  13 

des  eritis;  simul  atque  vero  12  facta  erit 13  dissensio  atque  discor- 
dia,  inimlcl  in  vos  irrumpent. 

I  300.    ^  668.     "  545.    *  486.    •  482,  R.  3,  331,  R.  3.     •  612.     *  350.     ■  265,  2.     •  38S.     »•  212. 
ii  234,  R.  1.     12  489.     »  281,  Exc.  2. 

28.  Slmius  rex. 

In  conventu.  quodam  '  bestiarum  tarn  belle  saltaverafc  slmius, 
ut  cunctis  prope  suffrages  rex  crearetur.2  Vulpes,  cum  vanum 
ejus  ingenium  perspiceret,3  dixit  slmio :  Postquam  regnum 
tibi  obtigit,4  non  celabo  te,5  quod 6  scire  magnopere  tua  7  inter- 
est. Quid  id  est?  slmius  interrogat.  Thesaurus,  respondet  ilia, 
mihl  a  patre  indicatus  est,  defossus  in  solitudine,  qui  jure 8  regni 
ad  te  jam  pertinere  videtur.  Eamus9  igitur,  inquit  slmius,  ut 
tollamus.10  Cave  tu,  monet  vulpes ;  nam  equidem  saepe  audivi, 
periculo  "  earn  rem  non  carere.12  Nihil,  inquit  slmius,  perlcu- 
II 13  est ;  an  "  tu,  obsecro,  times  ?  Eamus  9  igitur,  inquit  vulpes, 
si  placet.  Postquam  per  silvas  diu  circumduxit 15  slmium,  tan- 
dem ducit  ad  laqueos  sub  fruticibns  absconditos,  atque  ibi  dlcit 
thesaurum  defossum  esse. 12  Slmius  festlnanter  terram  radens 
capitur.  Turn  misere  clamavit :  Auxilio 16  venl,  amice!  At 
vulpes.  convocatls  bestils  omnibus : 17  Jam  intellegetis,  inquit, 
quanto  18  magis  consilio  regl 19  et  temperantia  opus  sit,20  quam 
arte  saltandl.21 

»300.   2556.   3  587.   *  567.   6  333.   «621.  »381,382.1.  8  398.  *  260.  "  545.  "389. 
i2527.  i'371.  i«459.  » 563.  "  350.  "409.  i8  400.  i9  390.  20  469.  21429. 

29.  Quae  sit  gratia  eorum,  qui  aliud  clausum  in  pectore,  aliud 
in  lingua  promptum  habent. 

Cum  venatorem  instantem  fugeret J  lupus  et  pastor  vldisset 
quldam,2  qua  parte3  fugeret  et  quo  se  loco4  absconderet,  ille 
vehementer  metuens :  Oro  te,  inquit,  bubulce,  ne  me  prodas 5 
innocentem.  Nihil  unquam 6  mall 7  tibi  feci.  Et  pastor :  Noll, 
inquit,  timere  ; 8  alteram  venatorl  monstrabo  partem. — Mox  ve- 
nator  cum  advolasset: '  Vldisthie9  hue,  inquit,  pastor,  lupum 
venientem?  Qua  parte 3  fugit?  Hulc  pastor  voce  maxima: 
Venit  ille  quidem,  sed  laeva  3  fugit.  At  simul  oculls  clam  dex- 
tram  partem  designat.  Venator  non  intellexit  nutum  et  festl- 
nans  abiit.    Turn  lupum   pastor  interrogat:    Quam   tu   mihl 


14  LATIK    HEADER. 

habebis  gratiam,  quod  te  celavi  ?  10  Turn  ille,  Maximas,  inquit, 
linguae  tuae  gratias  ago ;  at  oeulis  tuis  fallacibus,  secum  mur- 
murans  subjecit,  talem  gratiam  referam,  ut  ex  1J  minore  in  dies 
ovium  numero  cognosces,12  quam  memor  sim  13  merit!  tui.1* 

1586.    »800.    8387.  4385,R.    5546.    6445.7371.     a  264.     »456.     10  540.     "  398,  R.  1. 

"556.     13469.    "373. 

30.  Rusticus  et  canis  fide  lis. 

Kiisticus  in  agros  exiit  ad  opus  suum.  Flliolum,  qui  in  cunia 
jacebat,  reliquit  canl  fideli  atque  valido  custodiendum.1  Ar- 
repsit  anguis  immanis,  qui  puerulum  exstincturus  erat.3  Sed 
custos  fidelis  corripit  eum  dentibus  acutls  et,  dum  eum  necare 
«.  studet,'  cunas  simul  evertit  super  exstinctum  anguem.  Paulo 
post  ex  arvo  rediit  agricola ;  cum  cilnas  eversas  *  cruentumque 
canis  rictum  vide  ret,  Ira,  accenditur.  Temere  igitur  custodem 
filioli  interficit  ligone,  quern  manibus  6  tenebat.  Sed  ubi  ciinaa 
restituit,  super  anguem  occisum  reperit  puerum  yivum*  et  in- 
columem. — Paenitentia  facinoris  temere  patrati  turn  sera  fuit. 

»431.  »239,2.  3572.  4  324.  *38& 


FABULAE   AETATIS   IIEROiCAE.  15 


II. 

FABULAE  AETATIS  HEROICAE- 


1.  Phrixus  et  Helle. 

Phrixus  et  Helle  Hberl  erant  Athamantis  et  Nubis  sive  '  Ne- 
pheles.  Matre  mortiuV  Athamas  uxorem  dueit  Inonem,  Cadmi 
filiam.  Noverca  improba  patri3  persuasit,  ut4  liberos  Jovi  im- 
molaret.  Quam  ob  rem  domo  5  fugiunt.  Cum  ad  mare  perve- 
nissent,6  Juppiter  avns  dedit  ils  arietem,  qui  pellem  auream 
habebat.  In  eum  ascendunt  et  mare  transeunt.  Sed  Helle 
timida  de  ariete  decidit.  Ab  ea  Hellespontus  est  appellatus. 
Phrixum  aries  Colchos 7  detulit  ad  Aeetam  regem.  Ibi  arietem 
immolavit  pellemque  ejus  in  fano  Martis  e  quercu  suspendit. 
Vellus  aureum  custodiebat  draco  insomnis. 

»498.        a668.        3345,  R.  2.        *  546.        «411.        «586.        »410. 

2.  Argonautae. 

Pelias,  Iolci  rex  in  Thessalia,  Colchos  '  misit  Jasonem,  Mtris 
filium,  ut  vellus  aureum  ab  Aeeta  peteret.3  Itaque  Jason  Mi- 
nervae  consilio  3  navem  aedificat,  quae  Argo  nominata  est.  In 
earn  Jason  ascendit  cum  viris  delectis  totius  fere  Graeciae.  Ar- 
gonautae nobilissimi  fuerunt:  Jason  princeps,  Argus  fabricator 
navis,  Tlphys  gubernator,  Hercules,  Castor  et  Pollux  gemini 
fratres,  Nestor  Pylius,  Orpheus  citharista,  Peleus  Achillis  pater 
cum  fratre  Telamone,  Tydeus  pater  Diomedis.  ProfectI  sunt 
Argonautae  anno  fere  octogesimo 4  ante  bellum  Trojanum.  Sed 
non  5  omnes  Colchos '  perveuerunt.  Hylas  in  Mysia  a  Nymphls 
raptus  est.  Quern  6  dum  quaerit7  Hercules,  tempestate  orta,  re- 
lictus  est  ab  ArgonautTs  in  Mysia. 

J  410.        a  545.        8  398.        *  392.        *  447.        •  612.        T  572. 


16  LATIN    READER. 

3.  Phineus. 

Phlneo  Apollo  divinationem  dederat.  Cum  autem ■  deorum 
consilia  entintiasset,2  caecatus  est  et  Harpyiae  sunt  missae,  quae 
cibos  ab  ore  senis  raperent.3  Earn  Argonautae,  ut  iter  demon- 
straret,*  rogaverunt.  Quod  ille  promlsit,  si  Harpyias  pepulis- 
sent.6  Zetes  et  Calais,  Aquilonis  Mil,  qui  pennas  in  capite  et 
in  pedibus  habebant,  Harpyias  fngaverunt  et  senempaena6  11- 
beraverunt.  Turn  Phineus  monstravit,  quomodo  per  Symplega- 
des,  oolumba  praemissa,7  translrent.8  Argonautae  prlml 9  in 
Pontum  Euxlnum  intraverunt. 

i  486.    2  586.    3  632.    «516.    8  515,  R.  3.     •  388.    7  408.    8  258.    »  324,  R.  5. 

4.  Jason  et  Medea. 

Aeetes  rex  Jasoni  petentl '  pellem  concessit,  si  tauros  ignem 
naribus  efflantes  junxisset 2  adamanted  jugo  et  arasset  dentes- 
que  draconis  ex  galea  sevisset.  Medeae,  regis  flliae,  ope  omnia 
perfecit.  Cum  yiii  armatl  e  terra  enatl  essent 3  impetumque  in 
Jasonem  facerent,  Medeae  monitu4  lapidem  inter  eos  jecit;  ill! 
inter  se  5  pugnantes  alius  alium6  interfecerunt.  Jason  pellem 
de  fano  sustulit  et  cum  Medea,  quam  uxorem  duxerat,  in 
patriam  prolugit. 

1  667,  R.  2.        2  515,  R.  3.        3  586.        «  398.        *  212.        •  306. 
5.  Hercules  adulescens. 

Hercules,  Jovis  fllius  et  Alcmenae,  infans  cum  esset,1  draco- 
nes  duos  duabus  manibus  necavit,  quos  Juno  mlserat. 

Cum  prlmum  pubesceret,  et  quam  viam  vlvendl2  ingredere- 
tur,3  secum  dellberaret,  exiit  in  solitlidinem.  Ibi  sedens  cum 
duas  cerneret  vias,  iinam  Voluptatis,  alteram  Virtutis,  did  dubi- 
tavit,  utram  4  ingredl  melius  esset.5  Tandem  Virtutem  secutus 
est  et  multa  pro  salute  gentium  summo  labore  gessit. 

Juvenis  leonem  interfecit,  qui  de  monte  descendens  in  greges 
Amphitryonis  irrumpebat.  Pellem  detractam  6  ita  gestare  sole- 
bat,  ut  fauces  tanquam  galea  capitl7  impositae  essent.  Mercu- 
rius  el  gladium  dedit,  Vulcanus  lorlcam  auream,  Minerva 
vestem.  Ab  Apolline  arcum  accepit  et  sagittas.  Clavam  sib? 
ipse  fecit  ligneam.8 

»  586,  comp.  588.    a  429.    «  258.   4  315,  R.   5469.  •  667,  R.  1.    7  346,  R.  1.    8  396,  end. 


FABULAE   AETATIS   HEROICAE.  17 

6.  Herculis  aerumnae. 

Dolo  Junonis  a  regno  excliisus  est,  quod  Eurystheus  obtinuit» 
Ab  hoc  el  duodecim  labores  impositi  sunt. 

1.  Nemeaeum  leonem  lacertorum  pressu.  exanimavit.  Cum 
eum  ad  Eurystheum  pertulisset,  tantus  ilium  terror  invasit,  ut 
Herculem  urbem  intrare  vetaret '  atque  dolio3  aereo  sese  occul- 
taret. 

1  556.  s  387. 

2.  In  Lerna  palude  Hydra  fnit,  serpens  novem  capitum1,  qui 
omnem  regionem  vastabat.  Uno  capite  caeso,3  tria  capita  cres- 
cebant.  Tantam  yim  veneni  habebat,  ut  afflatii  homines  neca- 
ret*  Hunc  demum,  Iolao  adjutore,4  igne  vlcit.  Ejus  felle* 
Bagittas  tinxit.  Itaque  quodque  sagittarum  vulnus  fuit  morti- 
ferum. 

»364.        »668.        •  556.        *  408.        6  387. 


3.  Tertium  Eurysthei  mandatura  fuit,  ut  cervam  Dianae  sa- 
cram,  aeripedem,  vlvam  x  caperet.  Totum  annum 3  currendo  " 
earn  frdstra  persectitus  est.  Tandem  sagitta  vulneratam  *  cepit 
et  in  aspectum  regis  adduxit. 

1  324.        a  337.        «  432.        *  667,  R.  1. 

4.  Turn  conflixit  cum 1  Erymantheo  apro,  quern  vinctum ' 
Mycenas3  humeris  4  portayit. 

*  346,  R.  1.       2  667,  R.  1.        »  410.        *  387. 

5.  Axes  Styraphalides  rapacissimas  sagittis  interfecit. 

6.  Auglae  regis  bovilia,  in  quibus  tria  milia  bourn x  per  annos 
triginta2  fuerant,  uno  die3  purgavit,  Alpheo  flumine  immisso. 

i  308.        a  337.        8  392. 

7.  Minos,  Jovis  fllius  et  Europae,  cum  patri  sacra  facttirus 
esset,  oravit,  ut  dignam  aris  suis  1  hostiam  praeberet.3  Itaque 
subito  taurus  apparuit  yalidissimus  et  candidissimus.  Minos, 
religionis3  oblitus,  ad  armenta  eum  abduxit.  Jiippiter  iratus 
furorem  tauro  injecit,  ut 4  flammas  yomeret  et  Cretensium  agros 
atque  oppida  yastaret.  Hunc  Hercules,  missus  ab  Eurystheo, 
superavit  victumque  Argos5  perduxit.  Eurystheus  eum  Junoni 
consecrayit.     Sed  Juno,  odio  Herculis  commota,  taurum  in  At- 


18  LATIN"    HEADER. 

ticam  expulit,  ubi  Marathonius  appellatus  est.    Postea  Theseus 
eum  interfecit. 

»373,11.3.        a546.        8375.        4554.        5410. 

8.  Diomedes,  rex  Thracum,  equas  habuit,  quae  humanis  car- 
nibus  '  vescebantur.  Hercules  eum  devicit  equisque  devoran- 
duma  projecit;  equas  iguem  vomentes  abduxit. 

»  405.  2  431. 

9.  Amazones  virgines  ad  Thermodontem  fluvium  habitabant 
siue  virls.  Armatae  erant  pelta  limata,  bipenni,  arcii  et  sagittis ; 
equls  !  vehebantur,  venationes  exercebant,  bella  cum  finitimis 
gerebant.  Cum  summa  virtutis  ear  urn  fama  esset,2  Eurystheus 
imperavit  Herculi,  ut  pretiosissimum  Hippolytae  reginae  bal- 
teum  sibi 3  afferret.4 

»205,  R.  2.  '587.  »521.         «546. 

10.  Geryon,  rex  Erythiae  insulae  ultra  oceanum  sitae,  trifor- 
mis,  boves  rubras  habebat,  quas  biceps  canis  custodiebat.  Hercu- 
les, scapha  aurea,1  quam  Sol  el  dederat,  trausvectus  est.  In 
Europae  et  Libyae  finibus  columnasduas  exstruxit,  quae  Her- 
culis£nominantur.  Pastorem  bourn  et  canem  bicipitem  occidit, 
Geryonem  iino  telo  interfecit,  boves  abduxit. 

1  387.        3  293,  R.  3. 

11.  Hesperides,  Atlantis  filiae,  hortum  habuerunt,  in  quo 
mala  aurea  erant,  Veneri  consecrata.  Draco  immanis  ea  custo- 
diebat. Quern1  Hercules,  ab  Eurystheo  missus,  interemit  et 
mala  sustulit. 

»612. 

12.  Denique  ad  inferos  jussu.1  Eurysthei  descendit  et  Cerbe- 
rum  a  Plutone  petivit.  Cerberus  fait  janitor  orci,  canis  triceps, 
prosaetlsin  dorso  colubras  habens.  Pluto  permlsit,  ut  canem 
educeret,3  si  eum  sine  armis  superasset."  Hercules  capita 
comprehendit  et,  quamquam  colubra  extrema  mordebat,  in  lii- 
cem  Cerberum  atque  in  conspectum  regis  abstraxit. 

»  407.        a  546.        s  515,  R.  3. 
7.  Parerga. 
Praeterea  totum  fere  orbem  terrarum  peragrans  alia  multa 
facinora  edidit. 


FABULAE   AETATIS   HEROICAE.  19 

In  Libya  vicit  Antaeum,  Terrae  filium.  Hie  cogebat  ho- 
spites  secum  luctarl,  atque  ex  necatorum  capitibus  '  Neptuno 
patrl  aedem  aedificabat.  Quern  Hercules,  cum  in  Libyam  ve- 
nisset,2  luctando  3  superare  non  poterat.  Nam  ille  quoties  ce- 
ciderat*  ex  matre  terra  vires  resumebat  efc  fortior  surgebat.  Id 
cognoscens  Hercules  sustulit  eum  et  suspensum  5  in  aere  suffo- 
cavit. 

1  396.        a  5SC.        s  432.        *  509.        »  667,  ft.  1. 

Oeneus,  rex  Aetoliae,  De'ianlram  filiam  liabuit.  Quam '  cum 
Hercules  et  Achelous  simul  in  matrimonium  petereut,  pater 
legem  proposuit,  ut,a  qui  certamine  alteram  vicisset3,  is  Deiaui- 
ram  uxorem  duceret.  Achelous,  inferior  virtute,  ad  artes  suas 
descendit  et  in  varias  se  ferarum  formas  mutat.  Tandem  in 
tauri  speciem  mutatus  ab  Hercule  victus  est.  Cornu  a  fronte 
revulsum  Nymph ae  dono  *  acceperunt,  idque  pomis 5  repleve- 
runt.&      Iiide  Cornu  Copiae  appellatum  est. 

i  612,        2  546,  end.        3  515,  ft.  3.         *  350.        8  389. 

Hercules,  victo  Acheloo,  DeianTram  uxorem  duxit.  Cum 
venisset  ad  flumen  rapidum,  Nessus  Centaurus,  cui  conjugem 
dederat  transportandam,1  Deianirae  vim  inferre  conatus  est. 
Sed  Hercules  fugientem  sagitta  emissa  trajecit.  Ille  moriens 
cruorem  suum  exceptum2  dedit  Deianirae,  id  philtrum  esse 
dicens. 

1  431.        3  667,  R.  1. 

Cum  Oechaliam  in  Euboea  insula  expugnassefc  Hercules,  Iolen 
captlvam  domum 1  praemlsit  et  Jovi  sacra  facturus 3  vestem 
novam  ab  uxore  petiit.  Turn  DeTanTra  verita,3  ne  sibi  *  paelex 
praeferretur,  tunicam  misit  sanguine  Centaur!  tinctam.  Qua 
indtitus  Hercules  cum  ad  aram  accessisset,  vestis  incaluit  et 
visceribus  6  inhaesit.  Dolore  f range batur  vir  fortissimus.  Ita- 
que  rogum  ipse  exstruxit  in  Oeta  monte  et  conscendit.  Corpore 
ambtisto,  ex 6  homine  dens  factus  est.  Sagitttis  felle  hydrau 
tinctus  moriens  tradiderat  Philoctetae. 

1 410.        a  279.        »  552.        *  521.        6  346.         •  396. 
8.  Tantalus. 

Tantalus  diis  erat  amicus  atque  ad  epulas,  eGrum  admitteba» 


20  LATIN"    READER. 

tur.  Aliquando  cum  dii"  apud  ipsum  cenarent,  divmitatem 
eorum  ten  tans  Pelopis  filii  membra  cocta  1  iis  apposuit.  Sola 
Ceres,  dolore  flliae  defixa,  humerum  edit.  Pelops  a  dils  in  vitam 
revocatus  eburneusque  el  humerus  restitutus  est.  Tantalus 
apud  inferos  maximas  paenas  luit.  Sitiens  stabat  media2  in 
aqua;  sed  cum  bibere  vellet3  men  toque  summam2  aquam  attin- 
geret,  aqua  recedebat.  Poma  super  capite  ejus  pendebant,  quae 
cum  captaret,3  rami  recedebant.  Saxum  ingens  semper  ei4  im- 
pendebat. 

»  667,  R.  1.        2  287,  R.        8  569,  R.         *  346. 

9.  Pelops. 
Oenomaus,  Elidis  et  Pisarum  rex,  tinicam  filiam  habuit  Hip- 
podamiam.  De  vitae  exitu  oraculum  interroganti  deus  respon- 
derat,  nuptias  flliae  vitae  finem  allaturas  esse.  Itaque  cum 
multi  virginem  in  matrimonii! m  peterent,  certamen  quadrigarum 
procis  proposuit  ea  condicione,  ut1  victor  filiam  acciperet,  qui2 
victus  esset,3  supplicio4  adficeretur.  Spa  tin  m  cursus  constituit 
a  Pisls  ad  Neptiini  in  Isthmo  aram.  Dum  ipse  arietem  Jovi 
mactat,6  procorum  currus  prior6  e  carceribus  emittebatur;  sed 
cum  equos  haberet  aquilone  velociores,  celeriter  illos  asseque- 
batur  hastaque  transfigebat.  Interemptorum  capita  super  val- 
vas  tixit.  Venit  Pisas  etiam  Pelops,  Tantali  filius,  qui  Myrtilum, 
OenomaT  aurigam,  dimidium  regnum  pollicitus,  corrupit,  ut 
clavos  rotarum  detraheret.  Quo  factum  est,  ut  prior  6  metam 
attingeret.  Oenomaus  mortem  sibi  ipse  conscivit.  Victor  fidem 
Myrtilo  datam 7  non  praestitit,  sed  in  mare  eum  de  riipe  dejecit ; 
qui  moriens  generi  Pelopis  male  precatus  est.  Pelops  cum 
Hippodamia  regno*  potitus  pliirimas  ejus  paeninsulae  gentes 
sub  dicionem  suam  redegit.     Peloponnesus  ab  eo  est  appellata. 

»  546.        2  621.        3  515,  R.  3.        *  403,  R.  2.        6  572.        •  324,  R.  6.        T  640.        8  405. 

10.  Atreus  et  Thyestes,  Pelopis  filii. 
Atreus  Thyestam  fratrem,  conjugis  adulterum,  in  exsilium 
egit.  At  is  Atrei  fllium  infantem  secum  duxit  et  tamquam 
suum  educavit.  Adulescentem  Mycenas  x  misit,  ut  Afcrenm  in- 
terficeret.  Comprehensum  cum  gladio  Atreus,  fratris  filium 
esse  putans,  occidit.     Sic  pater  imprudens  suum  fllium  inter- 


FABULAE   AETATIS   HEROIC AE.  21 

fecit.  Simulate  reconciliatione,3  fratrem  revocavit.  Turn 
filios  ejus  infantes  trucldavit  et  viscera  eorum  in  epulis  patri* 
apposuit.  Edenti3  brachia  et  era  puerorum  allata  sunt.  Ob 
id  scelus  etiam  Sol  currum  avertit.  Thyestes  Atreum  exse- 
cratus  est  et  profugit.  Aegisthum,  Tbyestae  filium,  Atrens 
cum  suis  filiis,  Agamemnone  et  Menelao,  educavit.  Interea 
propter  Atrel  scelus  Argivi  ex  sterilitate  agrorum  et  gravl  pe- 
stilentia  laborabant.  Oraculum  datur,  ut 4  Thyestes  in  regnum 
reducatur,  Itaque  Atreus  filios  mittit,  qui'  Tbyestam  quae- 
rant.  Reductum  in  custodiam  conjicit.  At  Aegisthus  Atreum 
in  litore  sacra  facientem  interfecit. 

i  410.  2  409.  s  346.  4  546,  end.  6  632. 

11.  Agamemnon  et  Menelaus. 
Agamemnon  et  Menelaus  ab  Aegistbo  regno  l  pulsi  Spartam 
Venerunt  ad  Tyndareum  regem.  Ejus  uxor  ex  Jove  pepererat 
Pollucem  et  Helenam,  ex  Tyndareo  Castorem  et  Clytaemne- 
Btram.  Clytaeninestra  nupsit  Agamemnon! ; 2  Helenam  Tynda- 
reus  Menelao  in  matrimonium  dedit,  regnumque  moriens  el 
tradidit.    Agamemnon,  a  fratre  adjutus,  regnum  patrium  recepit. 

i  388.  ■  345,  R.  2. 

12.  Paris. 
Cum  nuptiae  Pelei  et  Thetidis  celebrarentur,  ■  omnes  dii  et 
deae  aderant,  sola  Eris  invltata  non  erat.  Irata2  discordiam 
excitare  constituit.  "  Itaque  pomum  aureum  inter  convivas 
jecit,  in  quo  inscriptum  euat :  Pulcherrimae !  Juno  et  Minerva 
et  Venus  pomum  sibi  vindicant;  vehemens  rixa_oritur.  Po- 
stremo  Mercurius  tres  illas  deas  duxit  in  montem  Idam,  qui  ad 
Trojam  situs  erat.  Paridi,  Priami  f  ilio,  qui  ibi  oves  pascebat, 
judicium  conimissum  est.  Juno  el  pollicita  est  regnum  x\siae 
et  divitias,  Minerva  sapientiam  et  belli  gloriam,  Venus  formo- 
sissimam  omnium  mulierum  conjugem.  Paris  Venerem  pul- 
cherrimam  esse  judicavit  eique  pomum  porrexit.  Ideo  Juno 
et  Minerva  Paridi  omnibusque  Trojanis  inimlcae  fuerunt,  Pa- 
ris autem  consilio  3  et  auxilio  Veneris  Lacedaemonem  *  naviga- 
Vit  et  Helenam,  Menelai  hospitis  uxorem,  Trojam4  abduxit. 

i  586.  a  324,  R.  6.  *  407.  4  410. 


22  LATIN  READER. 

i  _       .. 

13.  Bellum  Trojanum. 

Paridis  facinore  bellum  Trojanum  excitatum  est.  Nam 
Menelaus  omnes  Graeciae  reges  auxilio  '  vocavit,  ut  injuriam 
ulcisceretur  et  Helenam  repeteret.  In  portum  Aulidis  cum 
navibus  et  militibus  convenerunt  Ulixes  rex  Ithacae,  Ajax  et 
Teucer  Salaminiorum  duces,  Nestor  Pyll  rex,  Diomedes  Argl- 
vorum  rex,  cum  Patroclo  Achilles,  Pelei  et  Thetidis  f  Ilius,  dux 
Myrmidonum,3  alii  multi.  Itaque  Agamemnon,  penes  quern 
summum  imperium  erat,  mille  fere  et  ducentis  navibus  3  maxi- 
mas  copias  duxit  ad 4  Trojam. 

»350.  «483,2.  »387.  *  410,  R.  3. 

Postquam  omnes  Aulidem  convenerunt,1  Jovl  sacra  fecerunt. 
Tunc  videbant  draconem  in  platanum,  quae  proxima  aris3 
stabat,  serpentem.  Nidus  erat  summa 3  in  arbore.  Octo  pullos 
et  matrem  nonam  corripuit  draco.  Stabant  Graecl  timid!  * 
portentum  spectantes.  At  Calchas  augur :  Gaudete,  inquit, 
Achivi!  Vincemus.  Quot  aves  draco  devoravit,  tot  annos  * 
labores  belli  feremus ;  decimo  anno 6  Troja  cadet.  Sic  Calchas 
ex  passerum  numero  belli  Trojani  annos  auguratus  est. 

i  563.  2  356.  3  287,  R.  «  324,  R.  6.  6  337.  •  392. 

Cum  naves  solvi  jussisset  Agamemnon,  tanta  subito  tran- 
quillitas  exstitit,  ut  ex  loco  naves  mover!  non  possent.  Devo- 
verat  enim  olim  Agamemnon  Dianae,  quod  in  regno  suo  pul- 
cherrimum  natum  esset x  illo  anno,  neque  a  votum  solverat. 
Calchas  augur  interrogatus  respondit,  deae  iram  placarl  non 
posse,3  nisi  Iphigeniam  filiam  rex  immolaret,1  qua4  nihil  erat 
eo  quidem  anno  natum  pulchrius.  Virgo  adducta  est.  Cum 
staret  ante  aram,  dea  placata  ntibem  oculis  spectantium  objecit 
et  cervam  supposuit.  Iphigenia,  translata  ad  Chersonesum 
Tauricam,  Thoanti  Scytharum  regi  tradita  est  sacerdosque  facta 
Dianae.  Tunc  Graecl  naves  conscendunt  et  vento  secundo 6 
mare6  trajicinnt. 

i  515,  R  3.        3  482.        3  240,  R.  3.        *  399.        *  401.        »330. 

Cum  naves  ad  lltus  Asiae  appulissent,  in  ora  J  castra  posu- 


FABULAE   AETATIS   HEROICAE.  23 

ernnfc  et  Troj  am  oppugn  are  coepGrunt.  Hostes  moenibus  *  so 
continuerunt :  decimo  demum  anno  aoie  pugnatum  est3  Po- 
stremo  Achilles  occldit  Hectorem  etad  currum  religatum  *  traxit 
circa  muros  Trojanorum.  Neque  5  tamen  urbs  expugnata  est. 
Nam  Paris  Achilll6  talum,  quern  solum  mortalem  habebat, 
sagitta  percussit.  Denique  Graecl  cum  per  decern  annos7  Tro- 
jam  capere  non  potuissent,  Epeus  monitu  8  Minervae  equum 
mirae  magnitudinis 9  ex  ligno 10  fecit,  in  quo  scriptum  est : 
Danai  Minervae  dono  dant.  In  ventrem  complures  heroes  se 
condiderunt.  Beliqui  naves  in  mare  deduxerunt  et  discesserunt. 
Trojani,  dolum  non  timentes,  equum  in  urbem  traxerunt  et  ex 
diutino  labore  quietl  se  dederunt.  At  noctu  Graecl  cum  pro- 
venissent  ex  equo,  necant  custodes,  et  socios,  qui  in  insula  pro- 
pinqua  manserant,  signo  dato  advocant.  Plurimi  Trojanorum 
caeduntur.  Priamum,  cum  in  aram  conftigisset,  hostilis  manus 
interemit.     Sic  Troja  diruta  est. 

1  384,  R.  1.  2  387.  s  i99j  r.  i.  «  667,  R.  1.  6  482.  •  343,  R.  2. 

*  337,  R.  8  407.  9  364.  10  396. 

Graecl  cum  domum  redirent,  multi  naufragio  '  perierunt,  alii 
tempestatibus  delati  diu.  in  marl  erraverunt.  Menelaum  ventus 
detulit  in  Aegyptum,  unde  post2  octavum  annum  quam  ab 
Ilio 3  decesserat,  cum  Helena  in  patriam  rediit. 

1  205,  R.  1.        2  560.        8  411,  R.  1. 

14.  Orestes. 

Agamemnon  cum  revertisset,  interfectus  est  ab  Aegistho  et 
Clytaemnestra  uxore,  quae  ill! '  nupserat.  Nam  in  balneis 
Clytaemnestra  vestem  capitl2  ejus  injecit  et  adulter  securi  eum 
percussit.  At  Electra,  Agamemnonis  f  ilia,  Orestem  fratrem 
infantem  servavit  et  ad  Strophium  detulit.  Cum  ejus  f  Ilio 
Pylade  adolevit  et  intimam  amlcitiam  junxit.  Postquam  ad 
puberem  aetatem  venit,*  cum  ilio  Mycenas  profectus,  patris 
ulciscendi  causa  *  matrem  et  Aegisthum  occldit.  At  parricldam 
Furiae  agitabant.  Itaque  oraculo  accepto  amlci  Ohersonesum 
Tauricam  proficiscuntnr,  ut  de  templo  Dianae  signum  Argos 
afiferrent.      Ibi    regnabat  Thoas,   ciu  mos  erat,  ut 6   hospitum 


24  LATIN"    HEADER. 

sanguine  niimen  placaret.  Comprehensi  ad  templum  ductl  sunt 
nbi  Iphigenia,  Orestis  soror,  erat  sacerdos.  Cognito  fratre/  ipsa 
coepit  signum  Dianae  avellere.  Intervenit  rex  et  Orestem 
necari 7  jnssit.  Sed  cum  ignoraret,  uter 8  eorum  esset 9  Orestes, 
Pylades  Orestem  se  esse  dixit,  ut  pro  illo  necaretur;  Orestes 
autem,  ita  ut  erat,  Orestem  se  esse  perseverabat.  Rex  mitigatus 
illos  cum  sorore  atque  signo  Dianae  dimisit.  Orestes  redux 
Hermionam,  Menelai  f  Iliam,  uxorem  duxit  et  regnavit  Argis  et 
Spartae.10 

»  345,  R.  2.         a  345.  s  563.  *  429,  R.  2.  6  559.  •  409.  7  532. 

8315,R.  »469.  10  412. 

15.  Codrus. 

Post  Orestis  interitum  filii  ejus  Penthilns  et  Tisamenus 
regnavere  triennio.1  Turn  fere  anno  octogesimo  post  Trojam 
captam,2  centesimo  et  vicesimo  quam  3  Hercules  ad  deos  exees- 
serat,  Pelopis  progenies,  quae  omni  hoc  tempore  4  pulsis  Hera- 
clldis  imperium  obtinuerat,  ab  Herculis  progenia  expellitur. 
Duces  recuperandl  imperii  fuere  Temenus,  Cresphontes,  Ari- 
stodemus,  quorum  abavus  fuerat.  Eodem  fere  tempore  Athenae 
sub  regibus  esse  desierunt,  quorum  ultimus  rex  fuit  Codrus, 
Melanthi  films,  vir  non  praetereundus.  QuTppe  cum  Lacedae- 
monii  gran  bello  Atticos  premerent,  respondissetque  Pytbius 
quorum  dux  ab  hoste  esset  occisus  6  eos  futuros  superiores,  de- 
posits veste6  regia  pastoralem  cultum  induit,  immixtusque 
castris  hostium,  de  indu stria  rixam  injiciens  interemptus  est. 
Codrum  cum  morte  aeterna  gloria,  Athenienses  secuta  victoria 
est. 

»  400,  comp.  566,  end.  »  324,  R.  3.  »  566.  *  392,  R.  2. 

•  516.  •  409,  R.  1. 


III. 

N  AEB  ATIXJN  0  UL  AE. 


1.  Anacharsis. 

Anacharsis  Scytha  rogatus,  quid  esset1  in  homine  pessimum 
et  quid  optimum  ?  respondit:  Lingua. 

Anacharsis  interrogates,  quae  naves  essent1  tutissimae,  re- 
spondit: Quae  in  aridum  subductae  sunt. 

»469. 
2.  Lepidus. 

Ceteris  in  campo  se  exercentibus,  Lepidus  in  herba  recum- 
bens :  Velleni ■  hoe  esset,  inqtiit,  laborare. 

»  254,  R.  2. 
3.  Artes   inutiles. 

Peregrlnus  quidam,  altero *  pede  stans,  LaconI  dlcebat:  Tu 
tantum  temporis,2  quantum3  ego,  pede  uno  stare  non  potes. 
Laco  :  Minime,4  inquit ;  sed  ex  b  anseribus  nullus  est,  qui  hoc 
non  possit.8 

»387.  a371.  3645.  *  473.  *  371,  R.  5.  «634 

4.  Frudentior  cedit. 

Vir  quidam  nobilis  ambulabat  in  lltore  maris.  Occurrit  ei l 
homo  importunus  ejusque  latus  percutiens :  Non  2  ego,  inquit, 
cullibet  fatuo  decedere  soleo.  At  ego  soled,  inquit  alter,  et 
decedit. 

i  346.  2  447. 

5.  Verba  ambigua. 

Herus  verberibus  castlgabat  servum,  maxime  ob  pigritiam. 
Hie  clamare  coepit:  Cur  me  percutis?  nihil  feci.  Propter  id 
ipsum,  respondit  herus,  te  percutio,  quod1  nihil  fecistl. 

»525. 


26  LATItf   READER. 

6.  Silentium  ambiguum. 

Theophrastus  culdam  in  convivio  prorsus  silent! :  Si  stultus 
es,  inquit,  sapienter  agis,  si  sapiens,  stulte. 

7.  Dareus  et  Scythae. 

Dareus,  Hystaspis  fllius,  rex  Persarum,  cum  magno  exercitii 
invaserat  in  terram  Scytharum.  Scythae  fugiebant.  Postremo 
inopia  in  exercitii  Persarum  exsistere  coepit.  Eo  tempore  le- 
gatus  ad  venit,  qui  avem,  ranam,  murem  et  quinque  sagittas 
Dared  tradidit.  Dareus  laetus  x  exclamavit :  En,  hostes  sese 
nobis  dedunt !  At  yir  sapiens:  Noll2  hoc,  inquit,  sperare. 
Scythae  hoc  dlcere  volunt :  Nisi  ut  aves  per  aerem  avolaveritis,3 
aut  in  aquam  vos  merseritis  ut  ranae,  aut  per  terram  delapsi 
eritis  ut  mures,  hae  sagittae  vos  interiment.  Be  vera  Scythae 
turn  demum  bellum  inceperunt,  ac  vix  Dareus  'cum  exigua 
parte  exercitus  evasit. 

1  324,  R.  6.  2  264.  »  236,  R.  2. 

8.  Servilis  taciturnitas. 

Marcus  Piso,  orator  Eomanus,  servis  praeceperat,  ut 1  taci- 
turnl  essent  et  tantnm  ad  interrogata  responderent.  Aliquando 
convivium  instituit;  invitatus  est  etiam  Clodius,  qui  turn  ma- 
gistratum  gerebat.  Horn  cenae  venit;  adsunt  convlvae  ornnes, 
solus  Clodius  exspectabatur.  Piso  servum,  qui  solebat  convivas 
vocare,  aliquoties  emisit,  spectatum,2  num 3  veniret.4  Cum 
vesperasceret  et  omnes  dc  ejus  adventu  desperarent,  Piso  servo  : 
Die,  inquit,  num  &  forte  Clodium  non  invitastl  ? — Invitavl,  re- 
spondet  ille. — Cur  ergo  non  venit? — Quia  invitationem  tuam  re- 
ciisavit. — Turn  Piso:  Stipes!  cur  id  non  statim  dixistl ? — Re- 
spondet  servus:  Quia  id6  non  sum  abs  te  interrogatus. 

1  546.  2  436.  s  462.  *  469.  6  453.  6  3:33,  R.  1. 

9.  Varia  sepulturae  genera. 

Graecl  et  Roman!  mortuos  aut  humabant   aut   cremabant. 

Antiquissimum  certe  sepulturae  genus  fuit,  ut x  terra  contege- 

rentur.     Redditur   enim2   terrae   corpus   et  quasi   operimento 

matris  obducitur.       Eodem  rltu3    nostris   quoque  temporibus 


NARRATIUNCULAE.  27 

mortuorum  corpora  terra4  coiiduntur.  Sed  varia  fuerunt  se- 
pulturae  genera.  Condiebant  Aegyptii  rnortuos  efc  eos  serva- 
bant  domi.  Persae  etiam  cera  circumlitos  servabant,  ut  quam 
maxime  5  diuturna  permanerent  corpora.  Magorum  mos  erafc 
lion  humare  corpora  suorum,  nisi  a  feris  essent 6  ante  laniata. 
In  Hyrcania  pQblice  alebantur  canes,  a  quibus7  mortuorum 
corpora  laniarentur ; 8  eamque  optimam  illl  esse  censebant  se- 
pulturam. 

i  =  id  at,  556.       a  500,  R.  1.       3  401.        *  387.       6  317.        •  597,  R.  1,  666. 
i  205,  R.  3.  8  632. 

10.  Pugna  in  tabula  picta. 
Atheniensis  quidam  conspiciens  tabulam,  in  qua  pugna  erat 
ita  picta,  ut  Athenienses  victores  Spartanos  fugarent,   excla- 
mavit:    Fortes  Athenienses!      Id  Laco  audiens  subjecit:    In 
tabula ! 

11.  Bias. 

1.  Bias  navigabat  aliquando  cum  hominibus  improbis.  Cum 
adversa  tempestate  in  alto  marl  jactarentur  fluctibusque  navis 
quateretur,1  illi  invocaverunt  deos.  Turn  Bias:  Silete,  inquit, 
ne a  vos  hie  illi  navigare  sentiant. 

1  586.  a  545. 

2.  Biantis,  sapientis  illius,1  patriam  Prienen  ceperat  hostis. 
Ceteri  fugientes  multade2  snis  rebus  asportabant.  At  ille,  cum 
esset  admonitus,  ut 3  idem  faceret:  Ego  vero.  inquit,  facio ; 
nam  omnia  mea  mecum  porto. 

i  292,  2.  »  371,  R.  5.  3  546. 

12. 
Miser  poeta  recitaverat  Theocrito  versus  suos.     Cum  interro- 
gavisset,1   quosnam  maxime  probaret:   Quos  omisisti,  respon- 
dit. 

»586. 

13. 

Quidam  natare  cum  vellet,  non  multum  abfuit  *  quin  '  undis 
suffocaretur.  Turn :  Aquam,  inquit,  non  prius  attingam,  quam 
natare  didicero.3 

i  Impersonal.  Corap.  556,  R.  1.  a  551.  3  578. 

<S       09  T 


28  LATItf  READER. 

14. 

Alexander  audiens,  Dareum,  Persarum  regem,  innumerabilea 

parare  militum  copias,  respondit:  Unus  lupus  non  timet  multas 

oves. 

15. 

Aristoteles  cum  accepisset,  quendam  in  ipsum  dixisse  convi- 
cia:  Absentem,  inqnit,  vel  *  loris  me  caedat.2 

1  496.  2  257. 

16.  Diogenes. 

1.  Diogenes  Cynicus  ubiqne  secum  ferre  solebat  poculum 
ligneum,  quo  aquam  sibi  e  fonte  hauiiret.1  Sed  cum  aliquando 
videret  puerum  manibus2  aquam  haurientem,  poculum  abjecit. 
Apage,  inquit ;  quid  mihi  te s  opus  est  ?  Oarere  poculo  * 
possum ;  manus  idem  mihi  officium  praestabunt. 

1  632.  2  3S7.  3  390.  *  389. 

2.  Diogenes  aliquando  lucernam  accensam  circumferens  cla- 
rissima  luce  in  ford  ambulabat,  quaerenti  similis.  Rogantibus, 
quid  ageret : *  Hominem,  inquit,  quaero. 

»469. 

3.  Cum  unicus  Diogenis  servus  aufugisset,  suadebant  omnes, 
ut1  eum  require  ret.  Non  faciam,  inquit.  Ridiculum  sit,2  cum 
ille  sine  me  vivere  possit,3  me  sine  illo  vivere  non  posse. 

i  546.  2  250.  3  587  . 

4.  Diogenes  disputare  solebat,  quanto  regem  Persarum  supe- 
raret  fortuna  ;  sibi  nihil  deesse  ;  illi  nihil  satis  unquam  *  fore  ; 
se  eas  voluptates  non  desiderare,  quibus  nunquam  satiarl  ille 
posset  ;2  suits  ilium  consequi  nullo  modo  posse. 

'  445.  a  509,  2. 

5.  Diogenes  interro^anti,  quanam  hora  prandendum  esset: 
Si  quis  dives  est,  inquit,  ille  edit,  quando  vult ;  si  pauper  est, 
quando  habet,  quod  edat.1 

»  634,  end. 

6.  Diogenes  dicere  solebat,  Harpalum,  qui  temporibus  illia 


NARRATITOCULAE.  29 

praedo  fellx  habebatur,1  contra  deos  testimonium  dicere,  quod 
in  ilia  fortu.ua  tarn  diu  viveret.3 

i  630,  R.  1.  a  541. 

7.  Diogenes  convicianti  sibi :  At  nee  mihi,  inquit,  credet 
quisquam  te  laudantl,1  nee  tibi  me  vituperanti. 

1345. 

8.  Urbs  Myndiorum,  quanquam  ipsa  erat '  exigua,  permag- 
nas  et  magnificas  babebat  porta s.  Cavillatus  est  ideo  Dio- 
genes. Cives,  inquit,  claudite  portas,  ne  3  urbs  vobls3  egre- 
diatur. 

1  607.  2  545.  •  351. 

9.  Diogenes  Alexandro  rogantl,  ut1  diceret,  si  quid3  opus 
esset:3  Nunc  quidem  paululum,  inquit,  a  sole.4  Offecerat 
videlicet  apricanti.6  His  auditls,  Alexandrum  dixisse  ferunt: 
Nisi  Alexander  essem,6  Diogenes  esse  vellem. 

1546.  2302.  »597,R.  1.  «688.  »346.  «599. 

10.  Diogenes  Cynicus  projici  se  jussit  inhumatum.  Turn 
amici:  Volucribusne '  et  ferls  ?— Minime  vero,  inquit,  sed  ba- 
cillum  propter  me,  quo  abigam,2,  ponitote. 3— Qui  poteris  ?  illi, 
non  enim4  sen  ties.  — Quid6  igitur4  mihi6  ferarum  laniatus 
oberit  nihil  sentientl  ?  7 

M56.        2632.        3262.        «681.        6  331.        «346.        »  594,  R.  2. 

17.  Memoria  tenax. 

Quldam,  qui  memoriam  tenacissimam  babebat,  recitatum '  a 

poeta  carmen  suum  esse  dixit,  idque  ut  probaret,  protinus  ex 

memoria  recitavit,  cum  hoc  ille,  ciijus  carmen  erat,  facere  non 

posset.2 

Etiam  Seneca  memoria 3  yalebat.   Nam  duo  nillia  nominum* 

recitata,1  quo  6  ordine  erant  dicta,  reddebat. 

1640.  2588.  3398.  *  308.  «622. 

18.  Hie  Rhodus  hie  salta, 
Thraso   reyersus   in   patriam,  unde  aliquot   annos  *  afuerat, 
gloriabatur  et  jactabat  praeclara  sua  facinora.     Cum  alia  multa 
turn3    hoc   narrabat,   in   Rhodo   Insula3    saliendo4    se    vlcisse 


30  LATIN   READER. 

optimos  in  hac  exercitatione  artifices.  Ostendebat  etiam  spatii 
longitudinem,  quam  praeter  se 6  nemo  potuisset  *  saltii 7  snpe- 
rare.  Cujus  salttis  se  testes  habere  iiniversos  Rhodios  dice  bat. 
Turn  unus  de8  circulo:  Heus  tu!  si  vera  n  arras,  nihil  opus  est 
istis'  testibus; 10  hie  Rhodum  esse  puta,  hie  salta. 

1  337.  3  589.  s  412,  R.  2.  «  432.  6  521.  «  509,  2.  7  398. 

8  371,  R.  5.  »291.  >°390. 

19.  Croesus  et  Solo. 

Cum  in  regal!  solio  sederet  Croesus,  pretiosissimis  vestibns 
indutus,  Solonem  interrogavit,  num.  quid  1  unqnam  vidisset 
pulchrius  ?  Gallos,  inquit  ille,  et  phasianos  et  pavones,  natu- 
ral! enim  nee a  imitabili  colore  et  pulchritudine  fulgent. 

1  302.  a  4S2. 

20.  Mores  Inddrum. 

In  India  ii,  qui  sapientes  habentur,1  nudi  aetatem  agunt  et 
nives  hiemalemque  vim  perferunt  sine  dolore ;  cumque  ad 
flammam  se  applicaverunt,2  sine  gemitu  aduruntur. 

Mulieres  vero  in  India,  cum  est  communis  earum  vir  mortuus, 
in  certamen  judiciumque  veuiunt,  qnam  plurimum  ille  dilexerit 
(pliires  enim  singulis  viris  solent  esse  nuptae).  Quae s  est 
victrix,  ea  laeta4  una  cum  viro  in  rogum  B  imponitur;  victae 
maestae4  discedunt. 

*  197.  9  569.  »  622.  *  324,  R.  6.         5346,  R.  1. 

21.  Quid  est  deus  ? 

Cum  Hiero  tyrannus  quaesivisset  de  Simonide,  quid '  deus 
esset,  deliberandi a  causa  sib!  iinum  diem  postulavifc.  Cum  idem 
ex  eo  postridie  quaereret,  biduum  petrvit.  Cum  saepius  dupli- 
caret  numerum  dierum,  admiransque  Hiero  reqnlreret,  cur  ita 
faceret:  Quia,  quanto,3  inquit,  diutius  considero,  tanto  mihi 
res  videtur  obscurior. 

1  202,  R.  5.  a  429,  R.  2.  »  400. 

22.  Zeuxis  et  Parrhasius  pictores. 
1.  Zeuxis  et  Parrhasius,  pictores    clfirissimi,  certamen  artis 
inter  se  instituerunt.     Zeuxis  iivas  pinxerat  atque  sic  crat  imi- 
tatns  naturam,  ut  aves  ad   tabulam   advolarent,1   quasi  verae 


NARRATIUNCULAE.  31 

essent9  uvae.  Parrliasius  proposuit  linteum  pictum.  Zeuxig 
deceptus  flagitavit,  ut,  remoto  linteo,3  picturam  ostenderet. 
Intellects  errdre:  Vicisti,  inquit,  Parrhasi!  Nam  ego4  aves 
fefelll,  tu  artificem. 

»  556.  3  604.  3  409,  R.  2.  *  198. 

2,  Crotoiiiiitae  quondam,  cum  florerent  omnibus  copiis  et  in 
Italia  imprimis  beatl  numerarentur,  tern  plum  Jtinonis,  quod 
religiosissime  colebant,  egregiis  picturis  locupletare  volu Grunt. 
Itaque  Heracleotam  Zeuxin,  qui  turn  longe  ceteris l  excellebat 
pictoribus,  magno  pretio  conductum  adhibuerunt  Is  et  ceteris 
complures  tabulas  pinxit  et  Heleuae  simulacrum,  egregium 
opus,  illo  in  fano  rellquit.     Non  est  usus  plus  quam  quattuor 

coloribus.3 

1  Excello  takes  the  Dative  Qike  praesto,  34T).       2  405. 

23.  Contentio  de  asini  umbra. 
Demosthenes,  causam  agens,1  cum  judices  par  urn  attentos 
videret:  Paullsper,  inquit,  aures  mihl  praebete;  rem  vobis  no- 
vam  et  jucundam  narrabo.  Cum  aures  arrexissent:  Juvenis, 
inquit,  asinum  conduxerat,  quo  2  Athenis3  Megaram4  vehere- 
tur.5  In  itinere  cum  sol  iireret  neque  6  esset  umbraculum,  de- 
posuit  clltellas  et  sub  asino  7  consedit,  ut  ejus  umbra  tegeretur. 
Id  vero8  agaso  vetabat,  damans,  asinum  locatum  esse,  non 
umbram  asini.  Alter  contra  disputabat.  Tandem  in  jus  am- 
bulant.— Omnes  diligenter  auscultant.  Sed  Demosthenes,  ea 
locutus,  abiit.  Turn  revocatus  a  jiidicibus  et  rogatus,  ut  re- 
liquam  fabnlam  enarraret:  Quid?  inquit,  de  asini  umbra  libet 
audire,  causam  9  hominis  de  vita  periclitantis  non  10  audietis  ? 

»668.  2  205,  R.  2.  »411.  «410.  6  632.  «482.  7  384,  R.  1. 

«  489.  »  493,  R.  l0  455. 

24.  Somnium. 

Cum  duo  qnldam  Arcades  familiares  iter  una  facereut,  et 
Megaram1  venissent,  alter  ad  cauponem  devertit,  ad  hospitem 
alter.  Qui  ut  cenati  quiescebant,2  concubia  nocte3  yisus  est  in 
somnis  el,  qui  erat  in  hospitio,  ille  alter  orare,  ut  sub  venire  t,* 
quod  sibi 6  a  caupone  interitus  paruretur.6     Primo  7  perterritua 


32  LATIN"    HEADER. 

somnio  surrexit :  dein  cum  se  collegisset,  idque  visum  pro 
niliilo  habendum  esse  duceret,  recubuifc.  Turn  el  dormienti 
Idem  ille  visus  est  rogfire,  ut,  quoniam  sib!  vivo 6  non  subve- 
nisset,7  mortem  suam  ne  d  inultam  esse  pateretur :  so  interfec- 
tum  in  plaustrum  a  caupone  esse  conjectum,  et  supra  stercus 
injectum:  petere,  ut  mane  ad  portam  adesset,  priusquam 
plaustrum  ex  oppido  exiret.9  Hoc  vero  somnio  10  commotus, 
mane  bubulco  praesto  ad  portam  fuit;  quaesivit  ex  eo,  quid 
esset  in  plaustro.  Ille  perterritus  fugit,  mortuus  erutus  est. 
Caupo,  re  patefacta,  paenas  dedit. 

1410.  2564.  3  392.  «546.  »521.         fi541.  7  324,  R.  7. 

•  543,  4.  •  579,  653,  R.  end.  ™  407,  R.  1. 

25.  AnimI  tranquillitas. 

Cum  Canius  Jtilus  cum  imperatore  Gajo  Caligula  diu  fuisset 
altercatus,  abeunti  tyrannus  ille  dixit :  Ne  1  forte  inepta  spe  tibi  a 
blandiaris  :  duel  te  jussl.  Gratias,  in  quit,  ago,  optime  princeps. 
Decern  medios  usque  ad  supplicium  dies  sine  ulla 3  sollicitudine 
exegit.  Ludebat  latrunculis,  cum  centurio,  pliires  capite  4 
damnatos  ducens,  ilium  quoque  citavit.5  Vocatus  numeravit 
calculos,  et  sodall  suo:  Vide,6  inquit,  ne  post  mortem  meam 
mentiaris,  te  vicisse.  Turn  annuens  centurion!:  Testis,  inquit, 
eris,  uno7  me  antecedere.     Quanta  animi  tranquillitas! 

»  688,  552.        a  345.        3  304.        *  377,  R.,  1.        6  581,  R.      « 552,  R.  2.      *  400. 
26.  Cards  fidelis. 

Pyrrhus  rex  in  itinere  incidit  in  canem,  qui  interfectl  homi- 
nis  corpus  custodiebat.  Cum  audlsset,  eum  jam  trlduum  1  cibl9 
expertem  assidere,8  nee  a  cadavere  discedere,  mortuum  jussit 
human,  canem  vero4  deducl  et  curarl  diligenter.5  Faucis  post 6 
diebus  mllitum  lustratio  habetur.  Transeunt  singull,  sedente 
rege.  Aderat  can  is.  Is,  cum  an  tea  quietus  et  tacitus  fuisset,7 
simulac8  vldit  dominl  sul  percussores  transeuntes,9  procurrit 
furens,  eosque  allatravit,  subinde  se  ad  Pyrrhum  convertens,  ita 
quidem,  ut  non  modo  rex,  sed  omnes,  qui  aderant,  susplcionem 
ile  ils   conciperent.       Ergo   comprebensl  et   examinatl    sunt 


NARRATiraCULAE.  33 

Cum  practerea  signa  quaedam   aliunde  accedereat,10    paenaa 
dederunt. 

»337.        a373.        »221.        «489.        6  679.        •  400,  R.  3.         '588. 
» 563.  •»  536.  J0  587. 

27.  Menenii  Agrippae  fabula. 
Cum  Komae'seditio  esset  facta  et  plebs  in  Sacrum  montem 
secessisset,  Menenius  Agrippa,  facundus  yir,  missus  est  ad  ple- 
bem  reconciliandam.  Is,  intromissus  in  castra,  nihil  aliud 
quam3  hoc  narravit:  Tempore,  quo  singulis  3  hominis  membris 
gaum  culque4  consilium,  suus  sermo  erat,  reliquae  corporis 
partes  indignabantur,  sua  cura,  suo  labore  ac  ministerio  ventri 
omnia  quaeri,6  ventrem  ipsum  in  medio  quietum  datis  volupta- 
tibus  6  frul.  Cur  hoc  patimur  ?  loquebantur  inter  se  ;  in  po- 
sterum  maniis  ad  6s  cibum  ne  ferunto,7  6s  cibum  datum  ne  acci- 
pito,  deutes  ne  conficiunto.  Denique  conjurant  inter  se,  ut 
ventrem  fame  domarent.8  Quid  evenit?  Totum  corpus  ta- 
bescere  coepit.  Inde  apparuit,  ventris  quoque  haud 9  segne 
ministerium  esse,  nee  magis  all  quam  10  alere  eum,  reddentem  " 
in  omnes  corporis  partes  hunc,  quo  vivimus  vigemusque,  san- 
guinem.  Hac  fabula  narrata  12  Menenius  flexit  mentes  homi- 
num. 

»  412.  a  646,  R.  2.  » 349.        4  305,  R.  1.        6  533.  •  405.        »  263. 

e  511,  R.  1.  8  443,  2.  1»  647,  R.  5.  "  669.  "  667,  R.  2. 

28.  Cornelia,  mater  Gracchorum. 
P.  Cornelius  Sclpio  Africanus  minor  Corneliam  filiam  Tibe- 
rio  Graccho  collocaverat.  Ti.  Gracchus,  qui  bis  consul  et 
censor  fuit,  Idemque  '  et  summus  augur  et  vir  sapiens  clvisque 
praestans,  cum  duo  angues  domi  comprehensi  essent  (ut  C. 
Gracchus,  ejus  films,  scriptum  reliquit)  haruspices  convocavit. 
Qui  cum  respondissent,  si  anguem  marem  emisisset,2  uxori1 
brevi  tempore  esse  moriendum,  si  feminam,  ipsi,  aequius  esse 
censuit,  se  maturam  oppetere  mortem,  quam  P.  African!  filiam. 
Femiuam  emisit.  Ipse  paucls  post4  diebus  est  mortuus.  Pi- 
lios  reliquit  Tiberium  et  Gajum,  tribunos  illos  clarissimos, 
qui   summa  diligentia  matris   a  pueris  docti  sunt  et  Graecis 


34  LATIN  READER. 

litteris  eruditi".     Nam  semper  habuerunt  exquisitos  e  Graecia 
magistros. 

1  296.  a  660t  4.  a  353.  4  400,  R.  3. 

Cum  matrona  opnlenta  Corneliam  visitaret  et  orn amenta  sua 
pretiosissima  ostentaret,  traxit  earn  Cornelia  sermone,  donee  e 
scliola  redlrent '  puerl.     Turn :  Haec,  inquit,  mea  sunt  orna 
menta. 

»574. 

29.  Androclus  et  leo. 

Apion  Alexandrlnus  refert,  quod  neque  audisse  se,  neque 
legisse,  sed  ipsum  in  urbe  Roma, 1  vidisse  oculis  suis  confirmat. 
In  circo  maximo,  inquit,  venationes  amplissimae  edebantur. 
Ejus  rei/  Romae  3  cum  forte  essem,  spectator  fui.  Multae  ibi 
erant  saevientes  ferae  intisitata  4  forma  aut  ferocia.  Sed  praeter 
alia  omnia  leonum  immanitas  admiration! 5  fuit,  praeterque 
omnes  ceteros  iinius.  Is  tinus  leo  corporis  magnitudine  terri- 
ficoque  fremitu  et  comis  fluctuantibus  animos  oculosque  omnium 
in  sese  convertit.  Introdnctus  erat  inter  compltires  alios  ad 
pugnam  bestiarum  servns  viri  consularis.  Ei  servo  6  Androclus 7 
nomen  fuit.  Hunc  ille  leo  ubi 8  yidit  procul,  repente  quasi 
admirans  stetit,  ac  deinde  sensim  atque  placide  tamquam 
noscitans  ad 9  hominem  accedit ;  turn  caudam  more  atque 
ritu  adulantium  canum  blande  movet,  bominisque  sese  corporl 
adjungit,  cruraque  ejus  et  mantis,  prope  jam  exanimati  metu, 
lingua  leniter  demulcet.  Androclus  inter  ilia  tarn  atrocis  ferae 
blandimenta  missum  animum  recuperat ;  paulatim  oculos  ad 
leonem  refert.  Turn,  quasi  miitua  recognitio  fieret,10  laeti  ad- 
stiterunt  et  gratulabundi  homo  et  leo.  Ea  re  tarn  admlrabili 
maximi  popull  clamores  excitati  sunt,  arcessitusque  a  Caesare 
Androclus  interrogatus  est,  cur  ille  atrocissimus  leonum  uni  " 
pepercisset.13     Ibi  Androclus  rem  mirincam  narrat. 

1  412,  R.  2.  2  195,  R.  4.  3  412.  *  402.  6  350.  «  849.  7  322. 

8  563.  »346,  R.  1.  i°  604.  "  345.  "  469. 

Cum  dominus  meus,  inquit,  in  provincia  Africa  proconsul 
esset,  ego  ibi  iniquis  ejus  et  quotldianis  verberibus  ad  fugam 
sum  coactus :  et  ut  mill!  a  domino,  terrae  illius  praeside,  tiitio- 


NARRATItWCULAE.  35 

res  latebrae  forent,  in  camporum ■  et  arenarum  solitudines 
concessi,  ac  si  defuisset2  cibus,  consilium  fait,  mortem  aliquo 
pacto  quaerere.  Turn  sol,  in  quit,  cum  vehementissime  flagra- 
ret,  specum  quendam  nactus  remotum  latebrosumque,  in  eum 
me  recondo.  Non  multo  post  ad  eundem  specum  venit  hie  leo, 
debili  tino  et  cruento  pede,  gemitus  edens  et  murmura,  dolorem 
cruciiitumque  vulneris  significantia.  Prlmo  quidem  conspectil 
advenientis  leonis  territus  sum  et  pavefactus.  Sed  postquam 
introgressus  leo  in  latibulum  suum  vidit  me  procul  delitescen- 
tem,  mitis  et  mansuetus  accessit,  ac  sublatum  3  pedem  porrexit 
et  quasi  opem  petere  visus  est.  Ibi  ego  stirpem  ingentem,  ves- 
tigio  4  pedis  ejus  inhaerentem,  revelll,  saniemque  expressl,  accu- 
ratiusque  sine  magna  jam  formidine  siccavi  penitus  atque  de- 
ters! cruorem.  Ille  tunc  mea  opera  et  medela  levatus,  pede 
in  manibus  mels  posito,3  recubuit  et  quievit.  Atque  ex  eo  die 
triennium  totum  ego  et  leo  in  eodem  specti  eodemque  yictu 
viximus.  Nam  earum,  quas  venabatur,  ferarum  membra  opi- 
miora  ad  specum  mihi  suggerebat,  quae  ego,  ignis  copiam  non 
habens,  sole  merldiano  tosta  edebam.  Sed  ubi  me  vitae  5  illius 
feiinae  jam  pertaesum  est,  leone  venatum  6  profecto,  reliqui 
specum,  et  viam  ferme  trldui 7  permensus,  a  militibus  visns 
comprehensusque  sum,  et  ad  dominum  ex  Africa  Romam  de- 
ductus.  Is  me  statim  capitis  8  damnavit  deditque  ad  bestias. 
Videtur  autem  hie  quoque  leo  postea  captus  nunc  gratiam  mihi 
beneficii  et  mcdicinae  referre.  Haec  Androclus.  Turn  cunctJ- 
rum  precibus  dimissus  est  et  paena9  solutus,  leoque  el  suffragiis 
populi  donatus.  Postea  videbamus  Anclroclum  et  leonem,  loro 
tenui  revinctum,  urbe  tota10  circum  tabernas  ire.11  Donabatur 
aere  Androclus,  floribus  spargebatur  leo;  omnes  fere  obvii  di- 
cebant:  Hie  est  leo  hospes  hominis,  hie  est  homo  medicus 
leonis. 

1  357,  E.  2.        2  516>        s  (J07,  R.  1.        *  346.        «-  376.        6  436. 
7  364.        8  377,  R.  1.        »  388.        *«  386.        J1  527,  R.  1. 

30.  Jocus  familiari?. 
P.  Cornelius  Scipio  Nasica  cum  ad  poetam  Ennium  venisset 
elque  ab  ostio  quaerenti  Ennium  ancilla  dixisset,  doml l  non  esse, 


36  LATItf    READER. 

Nasica  sensit,  illam  domini  jussu2  dixisse  et  ilium  intus  esse. 
Paucis  post3  diebus  cum  ad  Nasicam  venisset  Enuius  et  earn  a 
jaiiuil  quaererefc,  exclamat  Nasica,  se  domi '  non  esse.  Turn 
Ennius:  Quid?  ego  non  cognosco,4  inquit,  vocem  tuam?  Hie 
Nasica:  Homo  es  impudens.  Ego  cum  te  quaererem,  ancillae6 
tuae  credidi,  te  domi  non  esse;  tu  milii  non  credis  ipsi?* 

»  412,  R.  1.  2  407.  8  400,  R.  3.  «  455.  6  345. 
31.  Facetiae  acerbae. 
Orator  quldam  malus  cum  in  epilogo  misericordiam  se  mo- 
visse  putaret,  postquam  assedit,1  rogavit  Catulum,  videreturne  a 
misericordiam  movisse.  Ac  magnam  quidem,  inquit  ille ;  ne- 
minem  enim  puto  esse  tarn  durum,  cul  non  oratio  tua  miseranda 
visa  sit.3 

«  563.        2  462.        *  634. 

32.  Nihil  magis  ridetur,  quam  quod  est  praeter  exspectationem. 

Cum  laesisset  testis  Silus  Pisonem,  quod  se  in  eum  audisse  * 
dixisset,  Crassus  orator:  "  Potest  fieri,  inquit,  Sile,  ut  is,  unde  a 
te  audisse  dlcis,  iratus  dixerit."  3  Annuit  Silus.  "  Potest  etiam, 
ut  tu  non  recte  intellexeris."  s  Id  quoque  toto  capite  annuit. 
"  Potest  etiam  fieri,  inquit,  ut  omnino,  quod  te  audisse  dlcis, 
nunquam  audieris."3  Hoc  ita  praeter  exspectationem  accidit, 
ut  testem  omnium  rlsus  obrueret.4 

1 ».  e.  quaedam.      a  613,  R.  1.      »668.      «556. 


IV. 
DE    GESTIS    ALEXANDKI. 


1.  Natus  est  Alexander  ex1  Olympiade  anno  ante  Christum 
natum  CCCLVI  eadem  nocte,  qua  celeberrimum  Dianae  Ephe- 
siae  templum  deflagravifc.  Exstat  epistola  Philippi  patris,  qua3 
Aristoteli  philosopho  natum  esse  sibi  Alexandrum  nuntiavit, 
in  hunc  fere  modum  scripta: 

"Philippus  Aristoteli  salutem  dicit. 
Filium  mihi  genitum  scito.3  .  Maximam  equidem  diis  habeo 
gratiam,  non  tarn  quia  natus  est,  quam  quod  contigit,  ut  na- 
sceretur  temporibus  vitae  tuae.  Spero  enim  fore  ut4  educatus 
eruditusque  abs  te  dignus  exsistat  et  nobis  et  futura  rerum  am- 
plitudine.     Vale." 

Postea  Philippus  philosophum  ilium  praeclarissimum  puero 
doctorem  accivit,  a  quo  et  agendi  acciperet5  praecepta  et  elo- 
quencli. 

2.  Multa  feruntur  ab  adulescente  dicta  ant  facta,  quae  ma- 
gnum animum  et  excelsum  significent.1  Admonitus,  quon- 
iam  cursu  plurimum  valeret,2  ut  inter  eos  nomen  profiteretur, 
qui  Olympiis  certaturi  essent;3  magnam  inde  per  Graeciam  sibi 
famam  comparaturum :  Eacerem,  inquit,  si  reges  haberem  ad- 
versarios.  Insigne  roboris  animique  praesentis  specimen  edidit 
in  domando  equo  Bucephala.  Quern4  cum  nemo  satellitum 
regis  moderari  posset,  Alexander  comprehensis  habenis  ita 
statuit,  ut  umbram  suam  conspicere  non  posset,  qua  eum  antea 
esse  exterritum  observaverat ;  deinde  insilit  atque  frenis  parere 
cogit.  Descendentem  pater  complexus  osculatusque:  Majus, 
inquit,  mi  fili,  imperium  tibi  quaere ;  Macedonia  enim  te  non 
capit.     Bellicis  rebus  plerumque  Alexander,  etiam  ad  Chaero- 

1.1395.       2385,  R.      S260,  R.     «531.     5  G32.  2.1633.    2  541.    3  63o.    «347. 


38  LATIN"   READER. 

neam  proelio,  interfuit,  in  quo  penes  eum  victoria  sfcetisse  dici- 
fcur.  In  cornu  enim,  cui  praeerat,  initium  vincendi  factum, 
sacra  Thebanorum  cohorte,  quae  ex  lectissimis  constabat,  profli- 
gata. 

3.  Postquam  Philippus  Aegis  necatus  est,1  prima  Alexandro 
cura  paternaruni  exsequiarum  fuit,  in  quibus  ante  omnia  caedis 
conscios  ad  tumulum  patris  occidi  jussit.  Soli  Alexandro  Lyn- 
cestae  pepercit,  qui  regem  eum  primus  salutaverat.  Turn 
gentes  rebellantes  oppressit,  orieutes  nonnullas  seditiones  ex- 
stinxit.  In  Graeciam  improviso  celeriusque  omnium  cpiuione9 
profectus,  legatis  civitatum  singularum  Corinthum  evocatis, 
perfecit,  ut  summus  Graecorum  imperator  in  patris  locum  suf- 
ficeretur.  Forte  turn  apud  Corinthum  in  Craueo  luco  erat 
Diogenes,  qui  in  tanto  liominum  concursu  unus  de  Alexandro 
nihil  laborabat.  Rex  cupidus  ejus  videudi3  cum  accessisset  et 
rogaret,  ut  diceret,  si  quid  opus  esset:  Nuuc  quidem  paululum, 
inquit  Cynicus,  a  sole.  Offecerat  videlicet  apricanti.  Pariter 
responsum  atque  hominem  admiratus  Macedo  dixisse  fertur: 
Nisi,  mehercule!  Alexander  essem,  Diogenes  esse  vellem. 

4.  Incohatum  deinde  a  patre  Persicum  bellum  aggreditur. 
In  cujus  apparatu  occupato  nuntiatur,  Atheuienses  et  Thebanos 
ab  eo  defecisse,  auctoremque  ejus  defectionis,  magno  auri  pon- 
dere  a  Persis  corruptum,  Demosthenem  oratorem  exstitisse,  qui 
Macedonum  deletas  omnes  cum  rege  copias  a  Triballisadfirma- 
verit,1  producto  in  contionem  auctore,  qui  in  eo  proelio,  in  quo 
rex  cecidisset,  se  quoque  vulneratum  diceret.2  Qua  opiuione 
mutatos  omnium  ferme  civitatum  animos  esse;  praesidia  Mace- 
donum obsideri.  8ed  rex  instructo  paratoque  exercitu  Graecos 
oppressit.  Athenienses,  sicuti  primi  defecerant,ita  primi  missis 
legatis  bellum  deprecantur.  Quibus  auditis  Alexander  bellum 
remisit. 

5.  Inde  Thebas  exercitum  convertit,  eadem  indulgentia 
usurus,1  si  parem  paenitentiam  invenisset.  Sed  Thebani  armis, 
uon  precibus  usi  sunt.  Itaque  victi  gravissima  quaeque3  sup- 
plicia  experti  sunt.  In  cousilio  cum  de  excidio  urbis  delibe- 
raretur,  Phocenses  et  Plataeenses   et    Orchomenii,  Alexandri 

3.  *m.    »399,  R.l.    3429.  4.  >  630.    2  632.  5.  J  673.  4.    *  305. 


DE    GESTIS   ALEXAXDRI.  39 

socii  victoriaeque  participes,  excidia  urbinm  snarum  crudelita- 
temque  Thebanorum  referebant;  stadia  in  Persas  non  praesen- 
tia  tantum,  verum  etiam  Vetera  adversus  Graeciae  libertatem 
increpantes;  adjiciunt  etiam  scelerum  priornm  fibulas,  nt  non' 
praesenti  tantum  perfidia,  verum  etiam  vetere  infamia  invisi 
forent.  Itaque  urbs  diruitur,  agri  inter  victores  dividuntur, 
captivi  sub  corona  veneunt.  Solis4  Pindari  vatis  posteris 
penatibusque  parci  jussit. 

6.  Graeciae  rebus  compositis,  ineunte  vere  anni  insequentis 
(a.  334.)  proficiscens  ad  bellum  Persicum  patrimonium  omne 
snura  amicis  dividit,  sibi  Asiam  sufficere  praefatus.  Etiam 
milites,  obliti  omnes  conjugum  liberorumque  et  longinquae  a 
domo  militiae,  Persicum  aurum  et  totius  Orientis  opes  jam 
quasi  suam  praedam  ducebant  nee  laborum  periculorumque 
meminerant.  Antipatro  cum  duodecim  milibus  peditum,  mille 
quingentis  equitibus  domi  relicto,  ut  Macedoniae  Graeciaeque 
rebus  praeesset,  ipse  cum  milibus  circiter  triginta  peditum, 
quinque  equitum  Hellespontum  trajecit.  Cum  naves  in  Asiam 
appulisset,  primus  Alexander  jaculum  in  terram  jecit  armatus- 
que  de  navi  prosiluit  atque  hostias  cecidit  precatus,1  ne  sea 
regem  illae  terrae  invitae  acciperent.  In  Ilio  quoque  ad  tumu- 
los  heroum,  qui  Trojano  bello  ceciderant,  parentavit.  Cum  in 
Sigeo  ad  Achillis  tumulum  adstitisset:  0  fortunate,  inquit, 
adulescens,  qui  tuae  virtutis  Homerum  praeconem  inveneris.9 
Et  vere;  nam  nisi  Ilias  ilia  exstitisset,  idem  tumulus,  qui  cor- 
pus contexerat,  nomen  etiam  obruisset. 

7.  Primum  cum1  bostibus  signa  contulit  apud  Granicum 
Mysiae  amnem.  Ibi  cum  Parmenio,  ne  in  conspectu  hostium 
flumen  profundum  ripisque  praeruptis  transiret,  bortaretur, 
lusit  cautum  ilium  amicum  rex,  cum  diceret,2  erubescendum 
Hellesponto  fore,  si  illo  transmisso  rivum  transire  ennctaretur,3 
signoque  dato  primus  omnium  cum  equitatu  flumen  perrupit 
atque  hostes  invasit.  Acriter  pngnantem  duo  fortissimi  hostium 
duces  aggrediuntur,  quorum  alter  gladio  galeam  ejus  discindit. 
Hunc  dum  hasta  transfigit,4  alter  in  nudum  caput  aversi  ictnm 
parabat,  cum  Clitus  animadverso  periculo  advolat,  regem  clipeo 

*  545,  R.  2.      *  208.  6.  »  278,  R.      a  521.      »636.  7.  J  346,  R.  1.      3  586,  & 

•  598,  R.  3.    4  572. 


40  LATIN-   READER. 

suo  tegit,  hostis  manum  gladio  praecidit.  Fit  ingens  deinde 
caedes  Persarum,  qui  virtute  Macedonum  superati  terga  verte- 
nuit. 

8.  Post  victoriam  major  pars  Graecarum  in  Asia  civitatum 
ad  Alexandrum  defecit ;  Miletum  et  Halicarnassum  expugnavit. 
Deinde  per  Lyciam,  Pamphyliam,  Pisidiam  profectus  Gordium 
urbem  petiit,  quae  sita  est  inter  Phrygian!  majorem  et  minorem. 
Urbe  in  dicionem  suam  redacta  Jovis  templum  intrat.  Vehi- 
culum,  quo1  Gordium  regem  vectum  esse2  constabat,  aspexit,  in 
quo  jugum  erat  astrictum  nodis  in  semetipsos  implicatis.  In- 
colis  deinde  adfirmantibus,  editam  esse  oraculo  sortem,  Asiae3 
potiturum,  qui  inexplicabile  vinculum  solvisset,4  ille  solvere 
aggressus,  cum  capita  lororum  intra  nodos  abscondita  reperire 
non  posset:  Nihil,  inquit,  interest,  quomodo  solvantur,5  gladio- 
que  nodum  discidit. 

9.  Interea  Dareus  castris  ad  Babylonem  positis,  quo1  majore 
animo  capesserent  bellum,  universas  vires  in  conspectum  dedit 
et  in  circumdato  vallo,  quod  decern  milium  armatorum  nume- 
rum  caperet,2  Xerxis  exemplo  numerum  copiarum  iniit.  Orto 
sole  ad  noctem  agmina,  sicuti  descripta  erant,  intravere  vallum. 
Inde  emissa  occupaverunt  Mesopotamiae  campos.  Cujus  turn 
multitudinis  aspectu  rex  admodum  laetus  castra  ad  Eupbraten 
rnoveri  jubet.  Patrio  more  Persarum  traditum  est,  orto  sole 
(lemum  procedere.  Die  jam  illustri  signum  e  tabernaculo  regis 
bucina  dabatur.  Super  tabernaculum,  unde  ab  omnibus  con- 
spici  posset,2  imago  solis  crystallo  inclusa  fulgebat.  Ordo  autem 
agminis  erat  talis.  Ignis,  quern  ipsi  sacrum  et  aeternum  voca- 
bant,  argenteis  altaribus3  praeferebatur.  Magi  proximi  patrium 
carmen  canebant.  Magos  trecenti  et  sexaginta  quinque  iuvenes 
sequebantur  puniceis  amiculis  velati,  diebus  totius  anni  pares 
numero :  quippe  Persis4  quoque  in  totidem  dies  descriptus  est 
annus.  Currum  deinde  Iovi  sacratum  albentes  vehebant  equi: 
bos  eximiae  magnitudinis  equus,  qnem  Solis  appellabant,  se- 
quebatur.  Aureae  virgae  et  albae  vestes  rectores  equorum 
adornabant.  Hand  procul  erant  vebicula  decern  multo  auro 
argentoque  caelata.     Sequebatur  haec  equitatus  duodecim  gen- 

8.  *m~.     2530,  R.      MU5,  R.  3.      *  51G.      6  382,  2,  469.  9.  l  Mo,  2.     '•»  632,  R. 

•887.     '•352. 


DE   GESTIS   ALEXANDRI.  41 

tium  variis  armis  et  moribns.  Proximi  ibant,  quos  Persae  Im- 
mortales  vocant,  ad  decern  milia;  aureos  torques,  vestem  anro 
distinctam  habebant  manicatasque  tunicas,  gemmis  etiam 
adornatas.  Exiguo  intervallo,  quos  cognatos  regis  appellant, 
decern  et  quinque  milia  horn i num.  Haec  vero  turba  muliebri- 
ter  propemodnm  culta,  luxu  magis  quam  decoris  armis  con- 
spicua  erat.  Doryphoroe  qui  vocabantur  currum5  regis  antei- 
bant,  quo  ipse  eminens  vehebatur.  Utrnmque6  currus  latus 
deorum  simulacra  ex  auro  argentoque  expressa  decorabant : 
distin guebant  internitentes  gemmae  iugum,  ex  quo  eminebant 
duo  aurea  simulacra  cubitalia  avornm,  alterum  Nini,  alteram 
Beli.  Inter  haec  aquilam  an  ream  pennas  extendenti  similem 
collocaverant.  Cultus  regis  inter  omnia  luxuria  notabatur: 
pnrpureae  tnnicae7  medium  album  intextnm  erat,  pallam  auro 
distinctam  aurei  accipitres,  velut  rostris  inter  se  concurrerent,8 
adorn abant,  et  zona  aurea  muliebriter  cinctns  acinacem  sus- 
penderat,  cni  ex  gemma  vagina  erat.  Oidarim  Persae  vocabant 
regium  capitis  insigne:  hoc  caerulea  fascia  albo  distincta  cir- 
cumibat.  Currum  decern  milia  hastatorum  sequebantur:  hastas 
argento  exornatas,  spicula  auro  praefixa  gestabant.  Dextra 
laevaque  regem  ducenti  ferme  nobilissimi  propinquorum  comi- 
tabantur.  Horum  agmen  claudebatur  triginta  milibus  peditum, 
quos  equi  regis  CCCC  sequebantur.  Interyallo  deinde  unius 
stadii  matrem  Darei  Sisygambim  currus  Yehebat,  et  in  alio  erat 
coninnx.  Turba  feminarum  reginas  comitantium  equis9  vecta- 
batur.  Quindecim  deinde,  quas  armamaxas  appellabant,  seque- 
bantur. In  his  erant  liberi  regis  et  qui  educabant10  eos  spado- 
numque  grex,  hand  sane  illis  gentibus  vilis.  Turn  regiae  paeli- 
ces  trecentae  et  sexaginta  vehebantur,  et  ipsae  regali  cultu  or- 
natuque.  Post  quas  pecuniam  regis  sescenti  muli  et  trecenti 
cameli  vehebant  praesidio  sagittariorum  prosequente.  Propin- 
quorum amicorumque  conjuges  huic  agmini  proximae  lixarum- 
que  et  calonum  greges  yehebantur.  Ultimi  erant  cum  suis11 
quique  ducibus,  qui  cogerent12  agmen,  leviter  armati. 

10.  Alexander,  Ancyrae  assumptis,  qui  ex  Macedonia  nuper 
advenerant,  per  Cappadociam  profectus  Ciliciam  petit.     Per* 

«  330.    •  307.    7  310.    «  604.    •  205,  R.  2.    10  626,  R.     '»  305,  R.  1.    12  632. 


42  LATIN"   READER. 

petuo  jngo  Tauri  montis  praerupti  Cilicia  includitur,  asperi  tres 
aditus  et  angusti  sunt.  Alexander  per  fauces  jugi,  quae  Pylae 
appellantur,  transcendit.  Ubi  ad  urbem  Tarsum1  ventum  est,a 
quam  mediam3  Cydnus  amnis  interfluit,  regem  ex  itinere  pul- 
vere  ac  sudore  perfusum  invitavit  liquor  fluminis,  ut  calidum 
corpus  ablneret.  Itaque  veste  deposita4  in  perfrigidam  undam 
se  projecit.  Vix  autem  ingressns  erat,  cum  subito  horrore  artus 
rigere  coeperunt  et  to  turn  propemodum  corpus  vitalis  calor  re- 
liquit.6  Exspiranti  similem  ministri  manu  excipiunt  nee8  satis 
compotem  mentis  in  tabernaculum  deferunt.  Ingens  sollici- 
tudo  et  paene  jam  luctus  in  castris  erat,  cum  rex  liberius  spi- 
rare  coepit.6  Allevabat  oculos  et  panlatim  redeunte  animo  cir- 
cumstantes  amicos  agnoverat,  laxataque  vis  morbi  videbatur. 
Animi  an  tern  aegritudo  corpus  urgebat,  nam  Dareum  quinto 
die  in  Cilicia  fore  nuntiabatur.  Vinctum  ergo  se  tradi7  et  tan- 
tam  victoriam  eripi  sibi8  ex  manibus,  obscuraque  et  ignobili 
morte  in  tabernaculo  exstingui  se  qnerebatur.  Unus  erat  ex9 
medicis,  nomine  Philippus,  qui  solus  remedinm  polliceretur.10 
Inter  haec  a  Parmenione,  fidissimo  purpnratorum,  litteras  acci- 
pit,  quibus11  ei  denuntiabat,  ne  salutem  suam  Philippo  commit- 
teret ;  mille  talentis  a  Dareo  esse  corruptum.  Eex  epistolam, 
sigillo  anuli  sui  impresso,4  pulvino,12  cui  incubabat,  subjecit. 
Post  diem  tertium13  (ita  enim  medicus  praedixerat)  accepto 
poculo  epistolam  medico  tradit  atque  inter  bibendum  oculos  in 
vultum  legentis  intendit.  Ut  securum  conspexit,  laetior  factus 
est  sanitatemque  quarto  die  recepit. 

11.  At  Dareus  nuntio  de  adversa  valetudine  ejus  accepto, 
Euphraten  trajecit  exercitnm,  Ciliciam  occupare  festinans. 
Jamque  Graeci  milites  a  Pharnabazo  missi  ad  eum  pervenerant. 
Hi  magnopere  suadebant,  ut  retro  abiret  camposque  Mcsopota- 
miae  repeteret;  si  id  consilium  improbaret,1  divideret2  saltern 
innumerabiles  copias,  ut  bellum  traheretnr.  Ad  haec  Dareus 
Graecis  nuntiari  jubet,  ipsum3  quidem  pro  benevolentia  eorum 
gratias  agere,  ceterum,  si  retro  ire  pergat,4  baud  dubie  regnum 
hostibus  traditurum.     Fama  bella  stare  et  eum,  qui  recedat, 

10.  1  410,  R.  3.  2199.  R.  1.  s  287,  R.  *  409,  R.  1.  *  582.  •  448,  R.  2.  *  533. 
8  343,  R.  2.    •  371,  R.  5.     1»  033.        ll  385,  R.        12  346.        1S  400,  R.  3.  II.1  660,  1 

a  655.    s  521,  R.  8.    *  660,  3. 


DE   GESTIS   ALEXANDRI.  43 

fugere  credi.  Dividi  vero  copias  non  posse  servato  more  majo- 
rum,  qui  universas  vires  discrimini  bellorum  semper  obtule- 
rint.6  Itaque  pecunia  omni  reb usque  pretiossissimis  Damascum 
in  Syriam"  cam  praesidio  militum  missis,  reliquas  copias  omnea 
in  Ciliciam  duxit,  sequentibus  agmen  conjuge  ac  matre;  vir- 
gines  quoque  cam  parvo  filio  comitabantur  patrem. 

12.  Forte  eadem  nocte  et  Alexander  ad  fauces,  quibus  Syria 
aditur,  et  Dareus  ad  eum  locum,  quern  Amanicas  Pylas  vocant, 
pervenit.  Nee  dubitavere  Persae,  quin,1  Isso  relicta,  quam  ce- 
perant,  Macedones  fngerent.  Motis  ergo  castris  fugientes  per- 
sequuntur.  Alexander  laetatus,2  in  illis  potissimum  angustiis 
acie  decernendum  esse,  milites  corpora  curare  jussit  ac  de3  ter- 
tia  vigilia  instructos  et  armatos  esse.  Prima  luce  occupat  an- 
gustias.  Discors  Persarum  exercitus  nee  ad  unum  intentus 
imperium  vario  tumultu  omnia  turbaverat ;  quidquid  in  illis 
angustiis  adiri  poterat,  impleverant  copiae,  cornuaque  hinc  ab4 
jugo  hinc  a  mari  stabant.  Alexander  phalangem  in  fronte 
constituit.  Dextrum  cornu  Nicanor,  Parmenionis  films,  tue- 
batur;  huic  proximi  stabant  Coenus  et  Perdiccas  et  Meleager 
et  Ptolomaeus  et  Amyntas,  sui  quisque  agminis  duces.  In 
laevo,  quod  ad  mare  pertinebat,  Craterus  et  Parmenio  erant, 
sed  Craterus  Parmenioni  parere  jussus.  Equites  ab  utroque6 
cornu  locati.  Ante  banc  aciem  posuerat  funditorum  manum 
sagittariis  admixtis.  Thraces  quoque  et  Cretenses  ante  agmen 
ibant  et  ipsi  leviter  armati. 

13.  Jam  in  conspectu  sed  extra  teli  j  actum  utraque  acies 
erat,  cum  priores1  Persae  inconditum  et  trucem  sustulere  cla- 
morem.  Alexander  ante  prima  signa  ibat,  identidem  rnanu 
suos  inhibens,  ne  cursu  exanimati  capesserent  proelium,  et 
varia  oratione,  ut  cuj usque  agminis  animis  aptum  erat,  milites 
allocutus.  Macedones,  tot  bellorum  in  Europa  victores,  ad 
subigendam  Asiam  profecti,  inveteratae2  virtutis  admonebantur. 
Cum  adierat  Graecos,3  admonebat,  ab  his  gen tibus  illata  Grae- 
ciae  bella  Darei  prius  deinde  Xerxis  insolentia,  aquam  ipsos* 
terramqne  poscentium.  Ab  his  templa  minis  et  igni  deleta, 
urbes  eorum  expugnatas.    Illyrios  vero  et  Thraces,  rapto6  vivere 

«630.      «410,  R.  5.  12.  »551,2.      «278,R.      3  393,  R.      «  388,  R.  2.      «307 

13.  ■  324,  R.  b.      2  375.      3  509.      *  333.      6  405,  R  3. 


44  LATIK   HEADER. 

assuetos,  aciem  hostium  auro  pnrpuraque  fulgentem  intueri 
jubebat,  praedam  non  anna  gestantem.  Irent6  efc  imbellibna 
feminis  aurnm  viri  eriperent. 

14.  Jam  ad  teli  j actum  pervenerant,  cum  Persarum  eqnites 
ferociter  in  laevum  cornu  hostium  invecti  sunt.1     Nam  Dareus 
equestri  proelio  decernere  volebat,  phalangem  Macedonici  exer- 
citus  robur  esse  ratus.3      Jamque  etiam  dextrum  Alexandri 
cornu  circumibatur.     Quod3  ubi  Macedo  conspexit,  duabus  alis 
equitum  ad  jugum  montis  jussis  subsistere.  ceteros  in  medium 
belli  discrimen  strenue   trans  fert.      Comminus  collatis  signis 
duae  acies  ita  cohaerebant,  ut  armis  arma  pulsarent,  mucrones 
in  ora  dirigerent.     Collato  pede,  quasi  singuli  inter  se  dimica- 
rent,4  in  eodem  vestigio  stabant,  donee  vincendo  locum  sibi  fa- 
cerent  ;5  turn  demum  promovebant  gradum,  cum  hostem  pro- 
straverant.1    At  illos  novus  excipiebat  adversarius  fatigatos ;  nee 
vulnerati,  ut  alias  solent,  acie6  poterant.  excedere,  cum  hostis 
instaret  a7  fronte,  a  tergo  sui8  urgerent.     Alexander  non  ducis 
magis,  quam9  militis  munia  exsequebatur,  opima  spolia  caeso 
rege  expetens.      Eminebat  Dareus  curru  sublimis.     Cni3  cum 
Alexandrum  instare  frater  Oxathres  cerneret,  eqiiites,  quibus 
praeerat,  ante  ipsum  currum  regis  objecit.     At  Macedones,  qui 
circa  regem  erant,  mut.ua  adhortatione  firmati  cum  ipso10  in 
equitum  agmen  irrumpunt.      Turn  vero  ingens  strages  erat. 
Circa  currum  Darei  jacebant  nobilissimi  duces,  ante  oculos 
regis  egregia  morte  defuncti,  adverso  pectore  vulneribus  accep- 
tis;   circa  eos  cumulata  erat  peditum  equitumque  obscurior 
turba.     Macedonum  quoque  non  quidem  multi,  sed  promptis- 
simi  tamen  caesi  sunt;  Alexandri  dextrum  femur  leviter  mu- 
crone  perstrictum  est.     Jamque  qui  Dareum  vehebant  equi, 
confossi  hastis  et  dolore  efferati,  jugum  quatere  et  regem  curru" 
excutere  coeperant,  cum  ille  veritus,2  ne  vivus  veniret11  in  hos- 
tium potestatem,  desilit1  et  in  equum,  qui  ad  hoc  ipsum  seque- 
batur,  imponitnr,  insignibus  imperii,  ne  fugam  proderent,  inde- 
core  abjectis.     Turn  vero  ceteri  dissipantur  et,  qua  cuique  ad 
fugam  patebat  via,  armis  abjectis  erumpunt.     Alexander  victoi 
instabat  fugientibus.     Haud  amplius  regem  quam  mille  equitea 

«655.  14.  •  582.     a  278,  R.      3  612.      *  604.      •  574.      •  »88.      7  388,  R.  2.      8  684. 

647,  R.  5.      i°2'J7,  R.  1.      »  552. 


DE   GESTIS   ALEXANDRi.  45 

sequebantur;  barbari  a  tarn  paucis  pecorum  modo  agebanlur 
atque  caedebantur. 

15.  Jam  victor  exercitus  castra  hostium  opulentissima  intra- 
verat;  ingens  auri  argentiqne  pondus  non  belli  sed  luxuriae 
apparatum  diripuerunt  milites.  Ubi  ad  femiuas  per ven turn 
est,1  omnium  oculos  animosque  in  semet  averterunt  captivae 
mater  conjunxque  Darei;  ilia2  non  majestate  solum  sed  etiam 
aetate  venerabilis;  haec  insignis  formae  pulcbritudine  receperat 
in  sinum  filium  nondum  sextum  annum  aetatis  egressum.  In 
gremio  anus3  aviae  jacebant  adultae  duae  virgines,  non  suo  tan- 
turn  sed  etiam  illius  maerore  confectae.  Ingens  circa  earn  no- 
bilium  feminarum  turba  constiterat,4  evulsis  crinibus  discissa- 
que  veste.  Ubi  unns  e  captivis  spadonibus  amiculnm,  quod 
Dareus,  sicut  paulo6  ante  dictum  est,  abjecerat,  in  manibus  ejus 
qui  repertum  ferebat,  agnovit,  ratusque  interfecto9  detractum 
esse,  falsum  nuntium  mortis  ejus  attulit,  ingens  fit  gemitus  eju- 
latusque  mulierum.  Interea  Alexander,  postquam  et  nox  ap- 
petebat7  et  consequendi  Dareum  spes  non  erat,  in  castra  paulo 
ante  a  suis  capta  pervenit.  Audito  mulierum  clamore  causa- 
que  rei  cognita,  Leonnatum  misit,  qui  vivere  Dareum  et  ipsas 
incolumes  fore  nuntiaret.8  Turn  demum  Darei  mater  allevari 
se  passa  est.  Postero  die  ipse  tabernaculum  cum  Hephaestione 
intrat.  Is  longe  omnium  amicorum  carissimus  erat  regi,  et  si- 
cut  aetate  par,  ita  corporis  habitu  praestabat.  Ergo  reginae 
ilium  esse  regem  ratae  suo  more  veneratae  sunt.  Alteram  Ale- 
xandrum  esse  admonita  Sisygambis  advoluta  est  pedibns  ejus, 
ignorantiam  nunquam  an  tea  visi  regis  excusans.  Quam9  maim 
allevans  rex,  Non  errasti,  inquit,  mater,  nam  et  hie  Alexander 
est.  Deinde  bonum  animum  habere  eas  jussit,  Darei  filium 
collo  suo  admovit;  atque  nihil10  ille  conterritus  cervicem  ejus 
manibus  amplectitur. 

16.  Dareum  ad  Euphraten  contendentem  Alexander,  id  quod 
crederes,1  persecutus  non  est,  sed  nihil  antiquius  habens,  quam 
ut2  terris3  ad  mare  adjacentibus  potiretur,  Syriam  petiit.  In 
itinere  illi  litterae  a  Dareo  redduntur  quibus  lit*  superbe  scrip- 
tis  vehementer  offensus  est.     Praecipue  eum  movit,  quod3  Da- 

1  5.  l  199,  R.  1.  2  292,  R.  1.  3  284,  R.  *  233,  2.  6  400.  «  346,  end.  7  5G4.  8  632. 
9  612.     i°  413,  R.  2.  1  6.  J  252.     2  556,  R.  3.     3  405.     4  604,  R.  2.     5  525. 


46  LATIN    KEADER. 

reus  sibi  regis  titnlum-  nee8  eundem  Alexandri  nomini  adscrip- 
serat.  Postulabat  at  tern  magis  quam  petebat,  ut  accepta 
pecunia  matrem  sibi  et  conjugem  liberosque  restitueret ;  de 
regno,  si  vellet,  armis  contenderet.7  Ad  haec  Alexander  in 
hunc  fere  modum  rescripsit. 

"  Rex  Alexander  Dareo  Salutem. 

Etsi  nihil  a  me  impetrare  te  oportebat,"  utpote  qui  ne  belli 
qnidem  in  me  jura  servaveris,9  cum  talentis  mille,  tanti  exer- 
citus  rex,  percussorem  in  me  emere  volueris,10  tamen  si  veneris11 
supplex,  et  matrem  et  conjugem  et  liberos  sine  pretio  te  rece- 
pfcurum  esse  promitto.  Et  vincere  et  consulere  victis12  scio. 
Quod  si13  te  committere14  nobis  times,  dabimns  fidem,  impune 
te  venturum.  De  cetero,  cum  mihi  scribes,16  memento  non 
solum  regi  te,  sed  etiam  tuo  scribere." 
Ad  hanc  epistolam  perferendam  Thersippus  est  missus. 

17.  Ipse  in  Phoenicen  descendit  et  oppidum  Byblum  tradi- 
tum  recepit.  Inde  ad1  Sidonem  ventnm  est,  urbem  vetustate 
famaque  conditornm  inclitam.  Sidonii  quoque  deditionem 
faciunt.  Jam  tota  Syria  et  Phoenice,  excepta  Tyro,  Macedo- 
nian! erat,a  habebatque  rex  castra  in  continenti,  a  qua  urbem 
angustnm  fretum  dirimit.  Cum  coronam  auream  Tyrii  dono 
misissent3  commeatusque  large  et  hospitaliter  ex  oppido  adve- 
xissent,  ille  dona,  ut4  ab  amicis,  accipi  jussit,  benigneque  legatos 
allocutus,  Ilerculi,  quem  praecipue  Tyrii  colerent,5  sacrificare 
velle  se  dixit;  Macedonum  reges  credere,  ab  illo  deo  ipsos 
genus  ducere,  se  vero,  ut  id  faceret,  etiam  oraculo  monitum. 
Legati  respondent,  esse  templum  Herculis  extra  urbem  in  ea 
sede,  quam  Palaetyron  ipsi  vocent;5  ibi  regem  deo  sacrum  rite 
facturum.  Non  tenuit  iram,  cujus6  alioqui  potens  non  erat. 
Itaque,  Vos  quidem,  inquit,  fiducia  loci,  quod  insulam  incolitis, 
pedestrem  hunc  exercitum  spernitis;  sed  brevi  ostendam,  in 
continenti  vos  esse.  Proinde  sciatis7  licet,  aut  intraturum  me 
urbem,  aut  oppugnaturum.  Tyrii  loco8  satis  fisi  obsidionem 
ferre  decreverunt.  Namque  urbem  a  continenti  quattuor  sta- 
diorum  fretum  dividit,  quod  Africo  maxime  objectum  crebros 

•  482,  R.  4.     7  035.     8  246,  R.  2.     »  636.     10  666,  5S4.     "  236,  R.  2.     "  347.     1S  612,  R.  1. 
i*  552,  R.  1.     16  234,  R.  1.  IT.  '  413,  R.  3.    a  281,  Exc.    8  586.    *  645,  R.  4.    »630 

«  374.     7  546,  R.  3.     8  345,  R.  1. 


DE   GESTIS   ALEXANDRI.  47 

ex  alto  fluctus  in  litus  evolvit;  muros  turresque  urbis  praeal- 
tuni  mare  ambiebat,  non  tormenta  nisi9  e  navibus  procul  ex- 
cussa  mitti,  non  scalae  moenibus  applicari  poterant,  Confir- 
mant  animos  Tyriorum  Carthaginiensinm  legati,  qui  ad  cele- 
brandnm  sacrum  anniversarium  more  patrio  tunc  venerant. 
Carthaginem  enim  Tyrii  condiderunfc,  semper  parentnm  loco10 
culti.  Hortari  ergo  Poeui  coeperunt,  ut  obsidionem  forti  animo 
paterentnr,  brevi  Carthagine  auxilia  ventura.  Namque  eo 
tempore  magna  ex  parte  Punicis  classibns  maria  obsidebantur. 
Sed  domestico  bello  Poenos  impediri  paulo  post  nuntiatum  est. 

18.  Interea  Macedones  continenti1  insulam  mole  jungere 
parabant.  Magna  vis  saxorum  ad  manum  erat,  Tyro  vetere 
praebente,  materies  ex  Libano  monte  ratibus  et  turribus  faci- 
endis2  adveliebatur.  Jamque  paulum  moles  aqua  eminebat 
urbique  admovebatur,  cum  Tyrii  parvis  navigiis3  opus  circum- 
ire  coeperunt4  missilibusque  eos,  qui  pro  ope  re  stabant,  iuces- 
sere.  Igitur5  rex  munientibus  coria  velaque  jussit  obtendi,  ut 
extra  fceli  jactum  essent,  duasque  turres  ex  capite  molis  erexit, 
e  quibus  in  subeuntes  scaphas  tela  iugeri  possent.8  Contra 
Tyrii  navem  magnitudine  eximia,  saxis  arenaque  a  puppi7  one- 
ratam,  ita  ut  multum  prora  emineret,  bitumine  ac  sulphure 
illitam  remis  concitaverunt  et  in  molem  impulerunt.  Turn 
prora  ejus  accensa  remiges  desiluere  in  scaphas,  quae  ad  hoc 
ipsum  praeparatae  sequebantur.  Navis  autem  igne  concepto 
latius  fundere  incendium  coepit,  quod,  priusquam  posset8  oc- 
curri,9  turres  et  cetera  opera  in  capite  molis  posita  comprehen- 
dit.  Nee  incendio  solum  opera  consumpta,  sed  forte  eodem  die 
vehementior10  ventus  totum  ex  prof  undo  mare  illisit  in  molem, 
crebrisque  fluctibus  compages  operis  yerberantibus  mediam" 
molem  unda  rupit. 

19.  Rex  novi  operis  molem  orsus  in  adversum  ventum  non 
latere  sed  recta  fronte  direxit;  ea  cetera  opera  tuebatur;  lati- 
tudinem  quoque  aggeri  adjecit.  Nee  Tyrii,  quidquid  ad  im- 
pediendum  opus  excogitari  poterat,  segniter  exsequebantur. 
Jam  aegro  animi1  Alexandro  nee,  perseveraret2  an3  abiret,  satis 

»  59-2,  R.  2.     i»  385,  R.  18.«  346,  R.  2,     *  430.      3  387.     '  582.     *  503,  R.     •  632 

»38S,  R2.       8579.       •  199,  R.  1.       1P  312.        »  287,  R.  19.  1  374,  R.  3.        2  258, 


48  LATIN   READER. 

certo,  classis  Cypro4  advenit  centum  et  octoginta  navium. 
Postero  die  classe  ad  moenia  admota  nndique  tormentis  et 
maxim e  arietum  pulsu  muros  quatit;  quos  Tyrii  raptim  ob- 
strnctis  saxis  refecerunt.  Ad  implicanda  navigia,  quae  muros 
subibant,  validos  asseres,  tormento  promotos,  iujiciebanfc.  Unci 
quoque  et  falces,  ex  iisdem  asseribns  dependentes,  aut  propng- 
natores  ant  ipsa  navigia  lacerabant.  Clipeos  vero  aereos  multo 
igue  torrebant,  quos  repletos6  fervida  arena  caenoque  decocto 
e  mnris  subito  devolvebant.  Nee  nlla  pestis  magis  timebatur: 
nam  ubi  loricam  ad  corpus  usque  fervens  arena  penetraverat,6 
nee  nlla  vi  excuti  poterat  et,  quidquid  attigerat,  adnrebat. 

20.  His  rebus  rex  fatigatns  statuerat  solnta  obsidione  Aegvp- 
tnm  petere.  Sed  ne1  qnid  inexpertum  omitteret,  plures  naves 
admoveri  jubet  delectosque  milites  imponi.  Pugna  in  alto 
commissa;  fusi  Tyrii  portnm  repetunt.  Confestim  rex  inse- 
cntus  naves  omnes  fere  aut  demersit  aut  cepit.  Jamque,  cre- 
bris  arietibus  saxorum  compage  laxata.  munimenta  defecerant, 
et  classis  intraverat  portum,  et  quid  am  Macedonum  in  turres 
hostium  clesertas  evaserant,  cum  Tyrii,  tot  simul  malis  victi, 
alii2  supplices  in  templa  confugiunt,  alii  foribus  aedium  obse- 
ratis  sibi  ipsi3  mortem  consciscunt,  nonnulli  ruunt  in  hostes, 
haud  inulti  tarn  en  perituri,4  magna  pars  summa  tecta  obtine- 
bat,  saxa  et,  quidquid  fors  in  manus  dederat,  ingerentes  in  sub- 
enntes.  Alexander,  exceptis5  qui  in  templa  con fuge rant,  omnes 
interfici  ignemqne  tectis  injici  jubet.  Sex  milia  armatorum 
trucidata  sunt,  duo  milia,  quibus  ferrum  pepercerat,  crucibus 
affixi.8  Tyrus  septimo  mense,  qnam7  oppugnari  coepta8  erat, 
capta  est,  nrbs  et  vetustate  originiset  fortunae  varietate  insignis. 
Condita  ab  Agenore,  Neptuni  tilio,  diu  mare,  non  vicinum 
modo,  sed  quodcunque  classes  ejus  adierunt,  dicionis9  suae  fecit. 
Et  si  famae  libet  credere,  haec  gens  litteras  prima10  aut  docuit 
aut  didicit.  Coloniae  certe  ejus  paene  orbe  toto11  diffusae  sunt, 
Carthago  in  Africa,  in  Boeotia  Thebae,  Gades  ad  Oceanum. 

21.  Iisdem  fere  diebus  Darei  litterae  allatae  sunt  tandem  nt 
regi  scriptae.  Petebat,  nti  filiam  suam  (Statirae1  erat  nomeu) 
Alexander  uxorem  duceret;  dotem  offerebat  omneni  regionem 

«411.      »667,  B.1.      «5(59.  20.  >  543, 4.      "  321.      s  2'«8.      4  fi73.      6  021.      «202, 

Exc.  2.    7  566-     8  424,  R.  1.    •  3G5,  R.  1.     10  324,  II.  5.     »  386.  21 .  "  322. 


DE   GESTIS  ALEXANDRI.  49 

inter  Hellespontum  et  Halyn  amnem  sitam ;  intle  Orientem 
spectantibus  terns  con  ten  turn  se  fore.  Alexander  iis,  qui  lit- 
teras  attulerant,2  respondit,  Darenm  sibi  aliena  promittere,  et, 
quod  to  turn  amiserit,3  velle  partiri.  Leges  autem  a  victoribus 
dici,  aceipi  a  victis.  Se,  cum  transiret  mare,  non  Ciliciam  aut 
Lydiam,  sed  Persepolim,  caput  regni  ejus,  Bactra  deinde  et 
Ecbatana  ultimique  Orientis  oram  imperio  suo  destinasse. 

22.  Rex,  Hephaestione  Phoenices  oram1  classe  praetervehi 
jusso,  ad  urbem  Gazam  cum  omnibus  copiis  venit.  Praeerat 
urbi2  Betis,  vir  eximiae  in  regem  suum  fidei,  modicoque  prae- 
sidio  muros  ingentis  operis  tuebatur.  Deinde  egressus  porta3 
infert  sign  a  Macedonibus.  Hex  dum  inter  primores  dimicat,4 
sagitta  ictns  est.  Tamen  diu  ante  ipsa  signa  vel  dissimulato 
vel  victo  dolore  perstiterat,  cum  sanguine  largius  manante 
linqui  animo  et  submitti  genu  coepit;5  quern6  proximi  exceptum 
in  castra  receperunt.  Betis  interfectum  ratus7  urbem  ovans 
victoria  repetit.  At  Alexander  nonclum  percurato  vulnere 
aggerem,  quo  moenium  altitudinem8  aequaret,9  exstruxit  cuni- 
culisque  muros  subrui  jussit.  Per  muri  ruinas  hostis  intra- 
vit.  Ducebat  ipse  rex  antesignanos,  et  dum  incautius  subit,4 
saxo  crus  ejus  adfligitur.  Innixus  tamen  telo  inter  primores 
dimicat,  ira  quoque  accensus,  quod  duo  in  obsidione  urbis  ejus 
vulnera  acceperat.  Betim  egregia  edita  pugna  multisque  vul- 
neribus  confectum  deseruerunt  sui  ;10  nee  tamen  segnius  proelium 
capessebat  lubricis  armis  suo  pariter  atque  hostium  sanguine. 
Sed  cum  undique  telis  peteretur,  ad  postremum  exhaustis  viri- 
bus,  vivus  in  potestatem  hostium  pervenit.  Per  talos  spirantis 
lora  trajecta  sunt,  religatumque  ad  currum  traxere  circa  urbem 
equi,  gloriante  rege,  Achillem,  a  quo  geuus  ipse  duceret,11  imi- 
tatum  se  esse  paena  in  hostem  capienda.12 

23.  Aegyptii  olim  Persis  infensi — quippe  avare  et  superbe 
imperitatum  sibi1  esse  credebant — ad  spem  adventus  regis  ere- 
xerant  animos.  Igitur  ingens  multitudo  Pelusium,  qua  intratu- 
rus  videbatur,  convenerat.  Atque  ille  septimo  die  postquam  a 
Gaza  copias  moverat,2  in  regionem  Aegypti,  quam  nunc  Castra 
Alexandri  vocant,  pervenit.     Deinde,  pedestribus  copiis  Pelu- 

a  626,  R.     s  630,  657.  22.  "  830.     2  345.     3  3g8.     4  572.     5  532.     e  G12.     7  278,  R 

•  345,  R.  1.     9  632.     10  295,  R.  1.     "  630.     "  432.  23.  1  208.     2  566. 


50  LATItf  HEADER. 

shim  petere  jussis,  ipse  cum  expedita  delectorum  maim  Kilo" 
amne  vecfcus  est;  nee  sustinuere  adventnm  ejus  Persae,  defec- 
tion e  qnoqne  perfcerriti.     A4  Memphi  eodem  flumine  vectns  ad 
interiora  Aegypti  penetrat,  compositisque  rebus  ita,  ut  nihil5 
ex8  patrio  Aegyptiorum  more  mutaret,  adire  Jovis  Hammonis 
oracnlnm  statnit.     Ergo  cum  his,  qnos  ducere  secum  statuerat, 
secundo  amne  descendit  ad  Mareotin   paludem.     Inde  primo 
quidem  et  sequenti  die  tolerabilis  labor  visus  est.     Sed  ut  ape- 
ruere7  se  campi  alta  obruti  arena,  hand  secus  qnam  profundum 
aequor  ingressi  terram  oculis  requirebant.    Nulla  arbor,  nullum 
culti  soli  occurrebat  vestigium.     Aqua  etiam  defecerat,  qnam 
utribus3  cameli  vexerant.     Ad  hoc  sol  omnia  incenderat,  sicca- 
que  et  adnsta  erant  ora,  cum  repente,  sive  illnd  deornm  munus 
sive  casus  fuit,8  obductae  caelo9  nubes  condidere  solem,  largum- 
que  imbrem  excusserunt  procellae.      Quadridunm  per  vastas 
solitndines  absumptum  est.     Tandem  ad   sedem  consecratam 
deo  ventum  est.     Incredibile  dictu,10  inter  vastas  solitudines 
sita  undique  arboribus  contecta  est  multique  fontes  alunt  silvas. 
Caeli   quoque   mira   temperies,  per  omnes  anni  partes  verno 
tepori  maxime  similis.       Incolae  nemoris,  qnos  Hammonios 
vocant,  dispersis  tnguriis3  habitant,  medium11  nemns  pro  aree 
habent  triplici  muro  circumdatum.     Id  quod  pro  deo  colitur 
non  eandem  effigiem  habet,  quam  vulgo  diis  artifices  accommo- 
davernnt;  umbilico  maxime  similis  est  habitus,  smaragdo  et 
gemmis  coagmentatus.     Ac  tnm  quidem  regem  propius  adeun- 
tem  maximns  natu  e  sacerdotibus  filium  appellat,  hoc  noraen 
illi  parentem  Jovem  reddere  amrmans.     Ille  se  vero  et  accipere 
ait  et  agnoscere.     Consulnit  deinde,  mini15  totius  orbis  impe- 
rinm  fatis  sibi  destinaretur?     Pater  aeque  in  adulationem  com- 
positus,  terrarum  omnium  rectorem  fore  ostendit ;  adjecit,  in- 
victum  fore,  donee  excederet13  ad  deos.     Sacrificio  deinde  facto, 
dona  et  sacerdotibus  et  deo  data  sunt  permissumqne  amicis,  ut 
ipsi  quoque  consulerent  Jovem.     Nihil  amplius  quaesiverunt, 
quam  auctorne12  esset  sibi  divinis   honoribus   colendi14  suum 
regem.    Hoc  quoque  acceptum  fore  Jovi,  vates  respondent.  Jovis 
igitur  filium  se  non  solum  appellari  passu s  est  sed  etiam  jussit. 

s.3S7.      Mil,  R.  1.       »543,4.        •  371,  R.  5.       7  5G3.       8597^.4.       »346.       >M37 
»  287,  R.     12  462.     13  574.     14  429. 


DE   GESTIS   ALEXAXDRI.  5] 

Alexander  ab  Hammone  rediens  ad  Mareotin  paludem  baud 
procul  insula16  Pbaro  sitam  venit.  Contemplatus  loci  naturam 
primum  in  ipsa  insula  statuerat  urbem  novam  condere;  inde, 
ufc  apparuit,  magnae  sedis16  insulam  haud  capacem  esse,  elegit 
urbi  locum,  ubi  nunc  est  Alexandria,  nomen  trahens  ex  nomine 
auctoris.  Ex  fmitimis  urbibns  commigrare  Alexandrian!  jus- 
sis,17  novam  urbem  magna  multitudine  impleyit.  His  com- 
positis,  imminens  Dareo  ad  Eupbratem  iter  pronuntiari  jussit. 

24.  Interea  Dareus  desperata  pace,  quam  per  litteras  legatos- 
que  impetrari  posse  crediderat,  ad  reparandas  vires  bellumque 
impigre  renovandum  intendit  animum.  Omnia  longinquarum 
gentium  auxilia  Babyloniam  contrabi  jussit,  Bessum,  Bactria- 
norum  praetorem,  qnam  maximo1  posset  exercitu  coacto,  descen- 
dere  ad  se  jubet,  Scytbae  quoque  et  Indi  conveniunt,  ita  ut 
di mid io2  ferine  major  exercitus  esset,  quam  in  Cilicia  fuerat; 
ingensque,  ut  crediderat,  bostium  terror,  ducentae  falcatae 
quadrigae  secutae  sunt.  Ex  summo  temone  bastae  praefixae 
f  erro  eminebant,  falces  aliae  sum  missae  rotarum  orbibus  baere- 
bant,  aliae  in  terrain  demissae.  Instructo  exercitu  Babylone 
copias  movit.  Tigri  deinde  superato  pervenit  Arbela  vicum.* 
Opportuna  explicandis  copiis4  regio  erat,  vasta  planities,  eques- 
tri  maxime  proelio  apta. 

25.  Alexander  undecim  castris  ad  Eupbraten  pervenit.  Quo1 
pontibus  juncto  equites  primos  ire,  pbalangem  sequi  jubet, 
Mazaeo,  qui  ad  inbibendum  transitum  ejus  cum  sex  milibus 
equitum  occurrerat,  non  auso  periculum  sui  facere.  Paucis 
deinde  ad2  quietem  diebus  datis  militi,  strenue  bostem  in  sequi 
coepit,  metuens,  ne3  interiora  regni  sui  peteret  sequendusque 
esset  per  loca  omni  solitudine  atque  inopia  vasta.  Igitur4 
quarto  die  ad  septentriones  praeter  Arbela  penetrat  ad  Tigrin. 
Tota  regio  ultra  amnem  recenti  fumabat  incendio  ;  quippe 
Mazaeus,  quaecunque  adierat,5  baud  secus  quam  bostis  urebat. 
Ut  speculatores  praemissi  tuta  omnia  nuntiaverunt,  paucoa 
equitum  ad  temptandum  vadum  numinis  praemisit;  cujus  alti- 
tudo  primo8summa  equorum  pectora,  mox  ut  in  medium  alveum 
ventum  est,  cervices7  quoque   aequabat.      Nee  sane   alius  ad 

» 418,  R.      18  374.      "  433,  R.  2.  24.  '  317.      2  400.       3  410.  R.  2.      *  430 

«5.  •  612.      2  344,  R.  1.      3  552.      *  503,  R.  6  569.      •  324,  R.  7.      7  345,  R.  1. 


52  LATIH   HEADER. 

Orientis  plagam  tarn  violentus  invehitur.  Itaque  a  celeritate, 
qua  defluit,  Tigri'  women  est  inditum,  quia  Persica  lingua 
Tigrin  sagittam  appellant.  Igitur  pedes,  circumdato  equitatu, 
levatis  super  capita  armis  transit.  Deleri  potuit9  exercitus,  si 
qnis  vincere  ausus  esset,  sed  perpetua  fortuna  regis  avertit  hide 
hostem. 

26.  Biduo1  ibi  rex  stativa  habuit.  In  illo  itinere  uxor  Darei 
captiva  mortua  erat  animi  aegritudine  confecta.  Cujus  morti2 
cum  Alexandrum  illacrimasse  exsequiasque  benigne  prosecutum 
esse  Dareo  nuntiatum  esset,  legatos  misit,  qui  gratias  agerent,3 
quod  nihil  in  suos  hostile  fecisset.4  Offer  t  deinde  majorem 
partem  regni  usque  ad  flumen  Euphraten,  pro  reliquis  captivis 
triginta  milia  talentorum.  Sed  Alexander  Parmenione,  ut 
acciperet  quae  offerrentur5  suadente,  Et  ego.  inquit,  pecuniam 
qnam  gloriam  mallem,  si  Parmenio  essem.6  Dimissi  legati 
nuntiant,  adesse  certamen. 

27.  Alexander,  cum  haud  longius  centum  quinquaginta  sta- 
diis  Dareum  a  se  abesse  comperisset,  castra  movit.  Dextra 
Tigrin  habebat,  a1  laeva  montes,  quos  Gordaeos  vocant.  Dareus 
decern  stadia  progressus,  milites  subsistere  jussit  armatosque 
hostem  exspectare.  Mazaeus,  qui  cum  delectis  equitum  in  edito 
colle,  ex  quo  Macedonum  prospiciebantur  castra,  consederat, 
sive  metu,  sive  quia  speculari  modo  jussus  erat,  ad  Dareum 
rediit.  Macedones  eum  ipsum  collem,  quern  deseruerat,  occu- 
paverunt.  Inde  tota  acies  hostium,  quae  in  campo  explicabatur, 
conspiciebatur.  Nee  jam  contineri  Macedones  poterant,  quina 
cursu  ad  hostem  contenderent.  Sed  Alexander  castra  muniri 
jussit.  Postero  die  aciem  disponit.  Laevum  cornu,  sicut  alias, 
Parmenioni  tuendum3  datum,  ipse  in  dextro  stabat. 

28.  Dareus  in  laevo  cornu  erat,  delectis1  equitum2  peditum- 
que  stipatus.  Ante  se  falcatos  currus  habebat,  quos  signo  dato 
universos  in  hostem  effudit.  Ruebant  laxatis  habenis  aurigae, 
quo3  plures,  nondum  satis  proviso  impetu,  obtererent.  Alios 
hastae  multum  ultra  temonem  eminentes,  alios  ab  utroque 
latere  dimissae  falces  laceravere.  Nee  sensim  prima  signa  cede- 
bant  sed  effusa  fuga  turbaverant  ordines.      Deinde  currus  in 

« 322.      •  599,  R.  3.  26.  x  392,  R.  2.      2  34G.      s  632.      *  542.      6  630.      •  599. 

27.  i  388,  R.  2.    2  551.    s  431.  28.  1  391,  R.  2.    «871.K.7.    s  545,  2. 


DE   GESTIS   ALEXAXDRI.  53 

phalangem  invecti  sunt.  Macedones  confirmatis  animis  in 
medium  agmen  accipiunt  et  ab  utroque  latere  temere  incur- 
rentium  ilia  suffodiunt.  Circumire  deinde  et  cuitus  ac  propug- 
natores  praecipitare  coeperunt.  Ingens  rnina  equorum  auriga- 
rumque  aciem  compleverat.  Pancae  tamen  evasere  quadrigae 
in  ultimam  aciem,  iis.  in  quos  inciderunt,  miserabili  morte  con- 
sumptis.  Interim  Persae  gravius  instabant.  Supervenere 
Bacfcriani  pugnaeque  vertere  fortunam.  Multi  ergo  Macedonum 
primo  impetu  obtriti  sunt,  plures  ad  Alexandrum  refugerunt. 
Turn  Persae,  clamore  sublato,  qualem  victores  solent  edere, 
ferociter  in  hostem,  quasi  ubique  profligatum,4  incurrerunt. 
Alexander  territos  castigare,5  adhortari,  confirmatos  tandem 
ipse  in  hostes  ducere.  At  qui  in  laevo  cornu  erant  Persae,  spe 
posse  enm  includi,  agmen  suum  a  tergo  opponunt;  ingensque 
periculum8  in  medio  haerens  adisset,  ni*  equites  Agriani  calca- 
ribus  subditis  circumfusos  reo;i  barbaros  adorti  in  se  avertissent. 
Turbata  erat  utraque8  acies.  Duo  reges  junctis  prope  agmini- 
bus  proelium  accenderant ;  curru  Dareus,  Alexander  equo  ve- 
hebatur,  utrumque  delecti  tuebantur,  sui9  immemores,  quippe 
amisso  rege10  nee  volebant  salvi  esse  nee  poterant.  Ceterum, 
sive  ludibrium  oculorum,  sive  vera  species  fait,  qui  circa  Alex- 
andrum erant,  vidisse  se  crediderunt  paululum  super  caput 
regis  placide  volantem  aquilam.  Certe  vates  Aristander,  alba 
veste  indutus  et  dextra11  praeferens  lauream,  militibus  avem 
monstrabat,  haud  dubium  yictoriae  auspicium.  Ingens  ergo 
alacritas  et  fiducia  paulo  ante  territos  accendit12  ad  pugnam, 
utique  postquam  auriga  Darei,  qui  ante  ipsum13  sedens  equos 
regebat,  hasta  transfixus  est.14  Nee  aut  Persae  ant  Macedones 
dubitavere,  quin15  ipse  rex  esset  occisus.  Ergo  lugubri  ululatu 
et  incondito  clamore  gemituque  totam  fere  aciem  turbavere 
cognati  Darei  et  armigeri;  multi  in  fugam  effusi  destituerunt 
currum.  Dicitur  acinace  stricto  Dareus  dubitasse,  an16  fugae 
dedecus  bonesta  morte  vitaret.17  Alexander,  mutato  equo. 
plures  enim  fatigaverat,  resistentium  adversa  ora  fodiebat,  fugi- 
entium  terga.  Jamque  non  pugna  sed  caedes  erat,  cum  Dareus 
quoque  currum  suum  in  fugam  vertit.18     Haerebat  in  tergis 

*  604,  R.  2.      6  650.      «  330.      »  592.  R.  5.      8  370,  R.  2.      e  373.      10  670.     "  387.     ia  2S1. 
Esc.  2.     "297,  R.  1.       "56:3.       15  551,  2.     "  462,  3.     1T  258.     18582. 


k>  OP 


T7W 


54  LATIK  READER. 

fugientium  victor,  cum  a  Parmenione  tristis  nuntius  venit," 
Mazaeum  cum  omni  snorum  equitafcu  vehementer  invectum 
urgere  Macedonum  alas ;  jamque  abun  dan  tern  multitudine 
aciem  circumvehi  coepisse;  ni  mature  subveniretur,  iion  posse1' 
sisti  fugam.  Frendens  Alexander,  eripi  sibi  victoriam  e  mani- 
bus,  agmcn  dbnsistere  jubet.  Interim  ad  Mazaeum  superati90 
regis  fama  pervenerat.  Itaque  quamquam  superior  erat,  tamen 
fortuna  partium  territus,  perculsis  languidius  instabat.  Par- 
menio  ignorabat  quidem  causam  pngnae  sua  sponte  remissae, 
sed  occasione  vincendi  strenue  est  usus.  Thessalos  equites 
vocari  jubet.  Qui  subditis  calcaribus  proruere  in  liostem.  Illi 
citato  gradu  recedebant;  Parmenio  tamen,  ignarus  quaenam  in 
dextro  cornu  fortuna  regis  esset,  repressit  suos.  Mazaeus,  dato 
pugnae  spatio,  magno  circuitu  Tigrin  superat  et  Babylona  cum 
reliquiis  devicti  exercitus  se  recepit.  Dareus  media  fere  nocte 
Arbela21  pervenerat  eodemque  magna  pars  amicorum  ejus  ac 
militum  confugerat.  Cum  expedita  manu  deserta  atque  ultima 
regni  petiturus22  Mediae  fines  ingressus  est. 

29.  Babylonem  procedenti  Alexandra  Mazaeus,  qui  ex  acie  in 
earn  urbem  confugerat,  cum  adultis  liberis  supplex  occurrit, 
urbem  seque  dedens.1  Gratns  adventus  ejus  regi  fuit,  magni 
enim  operis8  obsidio  futura  erat3  tarn  munitae  urbis.  Ceterum 
quadrato  agmine,  quod  ipse  ducebat,  velut  in  aciem  irent,4  in- 
gredi  suos  jubet.  Magna  pars  Babyloniorum  constiterat  in 
muris,  avida  cognoscendi5  novum  regem,  plures  obviam  egressi 
sunt.  Inter  quos  Bagophanes,  arcis  et  regiae  pecuniae  custos, 
ne  studio  a  Mazaeo  vinceretur,  to  turn  iter  floribus  coronisque 
constraverat,  argenteis  altaribus  utroque  latere  dispositis,  quae 
non  ture  modo,  sed  omnibus  odoribus  cumulaverat.  Dona  eum 
sequebantur  greges  pecorum  equorumque,  leones  quoque  et 
pantherae  caveis6  praeferebantur.  Magi  deinde  suo  more  car- 
men canentes,  post  hoc  Chaldaei  Babyloniorum  vates  cum 
fidibus  ibant.  Ceterum  ipsius  urbis  pulchritudo  ac  vetustas 
non  regis  modo  sed  etiam  omnium  oculos  in  semet  hand  im- 
nierito  convertit.7 

30.  Diutius   in  hac  urbe,  quam  usquam,  constitit  rex,  nee 

19  660,  R.  ao  324,  R.  3.  »•  410.  aa  672.  29.  '  673,  R.  "  365.  3  599,  R.  3.  *  601 
»429.    «387.    7281,  Exc.  2. 


DE   GESTIS   ALEXAXDRI.  55 

ullus  locus  diaciplinae1  militari  magis  nocuit.  Nihil  urbia  ejus 
cormptins  moribus,  nihil  ad  irritandas  illiciendaaque  immodicaa 

cupiditates  instructius.  Ceterum  quo2  minus  damnum  aentiret, 
identidem  snpplemento  renovabatnr  exercitus.  Tunc  Amvntas 
ab  Antipatro  Macedonum  peditum8  VI  milia  adduxit,  D  prae- 
terea  ejusdem  generis  equites,  cum  his  DC  Thracas,  adjunctis 
peditibua  III  milibns  D.  Et  ex  Peloponneso  mercennarius 
miles  ad  IV  milia  advenerat  cum  CCCLXXX  equitibus.  Idem4 
Amyntas  adduxerat  Lprincipum  Macedoniae  liberos  adultos  ad 
custodiam  corporis. 

31.  Aucto  exercitu  Susa  profectus  est,  TJrbem  ei  aditnro1 
Abulites,  regionis  ejus  praefectus,  cum  donis  regalis  opulentiae 
oecurrit.  Dromades  cameli  inter  dona  erant  velocitatis  eximiae, 
XII  elephanti  a  Dareo  ex  India  acciti.  Ut  vero  urbem  intravit, 
incredibilem  ex  thesauris  summam  pecuniae  egessit.  Multi 
reges  tantas  opes  longa  aetate  cumulaverant  liberis  posterisque, 
ut  arbitrabantur,  quas  una  hora  in  externi  regis  manus  intulit, 

Deinde  quartis  castris  pervenit  ad  Pasitigrim  flnvium.  Divisis 
cum  Parmenione  copiis,  ilium  campestri  itinere  procedere  jubet, 
ipse  cum  expedite  agmine  jugum  montium  cepit,  quorum  per- 
petuum  dorsum  in  Persidem  excurrit.  Omni  hac  regione  vas- 
tata  quinto  die  angustias,  quas  illi  Susidas  pylas  vocant,  intrat 
Puso  Ariobarzane,  qui  eas  angustias  fortiter  defendebat,  ad 
Araxen  fluvium  pervenit,  unde  expeditum  iter  Persepolin  fuit. 
Jamque  baud  procul  urbe  erant,  cum2  miserabile  agmen  regi 
oecurrit.  Captivi  erant  Graeci  ad  quattuor  milia  fere,  quos 
Persae  vario  suppliciorum  modo3  affecerant ;  alios  pedibus, 
quosdam  manibus  auribusque  amputatis,  inustisque  barbararum 
litterarum  notis,  in  longum  ludibrium  reservaverant.  Ptex  abs- 
tersis,  quas  profuderat,  lacrimis,  bonum  habere  animum  jubet, 
visuros  urbes  suas  conjugesque.  Cum  illi  peterent,  ut  aliquam4 
ipsis  attribueret  in  Asia  sedem,  tenia5  milia  denarium6  singulis 
dari  jussit,  denae  vestes  adjectae  sunt,  et  armenta  cum  pecoribus 
ic  frumento  data,  ut  coli  serique  attributus  iis  ager  posset. 

32.  Jamque  barbari,    deserto  oppido,  qua   quemque   metua 
agebat,  difFugerant,  cum  rex  phalangem  nihil1  cunctatus  indu- 

30.  »345.     2  545i2.      s  308.      *  296.  31.  *  673,  1.      2  582.      3  403,  R.  2.      «301 

5  310.    «29,  R.  3.  32.  1  443,  R.  2. 


50  LATi:S"   READER. 

cit.  Mul Lis  urbes  refertas  opulentia9  regia  partim  expugnave- 
rat,  partim  in  fidem  acceperat,  sed  urbis  hujns  divitiae  vicere 
praeterita.  In  hanc  totius  Persidis  opes  congesserant  barbari, 
anrum  argentuniqne  cumulatum  erat,  vestis  ingens  copia,  su- 
pellex  non  ad  iisum  sed  ad  ostentationem  luxus  comparata. 
Itaque  inter  ipsos  victores  ferro  dimicabatnr,  pro  hoste  erat,  qui 
pretiosiorem  occnpaverat  praedam.  Neque  minore  crudelitate 
qnam  avaritia  tamquam  in  capta  nrbe  grassati  sunt;  auro  ar- 
gen  toque  onusti  vilia  captivorum  corpora  trncidabant.  Multi 
igitur,  ut  liostium  man  us  fugerent,  e  muris  semet  ipsos  cum 
conjugibus  ac  liberis  dejecerunt ;  quidam  ignes  subjecerunt 
aedibns,  ut  cum  suis  vivi  cremarentur. 

33.  Ceterum  rex  maxima  animi  bona,  illara  indolem,  qua 
omnes  reges  antecessit,  illam  in  subeundispenculis  constantiam, 
in  rebus  moliendis  efficiendisqne  velocitatem,  in  deditos  fidem, 
in  captivos  clementiam,  in  volnptatibus  permissis  quoque  et 
usitatis  teniperantiam,  baud  tolerabili  vini  cupiditate  foedavit. 
De1  die  inibat  convivia,  qnibns  feminae  intererant.  Ex  bis2 
una,  Thais  nomine,  maximam  enm  apud  omnes  Graecos  initu- 
rum  gratiam  adfirniat,  si  regiam  Persarum  jnssisset3  incendi; 
exspectare  hoc  eos,  quorum  urbes  barbari  delessent.4  Ebriae 
mnlieri  cum  unus  et  alter  et  ipsi5  vino  onerati,  assentirentur, 
rex:  Qnin6  igitur,  inquit,  ulciscimur  Graeciam  et  urbi  feces 
subdimus  ?  Surgunt  temulenti  omnes  ad  incendendam  urbem  ; 
primus7  rex  ignem  regiae  injecit,  turn  convivae  et  ministri  pae- 
licesque.  Multa  cedro8  aedificata  erat  regia,  quae  celeriter  igne 
concepto9  late  effudit  incendium. 

34.  Supplemento  novorum  e  Cilicia  militum  auctus  Dareum 
persequi  statuit.  Is  jam  Ecbatana  pervenerat  caput1  Mediae; 
inde  ad1  oppidum  Bactra  contendere  decreverat.  In  eo  itinere 
Bessus  et  Nabarzanes  praefecti  regem  siium  per  fraudem  com- 
prehendere  et  vincire  decreverant  eo  quidem  consilio,8  ut  si 
Alexander  ipsos  insecutns  foret,3  tradito  rege  vivo  inirent  gra- 
tiam victoris,  sin4  aiitem  eum  eifngere  potuissent,3  interfecto 
Dareo  regnum  ipsi  occuparent  bellumque  renovarent.    Jam  nox 

2373  r  i  33    1393,11.      » 371,  R.  6.      8  060,  4.      *  630.      6  297,  R.  2.       »  2(J& 

»324,  R  5       s  390,  R.  2.       •  GOT,  R.  1.  34.  >  410,  R.  2.        »845,1.        s  660, 5. 

«593. 


DE   GESTIS  ALEXANDRI.  57 

appetebat,  cum  Persae  more  solito  armis  positis  ad  frumentum 
ex  proximo  vico  ferendum  discurrunt.  At  Bactriani,  ut  impe- 
ratum  a  Besso  erat,  armati  stabant.  Turn  rex  in  tabernaculo 
comprehensus,  captivus  servorum  suorum,  in5  sordidum  yehicu- 
lum  pellibus  undique  tectum  imponitur.  Ne  tamen  honos  regi 
non  habere tur,  aureis  compedibus  eum  vinciuut  fugamque 
intendunt. 

35.  Alexander,  audito1  Dareum  movisse  ab2  Ecbatanis,  omisso 
itinera,  quod  patebat  in  Mediam,  fngientem  insequi  pergit 
strenue.  Transfugae  nuntiant,  praecipitem  fuga  Bactra  petere 
Dareum.  Certiora  deiude  cognoscit  ex  Babylonio  quodam,  in 
periculo  esse  mortis  regem  adfirmante.  Igitur  raptim  agmen 
cursus  magis  quam  itineris  modo  ducit,  ne  nocturna  quidem8 
quiete  diurnum  laborem  intermittens.  Itaqae  D  stadia  pro- 
cessit,  perventumque  erat  in  vicum,  in  quo  Dareum  Bessus 
comprelienderat.  Fatigatis  necessaria  quies  erat.  At  trans- 
fugae nuntiabant,  stadia4  D  abesse  Persas,  ipsos5  breyius  iter 
monstraturos.  Itaque  prima  vespera,  ducibus  iisdem,  cum 
expedita  equitum  manu  monstratam  yiam  ingreditur,  phalange, 
quantum  festinare  posset,6  sequi  jussa.  Trecenta  stadia  pro- 
cesserant,  cum  occurrit  Brocubelus,  Mazaei  filius,  nuntians, 
Bessum  hand  amplius  quam  CC  stadia  abesse,  si  festiuaret7  sequi 
palantes,  superventurum ;  Dareum  adhuc  vivere.  Itaque  cal- 
caribus  subditis  effuso  cursu  eunt.  Jamque  conspecti  a  bar- 
baris  erant,  et  abeuntium  agmen  conspexerant ;  nequaquam 
pares  fuissent,  si  Besso  tan  turn  animi  fuisset  ad  proelium,  quan- 
tum ad  parriciclium  fuerat.  Namque  et  numero  barbari  prae- 
stabant  et  robore.  Sed  nomen  Alexandri  et  fama,  maximum 
in  bello  ntique  momentum,  pavidos  in  fugam  avertit/  Bessus 
yero  et  ceteri  facinoris  ejus  participes,  yehiculum  Darei  assecuti, 
tela  conjiciunt  in  regem,  multisque  confossum  yulneribus  re- 
linquunt.  Jumenta  quoque,  ne  longius  prosequi  possent,9  yul- 
nerant,  duobus  servis,  qui  regem  comitabantur,  occisis.  Hoc 
edito  facinore  Bessus  Bactra  petebat,  barbari,  duce  destituti, 
dissipantur. 

36.  Interim  jumenta,  quae  Dareum  yehebant,  nullo1  regente 

•346,  R.  1.  35.  1  438,  R.  2.      »  411,  R.  1.      9  447,  R.  2.      4  335,  2.      6  521,  R.  8 

630.    »  660,  3.    8  281,  Exc.  2.     9  511,  R.  1,  36,  >  304. 


58  LATIN   HEADER. 

decesserant  militari  via  et  errore  delata  per  quattuor  stadia  in 
quadam  valle  constiterant  aestu  simulque  vulneribus  fatigata. 
Hand  procul  erat  fons,  ad  quern  Polystratus  Macedo  siti  cruci- 
atus  accessit:  ac  dum  galea  haustam  aqnam  sorbet,2  jumenta 
conspexit  hominisque  semivivi  gemitum  percepit.  Dimotis 
pellibus,  qnibus  vehiculum  obtectum  erat,  Dareum  multis  vnl- 
neribus confossum  reperit.  Regius  enim  cultus  et  aureae  cate- 
nae, qnibus  a  parricidis  vinctus  fuerat,  dubitationem  eximebant. 
Non  erat  expers  Graeci  sermonis3  Dareus;  gratiasque  agebat 
diis,  qui  post  tanta  mala  tamque  gravia  hoc  tamen  indulsissent4 
solatii,6  ne'omnino  in  solitudine  extremum  spiritum  effunderet. 
Cum  siti  angeretur,  allata  per  Polystratum  aqua  recreatus : 
Ergo,  inquit,  hanc  etiam  tantis  calamitatibus  extremam  acce- 
dere  oportuit,  ut7  bene  merito  gratiam  referre  non  possim ;  at 
referet  Alexander,  Alexandro  vero  dii.  Dextram  deinde  pro- 
tendit,  eamque  Alexandro,  fidei  regiae  pignus,  ferri  jubens, 
apprehensa  Polystrati  manu  animam  efflavit.  Alexander  an8 
spiranti  adhuc  supervenerit,  incertum  est;  illud  constat,  miser- 
abili  regis  opulentissimi  exitu  comperto,  copiosas  lacrimas  pro- 
fudisse,  statimque  chlamyde  sibi  detracta  corpus  operuisse  et 
magno  cum  honore  ad  suos  deferri  jussisse,  ut  regio  Persarum 
more  curatum  monumentis  majorum  inferretur. 

37.  Verum  Alexandri  mores  post  Darei  mortem  mutari  coepe- 
runt  et  quern1  arma  Persarum  non  fregerant,  vitia  vicerunt. 
Hinc  saepius  comparatae  in  caput  ejus  insidiae,  secessio  mili- 
tum,  ipsius  deinde  nunc  ira,  nunc  suspiciones,  ceteraque  his 
similia,  quae  deinde  dicentur. 

Perventum  erat  in  Parthienen,  ubi  urbs  erat  ea  tempestate 
clara  Hecatompylos,  condita  a  Graecis;  ibi  stativa  rex  habuit 
commeatibus  undique  advectis.  Itaque  rumor  sine  auctore 
percrebruit,  regem  contentum  rebus,  quas  gessisset,2  in  Mace- 
donian! protinus  redire  statuisse.  Discurrunt  in  tabernacula 
et  itineri  sarcinas  aptant;  signum  datum  crederes,3  ut  vasa  col- 
ligerent.  Haud  secus  ac4  par  erat,  territus  Alexander,  qui 
Indos  atque  ultima  orientis  peragrare  statuisset,6  praefectos 
copiarum  in  praetorium  convocat,  obortisque  lacrimis,  ex  me- 

3  572.      s373,      <63fci.      »371.      6  556,  R.  4.      T  525,  R.  3.      «402,3.  87.  '  621. 

630.       3252.      4  040.      6  636. 


DE   GESTIS  ALEXANDRI.  59 

dio  gloriae  spatio  revocari  se  victumque  magis  qnam  victorem 
in  patriam  rediturum,  conquestus  est.  Turn  vero  pro  se  quis- 
que8  operam  suam  offerre,7  difficillima  quaeqne8  poscere,  polli- 
ceri  militum  quoque  obsequium,  si  animus  eorum  leni  et  apta 
oratione  permulcere  voluisset.9  Ita  se  facturum  esse  respond] t. 
Summa  militum  alacritate,  jubentium,  quocnnque  vellet,  ducere, 
oratio  excepta  est.  Nee  rex  moratus  impetum,  ad  fines  Hyrca- 
niae  penetrat.  Quadrato  agmine  ibat,  speculatores  subinde 
praemittens,  qui  explorarent10  loca.  Levis  armatura  ducebat 
agmen,  phalanx  earn  sequebatur,  post  pedites  erant  impedi- 
menta. Et  gens  bellicosa  et  natura  loci  difficilis  aditu  curam 
regis  intenderat.  Namque  perpetua  vallis  usque  ad  mare  Cas- 
pium  patet,  silvae  imminebant  torrentesque  et  eluvies  iter 
morabantur.  Nullo  tamen  hoste  obvio  ad  ulteriora  per ven turn 
est. 

38.  Mardorum  erat  gens  confinis  Hyrcaniae,1  cultu  vitae 
aspera  et  latroeiniis2  assueta.  Interiora  regionis  ejus  hand  sane 
adiri  sine  magna  yexatione  exercitus  poterant.  Juga  montium 
praealtae  silvae  rupesque  inviae  saepiunt;  ea  quae  plana  sunt 
novo  munimenti  genere  impedierant  barbari.  Arbores  densae 
sunt  de  industria  coiisitae,  quarum  ramos  intortos  rursus  inse- 
runt  terrae;3  inde  velut  ex  alia  radice  laetiores  virent  trunci. 
Qui  ubi  multa  fronde  vestiti  sunt,  occulti  ramorum  velut  laquei 
perpetua  saepe  iter  clauduut.  Incolae  autem,  ritu  ferarum  vir- 
gulta  subire  soliti,  occultis  telis  hostem  lacessebant.  Ille 
venantium  modolatibula  scrutatus  plerosque  confodit;  ad  ulti- 
mum  circumire  sal  turn  milites  jubet,  ut,  si  qua  pateret,  irrum- 
perent.  Sed  ignotis  locis  plerique  oberrabant  exeeptique  sunt 
quidam,  inter  quos  equus  regis, — Bucephalam  vocabant — quern 
Alexander  non  eodem  quo  ceteras  pecudes  animo  aestimabat. 
jSTamque  ille  nee  in  dorso  insidere  suo  patiebatur  alium,  et 
regem,  cum  vellet4  ascendere,  sua  sponte  genua  summittens 
excipiebat,  credebaturque  sentire,  quern  veberet.  Majore  ergo, 
qnam  decebat,  ira  simul  ac  dolore  stimulatus  equum  vestigari 
jubet  et  per  interpretem  pronuntiari,  ni  reddidissent,5  nemi- 
nem  esse  victurum.      Hac  denuntiatione  territi   cum   ceteris 

«305,  R.  1.    T650.     8305.    •  515,  R.  3.    "632.  38.  J  350.    2  403,  R.  2.     8  340. 

*  569,  R.  2.    6  660,  4. 


60  LATItf   READER. 

donis  equum  adducunt.     Inde  qui n to  die  in  Hyrcaniam  rever- 
titur. 

39.  Deinde  Bessum,  qui  Teste  regia  sumpta  Artaxerxem  ap- 
pellari  se  jusserat  Scythasque  et  ceteros  Jaxartis  accolas  contra- 
hebat,  bello  persequi  statu  it.  Sarcinis  totius  exercitus  praeter 
maxime  uecessarias  combustis  in  Bactrianam  proficiscenti  lit- 
terae  adferuntur,  e  quibus  cognoscit,  Satibarzanem,  cui  ipse 
panlo  ante  Ariorum  satrapiam  restituerat,  defecisse.  Quern1  nt 
opprimeret,  iter  ad  meridiem  convertit.  Cognito  ejus  adventu 
Satibarzanes  cum  duobus  milibus  equitum  Bactra  perfugit. 
Ariis  in  dicionem  suam  redactis,  Drangas  petit.  Ibi  commo- 
ranti  domesticae  insidiae  parantur,  quarum  particeps  Dymnus 
comprehensns  semet  ipse  interfecit.  Etiam  PhilOtas,  Parme- 
nionis  filius  in  suspicionem  venerat,  quern  rex,  Cratero  ma- 
xime instigante,  torqueri  jussit,  ut  socios  nominaret.  Primo9 
ille  fortiter  dolorem  fert,  deinde  laceratus  omnia  se  confessurum 
promittit.  Confitetur,  Hegelochum  olim  tribunum  equitum, 
indigne  ferentem,  quod  Jovis  filium  se  salutari  jussisset3  rex, 
Parmenioni  sibique  auctorem  fuisse  regem  interimendi,  earn 
vero  rem,  donee  Dareus  in  vivis  esset,4  dilatam  esse.  C unique 
initio  nihil  se  cum  Dymno  commune  habere  dixisset,5  postea 
rursus  tormentis  admotis,  hoc  quoque  crimen  confitetur.  sed 
patrem  Parmeniouem  cousilii6  expertem  fuisse  perseverat. 
Postero  die  conjurati  more  patrio  saxis  obruti  sunt.  Neque 
Parmenio  regi  insons  videbatur  esse.  Ad  quern  puniendum 
Polydamante,  amico  illius,  ministro7  usus  est,  qui  iram  regis 
extimescens  impensius  etiam,  quam  exigebatur,  promittit 
operam.  Velocitate8  opus  erat,  quae  celeritatem  famae  antece- 
dent.9 Itaque  veste  Arabica  indutus  cum  duobus  Arabibus 
comitibus  per  deserta  etiam  ob  siccitatem  loca  camelis10  profec- 
tus  in  Mediam  venit,  ubi  Parmenio  cum  praesidio  relictus  erat. 
Parmenio  dum  litteras  regis  a  Polydamante  traditas  legit,11 
confoditur. 

40.  Arachosiis  snbactis  rex  nationem  ne  finitimis  quidem 
satis  notam  cum  exercitu  intravit.  Parapamisadae  appellantur, 
agreste  hominum  genus,  veP  inter9  barbaros  maxime  incondi- 

39.  l  612.      *  324,  R.  7.      3  542.     *  571,  500,  2.      »  588.      •  373.      7  405,  R.  2.      8  39tt 
632.     i°205,  R.  2.     "572.  40.  l  490.     a  371,  R.  5. 


DE   GEST1S   ALEXANDRE,  61 

turn.  Locorum  asperitas  hominum  quoque  ingenia  dnraverat. 
Gelid issi mum  septentrionis  axem  ex'"  magna  parte  spectanr, 
Bactrianis  ab2  occidente  oonjuncti  sunt,  meridiana  regio  ad 
mart'  Indicum  vergit.  Tuguria  latere3  struunt,  foramine  relicto 
superne  lumen  admittunt.  Vites  et  arbores,  si  quae  in  tanto 
terrae  rigore  dnrare  potuerunt,*  obruunt;  penitus  hieme  defbs- 
sae  latent;  cum  nix  discussa  aperire  humum  coepit,4  eaelo 
solique  redduntur.  Ceterum  adeo  altae  nives  premunt  terrain, 
gelu  et  pevpetuo  paene  rigore  constrictae,  ut  ne  avium  quidem 
feraeve'ullius  vestigium  exstet.  In  liac  omnis  humani  cultus 
solitudine  destitutus  exercitus,  quidquid  malorum  tolerari 
potest,  pertulit,  inopiam,  frigus,  lassitudinem,  desperationem. 
Multos  exanimavit  rigor  insolitus  nivis,  multorum  adussit 
pedes,  plurimorum  oculos;  praecipue  perniciosus  fuit  fatigatis. 
Nam  in  ipso  gelu  deficientia  corpora  sternebant,  quae  cum 
moveri  desissent8,  vis  frigoris  ita  astringebat,  ut  rursus  ad  sur- 
gendum  conniti  non  possent.  A  commilitonibus  torpentes 
excitabantur,  neque  aliud  remedium  erat,  quam  ut7  ingredi 
cogerentur.  Incolae,  numquam  an  tea  in  terris  suis  advena  viso, 
cum  armatos  repente  conspicerent,  exanimati  metu,  quidquid 
in  tuguriis  erat  adferebant,  ut8  corporibus9  ipsorum  parceretur 
orantes.     Tandem  in  loca  cultiora  perventum  est. 

41.  Inde  agmen  processit  ad  Caucasum  moutem,  cujus  dor- 
sum Asiam  perpetuo  jugo  dividit;  hinc1  simul  mare,  quod 
Ciliciam  subit,  illinc  Caspium  fretum  et  amnem  Araxem  alia- 
que  regione  Scythiae  deserta  spectat.  Ex  quo  Asiae  omnia 
fere  flumina,  alia  in  Kubrum,  alia  in  Caspium  mare,  alia  in 
Hvrcanium  et  Ponticum  decidunt.  Septendecim  dierum  spatio 
Caucasum  superavit  exercitus.  Eupes  in  eo  decern  in  circuitu 
stadia  complectitur,  quattuor  in  altitudinem  excedit,  in  qua 
vinctum  Promethea  fuisse  antiquitas  tradit.  Condendae8  in  ra- 
dicibus  montis  urbi  sedes  electa  est.  Septem  milibus  seniorum3 
Macedonum  permissum  in  novam  urbem  considere.  Hanc 
quoque  Alexandriam  incolae  appellaverunt. 

42.  Bactriani,  postquam  adventare  Alexandrum  compertum 
est,1  in  suos2  quisque  vicos  dilapsi  Bessum  reliquerunt.     Ille 

2  388,  R.   2.      s  195,  R.  8,  396,  R.  2.      4  569.         5  497.  «  569,  R.  2.    7  556.      3  54& 

»208.  41.     1292,  R.  3.    *  430.     3  308.  42.     1  563.    2  305,  R.  1. 


62  LATIN"  READER. 

cum  jpaucis  Oxo  arane  snperato,  exusfcisque  navigiis,  quibns 
transierat,  ne  iisdem  hostis  nteretur,  novas  copias  in  Sogdianis 
contrahebat.  Venturos  an  tern  praedicabat  Chorasmios  et 
Dahas  Sacasque  et  Indos  et  ultra  Jaxarten  amnem  colentes 
Scythas. 

Bactrianae  terrae  multiplex  et  varia  natura  est.  Alibi  mnlta 
arbor3  et  vitis  largos  mitesque  fructus  alit,  solum  pingue  crebri 
fontes  rigant;  quae  mitiora  sunt,  frumento  conseruntur,  cetera 
armentornm  pabulo  cedunt.  Magnam  deinde  partem  ejusdem 
terrae  steriles  harenae  tenent;  squalida  siccitate  regio  nou 
hominem,  non  frngem  alit.  Cum  vero  venti  a  Politico  mari 
spirant,  quidquid  harenae  in  campis  jacet,  converrunt.  Quod 
ubi  cumulatum  est,  magnorum  collium  procul  species  est, 
omniaque  pristini  itineris  vestigia  intereunt.  Itaque  qui  trans- 
eunt  campos  navigantium  moclo  noctu  sidera  observant,  ad 
quorum  cursum  iter  dirigunt.  Ceterum  si  quos  ille  ventus, 
qui  a  mari  exoritur,  deprehendit,  liarena  obruit.  Sed  qua  mitior 
terra  est,  ingens  hominum  equorumque  multitudo  gignitur. 
Ipsa  Bactra,  regionis  ejus  caput,  sita  sunt  sub  monte  Parapa- 
miso.     Hie  rex  stativa  habuit. 

43.  Sarcinis  impedimentisque  cum  praesidio  relictis,  ipse  cum 
expedito  agmine  loca  deserta  Sogdianorum  intrat,  nocturno 
itinere  exercitum  ducens.  Per  quadringenta  stadia  ne  modicus 
quidem  umor  exsistit.  Harenas  vapor  aestivi  solis  accendit; 
quae  ubi  flagrare  coeperunt,1  haud  secus  quam2  continenti  in- 
cendio  cuncta  torrentur.  Xocturnum  iter  tolerabile  videbatur, 
quia  rore  et  matutino  frigore  corpora  levabantur.  Ceterum 
cum3  ipsa  luce  aestus  oritur,  omnemque  naturalem  absorbet 
umorem  siccitas;  ora  visceraque  penitus  uruntur.  Itaque  pri- 
mum4  animi,  deinde  corpora  deficere  coeperunt.  Tandem  ad 
flumen  Oxum  ipse  perveuit  prima  fere  vespera.  Sed  exercitus 
magna  pars  non  potuerat  consequi.  In  edito  monte  ignes  jubet 
fieri,  ut  ii,  qui  aegre  sequebantur,  hand  procul  castris6  ipsos 
abesse  cognoscerent.  Totam  earn  noctem  ipse  cum  magno 
animi  motu  perpetuis  vigiliis  egit.  Nee  postero  die  laetior  eraf, 
quia  nee  navigia  liabebat,  nee  pons  erigi  poterat.     Itaque  utri- 

•  195,  R.  8.  43.  J  5G9.      *  646)  R<  o.      8  393,  R>      *  3o4>  R.  7.      »  4i8>  R. 


DE    GESTIS   ALEXANDRI.  63 

bus  incubantes  transnavere  amnem.     Hoc  modo  sexto  demum 
die  in6  ulteriore  ripa  to  turn  exercitum  exposuit. 

44.  Jamque  ad  persequendum  Bessum  statuerat  progredi 
cum  ea,  quae  in  Sogdianis  gesta  erant,  cognoscit.  Conjurave- 
rant  principes,  quibus  a  Besso  maxima  fides  habebatur,  ut  vivum 
Alexandre  traderent.  Dolo  deceptum  vinxerant  derepto  ex 
eapite  regui  iusigni  lacerataque  veste,  quam  e  spoliis  occisi 
regis  induerat ;  in  equum1  impositum  Alexaudro  tradituri 
ducunt.  Kex  ad  urbem  Maracanda  pervenerat.  Praesidio  nrbis 
relicto  processit  ad  Jaxarten  amnem,  quern  ipse  militesque  ejus 
Tan  aim  putaverimt  esse.  Quo  perductus  est  Bessus  uon  vinc- 
tus  modo,  sed  etiam  omni  velamento  corporis  spoliatus.  Spita- 
menes,  unus  e2  conjuratis,  eum  tenebat  collo3  inserta  catena, 
tarn  barbaris  quam  Macedonibus  gratum  spectaculum.  Alex- 
ander Oxathren,  fratrem  Darei,  quern  inter  corporis  custodes 
habebat,  propius  jussit  accedere,  tradique  Bessum  ei,  ut  cruci 
adtixum  mutilatis  auribus  naribusque  sagittis  configerent  bar- 
bari.  Ceterum  supplicium  ejus  distulit,  ut  eo  loco,  in  quo 
Dareum  ipse  occiderat,4  uecaretur. 

Condendae5  urbi  sedem  super  ripam  Jaxartis  elegerat.  Quan- 
tum soli6  occupaverat  castris,  muro  circumdedit.  Hanc  quoque 
urbem  Alexandriam  appellari  jussit.  Incolae  novae  urbi  dati 
capt.ivi,  quos  redd  i  to  pretio  dominis  libera vit 

45.  At  rex  Scytbarum,  cujus  turn  ultra  Jaxarten  imperium 
erat,  ratus1  earn  urbem,  quam  in  rij)a  amnis  Macedones  con- 
diderant,  suis  impositam  esse  cervicibus,2  fratrem  Carthasim 
nomine  cum  magna  equituin  maim  misit  ad  earn  diruendam. 
Quos  ut  repelleret,  rex  in  rates  exercitum  imposuit.  In  proris 
clipeatos  locaverat  jussos  in  genua  subsidere,  quo3  tutiores  es- 
sent  adversus  ictus  sagittarum;  equites  a4  pappe  nantes  equos 
loris  traliebant.  Barbari  in^entem  vim  sagittarum  conjecerunt 
in  rates,  vixque  ullum  fait  scutum,  quod  non  pluribus  simul 
spiculis  perforaretur.5  Jam  terrae  rates  applicabantur,  cum 
acies  clipeata  consurgit  et  hastas  certo  ictu  mittit  e  ratibus.  Ut 
territos  hostium  equos  viderunt,  alacres  in  terram  desiluerunt. 
Turbatis  acriter  pedem  inferre  coeperunt.     Equitum  deinde 

8  3S4,  R.  1.  44.  J  34G,  R.  1.      2  371)  R<  5-      s  316_      <  m,  R.  1.      5  430.      ■  371. 

45.  J  278,  R.      »346.      »545,2.      *  3S8,  R.  2.      *  G34. 


64  LATIK   READER. 

tnrmae,  quae  frenatos  habebant  equos,  perfregerunt  barbaro- 
rum  aciem.  Barbari  omnes  effusis  habenis  (nainque  equestris 
acies  erat)  capessunt  fngam. 

Haec  expeditio  cleficientem  jam  magna  ex  parte  Asiam  fama 
tarn  opportanae  victoriae  domuit.  Invictos  Scythas  esse  cre- 
diderant;  quibns  fractis  null  am  gentem  Macedonnm6  armis 
parem  fore  confitebantur.  Itaque  Sacae  aliaeque  rebelles  gentes 
miserunt  legatos,  qui  pollicerentur,7  imperata  se  esse  facturos. 
Armis  quidam  subacti  sunt,  inter  eos  exsules  Bactriani,  qui 
cum  octingentis  Massagetarum  equitibus,  mille  Daharum  ter- 
ram  vastaverant.  Quorum  clade  totius  regionis  finita  defectio 
est. 

46.  His  rebus  confectis  Alexander  Maracanda  urbem  repetit. 
Inde  devertit  in  regionem,  quae  appellatur  Bazaira.  Barbarae 
opulentiae  in  illis  locis  haud  ulla  sunt  majora  indicia,  quam 
magnis  nemoribus  saltibusque  nobilium  ferarum  greges  clausi. 
Spatiosas  ad  hoc  eligunt  silvas,  crebris  perennium  aquarum 
fontibus  amoenas;  muris  nemora  cinguntur  turresque  habent, 
venantium  receptacula.  Quattuor  continuis1  aetatibus  intactum 
sal  turn  fuisse  constabat,  quern  Alexander  cum  toto  exercitu 
ingressus  agitari  undique  feras  jussit.  Inter  quas  cum  leo 
magnitudinis  rarae  ipsum  regem  invasurus2  incurreret,  forte 
Lysimacbus  proximus  Alexandro  venabulum  objicere  ferae 
coeperat.  Quo  rex  repulso  et  abire  jusso,  feram  non  excepit 
modo  sed  etiam  uno  vulnere  occidit.  Quattuor  milibus 
ferarum  dejectis  in  eodem  saltu  cum  toto  exercitu  epulatus 
est. 

Maracanda  re  versus  sollemni  quodam  die  amicos  in  convivium 
vocat.  Ubi  orta  inter  ebrios  rerum  a  Philippo  gestarum  men- 
tion e,  praeferre  se  patri  ipse  rerumque  suarum  magnitudinem 
extollere  ad  caelum  coepit,  assentante  majore  convivarum  parte. 
Itaque  cum  Clitus,  vetus  Philippi  miles,  is  qui  apud  Granicum 
amnem  regem  ex  media  morte  eripuit,  memoriam  Philippi  tue- 
retur  laudaretque  ejus  res  gestas,  adeo  regem  offendit,  ufc  telo 
a  satellite  rapto  eum  in  convivio  trucidaret.  Postquam  animus 
conquievit,  modo  hominem  occisum,  modo  causam  occidendi 

•  356.  R.  1.      7  632.  46.  »  392,  R.  3.      2  673,  3. 


DE    GESTIS   ALEXAXDRI.  65 

cons  iderans,  tantopere  eum  paenitere  facti3  coepit,  ufc  yix  a  se 
man  us  abstinerefc. 

47.  Decern  diebns  apud  Maracanda  consumptis  ad  meridiem 
versus  regressus  porvenit  in  regiouem,  cui  Oxyartes  satrapes 
nobilis  praeerat,  qui  se  regis  potestati  fideiqne  permisit.  Bar- 
bara opulentia  convivium,  quo'  regem  accipiebat,  instruxeral. 
Id  cum  multa  comitate  celebraret,  introduci  triginta  nobiles 
virgines  jussit.  Inter  quas  erat  filia  ipsius  Roxane  nomine, 
eximia  corporis  specie  et  decore  habitus  in  barbaris  raro.  Quae 
quanquam  inter  electas  processerat,  omnium  tamen  ocnlos 
convertit  in  se,  max i me  regis,  qui  in  amorem  virgunculae  ita 
effusus  est,  ut  diceret,  ad  stabiliendum  regnurn  pertinere,  Per- 
sas  et  Macedones  conubio  jungi;  hoc  uno  modo  efc  pndorem 
victis2  et  superbiam  yictoribus  detrahi  posse.  Insperata  re 
laetus  pater  sermonem  ejus  excipit,  et  rex  in  medio  amoris 
ardore  jussit  adferri  patrio  more  panem.  Hoc  erat  apnd  Mace- 
dones sanctissimum  coeuntium  pignus,  qnem  divisum  gladio 
uterque3  libabat.  Hoc  modo  rex  Asiae  et  Enropae  introductam 
virginem  inter  convivales  ludos  matrimonio  sibi  adjunxit. 

48.  Ceierum  Indiam  et  hide  Oceanum  peti turns,  ne  quid  a 
tergo,  quod  destinata  impedire  posset,1  moveretur,  ex  omnibus 
provinciis  triginta  milia  juniorum  legi  jussit  et  ad  se  armata 
perduci,  obsides  simul  habiturus  et  milites.  Centum  et  viginti 
milia  armatorum  erant,  quae  regem  ad  bellum  Indicum  seque- 
bantur.  Regia  cohors,  Argvraspides  a  genere  armorum  appel- 
lati,  scuta  argenteis  laminis  inducta  habebant:  equis  frenos 
aureos  addidit.  Sibi2  ipse  caelestes  honores  usurpavit;  Jovis 
filium  non  dici  tan  turn  se,  sed  etiam  credi  volebat,  tamquam 
perinde  animis  imperare  posset3  ac  linguis;  jnssitque  more 
Persarum  Macedones  venerabundos  ipsum  salutare  proster- 
nentes  humi  corpora.  Xon  deerat4  talia  concupiscenti  pernici- 
osa  adulatio,  perpetuum  malum  regum,  quorum  opes  saepius 
asseutatio,  quam  hostis  evertit.  Poetae  quidam  Graeci  caelum 
i  11  i  aperiebant,  Herculemque  et  Patrem  Liberum  et  cum  Pol- 
luce  Castorem  novo  numini  cessuros  esse  jactabant.  Asperna- 
bantur  haec  Macedones.      Acerrimus  inter  recusantes  Callis- 

•376.  47.  l  387.    2  316,  end.    »307.  48.  »  633.    2  298.    8  604.    ••349. 


66  LATIN"   HEADER. 

thenes  Olyn thins  fnifc.     Quae  res  et  illi  et  multis  pnncipibna 
Macedonum  exitio5  fnifc. 

49.  India  tofca  ferme  spectat  orientem,  minus  in  latitndinem 
quam  recta  regione  spatiosa.  Quae  Austrum  accipiunt,  in  altius 
terrae  fastigium  exeedunt;  plana  sunt  cetera,  multisque  inclitis 
amnions  Caucaso  monte1  ortis  placidum  per  campos  iter  prae- 
benfc.  Indus  gelidior  est,  quam  ceteri;  aquas  vehifc  a  colore 
maris  baud  multum  abhorrentes.  Ganges  omnium  ab  orients 
fluvius  eximius  ad  meridianam  regionem  decurritet  magnorum 
montium  juga  recto  alveo  stringit;  inde  eum  objectae  rupes 
inclinant  ad  orientem.  Uterque  Rubro  mari  accipitur.  Indus 
ripas  multasque  arbores  cum  magna  soli  parte  ex  sorbet,  saxis 
quoque  impeditus,  quibus  crebro  reverberatur ;  ubi  mollius 
solum  repent,  stagnat  insulasque  molitur.  Acesines  eum 
auget. 

Terra  lini2  ferax ;  inde3  plerisque  sunt  vestes.  Libri  arborum 
teneri  haud  secus,  quam4  chartae,  litterarum  notas  accipiunt. 
Aves  ad  imitandum  humanae  vocis  sonum  dociles  sunt.  Ani- 
malia  invisitata  ceteris  gentibus,  nisi5  invecta.  Eadem  terra 
rhinocerotas  alit.  Elephantorum  major  est  vis,  quam  quos6  in 
Africa  domitant,  et  viribus  magnitudo  respondet.  Anrum 
flumina  vehunt,  quae  leni  modicoque  lapsu  segnes  aquas 
ducunt.  Gemmas  margaritasque  mare  in  litore  ejicit;  neque 
alia  illis  major  opulentiae  causa  est.  Ingenia  homiuum,  sicut 
nbique,  apud  illos  locorum  quoque  situs  format.  Corpora 
usque  ad  pedes  carbaso  velant,  soleis  pedes,  capita  linteis  vin- 
ciunt;  lapilli  ex  auribus  X)endent;  bracchia  quoque  et  lacertos 
auro  colunt,  quibus7  inter  populares  aut  nobilitas  aut  opes 
eminent.  Capillum  pectunt  saepius  quam  tondent;  mentum 
semper  intonsum  est,  reliquam  oris  cutem  radunt. 

50.  Regum  tamen  luxuria,  quam  ipsi  magnificentiam  appel- 
lant, super  omnium  gentium  vitia.  Cum  rex  se  in  publico  con- 
spici  patitnr,  turibula  argentea  ministri  ferunt  totumque  iter, 
per  quod  ferri  destinavit,  odoribus  complent.  Aurea1  lectica, 
margaritis  circumpendentibus,  recubat;  distincta  sunt  auro  et 
purpura  carbasa,  quae  induit;  lecticam  sequuntur  armati  cor- 

5  350.  49.  »  395.    9  374.    >  613,  R.  1.    *  64G,  R.  2.     6  592,  R.  2.     •  G21.    »  343,  R.  4 

50.  »  387 


DE   GESTIS   ALEXANDRI.  6? 

porisque  custodes,  inter  quos  ramis*  aves  pendent,  qnas  cantn 
seriis  rebus3  obstrepere  docuerunt.  Regia  anratas  columnas 
habet;  totas  eas  vitis  auro4caelata  percurrit,  aviumque,  quarum 
visu5  maxime  gaudent,  argenteae  effigies  opera  distingunnt. 
Regia  adeuntibus  patet,  cum  capillum  pectit  atque  ornat;  tunc 
responsa  legationibus,  tunc  jura  popularibus  reddit.  Demptia 
soleis*,  odoribns  illinuntur  pedes.  Breviora  itinera  equo7  con- 
ficit ;  longior  ubi  expeditio  est,  elephanti  vehunt  currum,  et 
tan  tar um  beluarum  corpora  tota  contegunt  auro.  Ac  ne  quid 
perditis  moribus  desit,  lecticis  aureis1  paelicum  longus  ordo 
sequitur.  Feminae  epulas  parant.  Ab  isdem  vinum  ministra- 
tur,  cujus  omnibus  Indis  largus  est  usus. 

Quis  credat,8  inter  haec  vitia  curam  esse  sapientiae  ?  Unum 
agreste  et  borridum  genus  est,  quos9  sapientes  vocant.  Apud 
hos  occupare  fati  diem  pulchrnm,  et  vivos  se  cremari  jubent, 
quibus  aut  segnis  aetas  ant  incommoda  valetudo  est.  Illi,  qui 
in  urbibus  degunt,  siderum  motus  scite  spectare  dicuntur  et 
futura  praedicere.  Deos  putant,  quidquid  colere  coeperunt, 
arbores  maxime,  quas  violare  nefas  est. 

51.  Alexandro  fines  Indiae  ingresso  gentium  reguli  occurre- 
runt,  imperata  facturi,  ilium  tertium  Jove1  genitum  ad  ipsos 
pervenisse  memorantes:  patrem  Liberum  atque  Herculem  fama 
cognitos  esse,  ipsum  coram  adesse  cernique.  Rex  benigne 
exceptos  sequi  jussit,  iisdem  itinerant  ducibus2  usurus.  Cete- 
rum  cum  amplius  nemo  occurreret,  Hephaestionem  et  Perdic- 
cam  cum  copiarum  parte  praemisit  ad  subigendos,  qui  aversa- 
rt'ntur3  imperium  ;  jussitque  ad  flumen  Indum  procedere  et 
navigia  fact-ie,  quibus  in  ulteriora  transportari  posset4  exercitus. 
Illi,  quia  plura5  flumina  superanda  erant,  sic  junxere  naves,  ut 
solutae  plaustris  vebi  possent  rursusque  conjungi. 

Inde  domita  ignobili  gente  ad6  ]^"ysam  urbem  pervenit.  Qui 
obsidionis  malis  fatigati  dedidere  se.  Hinc  ad  regionem  quae 
Daedala  vocatur,  perventum  est.  Deseruerant  incolae  sedes  et 
in  avios  silvestresque  montes  confugerant.  Ergo  Acadira 
transit,  aeque  usta  et  destituta  incolentium  fuga.  Itaque  ratio- 
nem   belli  necessitas  mutavit.     Divisis  enim  copiis,  pluribua 

3  388.  R.  3.  s  195,  R.  4.  *  396,  R.  2.  s  407.  «  66S.  7  205,  R.  2.  8  251.  •  616,  R.  a 
51.  !  395.      *324.      3  515,  R.  3.      «  632,  R.      6  312.      e  410,  R.  2,  3. 


68  LATItf  HEADER. 

simul  locis  arma  ostendit,  oppressique,  ubi  non  exspeotaverani 
hostem,  omni  elude  perdomiti  sunt.  Ptolomaens  plurimas 
urbes,  Alexander  maximas  cepit;  rursusque,  quas  distribuerat, 
copias  junxit.  Snperato  deinde  Choaspe  amne  ad  flumen 
Indum  sextis  decimis  castris  pervenit,  omniaque,  ut  praeceperat, 
ad  trajiciendum  praeparata  ab  Hepliaestione  repperit.  Regnabat 
in  ea  regione  Omphis,  qui  venienti  obviam  cum  exercitu  egres- 
sns  corpus  suum  et  totas  imperii  vires  protinus  tradidit.  Laetus 
simplicitate  barbari  rex  et  dextram,  fidei  suae  pignus,  dedit  et 
regnum  restituit.  Omphis,  permittente  Alexandro,  et  regium 
insigue  sumpsit  et  more  gentis  suae  nomen,  quod  patris  fuerat. 
Taxilen  appellabant  populares,  sequente  nomine -imperium,  in 
quemcunque  transierat.7  Quaerenti  Alexandro,  plures  agricul- 
tores  haberet,  an  milites?  cum  duobus  regibus  bellanti"  sibi 
majore9  militum  quam  agrestium  manu  opus  esse,  respondit. 
Abisares  et  Porus  erant,  ultra  Hydaspen  amnem  regn antes. 

52.  Postero  die  legati  Abisarae  adierunt  regem;1  omnia  dici- 
oni  ejus,  ita  ut  mandatum  erat,  permittebai.it;  firmataque  invi- 
cem  fide  remittuntur  ad  regem.  Porum  quoque  nominis  sui 
fama  ratus2  ad  deditionem  posse  compelli,  misit  ad  eum  Oleo- 
charen,  qui3  deimntiaret,  ut  stipendium  penderet  et  in  primo 
suorum  tinium  aditu  occurreret  regi.  Porum  alterum4  ex  his5 
factum m  esse  respondit,  ut  intranti  regnum  suum  praesto  esset, 
sed  armatus.  Itaque  in  ulteriore  ripa  Poms  cum  magno  exer- 
citu consederat,  ut  transitu6  prohiberet  hostem.  Alexander 
inops  consilii,7  ad  fallendum  hostem  hunc  dolum  intendit. 
Erat  insula  in  flumine  silvestris  et  tegendis8  insidiis  apta. 
Possa  quoque  praealta  baud  procul9  ripa,  quam  tenebat  ipse, 
non  pedites  moclo  sed  etiam  cum  equis  viros  poterat  abscondere. 
Igitur  ut  a  custodia  hujus  opportunitatis  oculos  hostium  aver- 
teret,  Ptolomaeum  cum  omnibus  turmis  obequitare  jussit 
procnl9  insula  et  subinde  Indos  clamore  terrere,  quasi  flumen 
transnatums  foret.10  Averso  hoste  in  eos,  qui  cum  Ptolomaeo 
inferiorem  obsederant  ripam,  rex  amnem  cum  ceteris  copiis 
trajecit.  Jam  agmen  in  cornua  divisum  ipse  ducebat,  cum 
Poro  nuntiatur,  armis  virisque  ripam  obtineri  et  rerum  adesse 

»  569.      8  669.      9  890.  52.  1  330,  R.  2.      »  278,  R.      3  632.      *  306.      *  371,  R.  5 

•888.      »373.      M30.      •  418,  R.      i°  604. 


DE   GESTIS   ALEXANDRI.  69 

discrimen.  Centum  quadrigas  et  quattuor  milia  equitum 
venienti  agmini  objecit.  Summa  virium  erat  in  curribus. 
Senos11  viros  singuli  vehebant,  duos  clipeatos,  duos  sagittarios, 
ah  utroque  latere  dispositos ;  aurigae  erant  ceteri.  Scythae  et 
Dahae  primi  omnium  invaserunt  Indos.  Jam  undique  pugna 
se  moverafc,  cum  hi,  qui  currus  agebant,12  effusis  liabenis  in 
medium  discrimen  mere  coeperun^  Anceps  id  malum  titris- 
qne  erat.  Nam  et  Macedonum  pedites  primo  impetu  obtere- 
bantur,  et  per  invia  immissi  currus  excutiebant  eos,  a  quibus 
regebantur;12  aliorum  turbati  equi  in  amnem  praecipitaverunt 
curricula;  pauci  telis  hostium  exacti  penetraverunt  ad  Porum 
acerrime  pugnam  cientem.  Macedones  elephantorum  aspectus 
parumper  inhibuit,  qui  dispositi  inter  armatos  speciem  turrium 
procul  fecerant.  At  Alexander  suos  cobortatus  concitat  equum 
primus;  jamque,  ut  destinatum  erat,  invaserat  ordines  hostium 
cum  Coenus  ingenti  vi  in  laevum  cornu  invehitur.  Phalanx 
quoque  mediam  Indorum  aciem  uno  impetu  perrupit. 

53.  Porus  tamen  colligere  dispersos,  obvius  hosti  ire  pergifc 
elephantosque  ante  agmen  suorum  agi  jubet.  Post  eos  posnerat 
peditem  ac  sagittarios  et  tympana  pulsare  solitos.  Magnum 
beluae  injecere  terrorem,  insolitusque  stridor  non  equos  modo 
sed  Tiros  quoque  ordinesque  turbaverat.  Praecipue  terribilis 
ilia  fades  erat,  cum  maim  arma  virosque  corriperent  et  super 
se  regentibus  traderent.  Anceps  ergo  pugna  nuncsequentium, 
nunc  fugientium  elephantos  in  multum  diei1  varium  certamen 
extraxit,  donee  securibus  pedes  beluarum  et  manus  amputare 
coeperunt.  Ergo  elephanti  vulneribus  tandem  fatigati  suos 
impetu  sternunt,  et,  qui  rexerant  eos,2  praecipitati  in  terrain  ab 
ipsis  obterebantur.  Porus  desti tutus  a  pluribus  tela  in  circum- 
fusos  ex  elephanto  suo  magnitudine  inter  ceteros  eminente  coe- 
pit  ingerere,  multisque  emin.ua  vulneratis  expositus  ipse  ad  ictus 
undique  petebatur.  Xovem  jam  vulnera  hinc  tergo,  illinc  pec- 
tore  exceperat,  cum  belua  instincta  rabie  invecta  est  in  ordines, 
donee  rector  beluae  regem  conspexit  fluentibus  membris  omis- 
sisque  armis  vix  compotem  mentis.3  Turn  beluam  in  fugam 
concitat.      Sed   elephantus  quoque,  qui  multa  exceperat  tela, 

»310.        I2  626,  R.  53.     »  371,  R.  3.        2  626,  R.        s  373. 


70  LATItf   READER. 

deficiebat.  Porus  saucius  labi  ex  belua  coepit.  Indus,  qui 
elephantum  regebat,  descendere  eum  ratus,4  more  solito  ele- 
phantum  procumbere  jussit  in  genua,  Qui  ut  se  Bubmisit, 
ceteri  quoque,  ita  enim  instituti  erant,  demisere  corpora  in  ter- 
rain. Rex  spoliari  corpus  Pori,  interemptum  esse  credens,  jubet, 
et,  qui  detraherent5  loricam  vestemque,  concurrerunt.  Turn 
elephantus  dominum  tueri^t  spoliautes  coepit  appetere,  leva- 
tumque  corpus  ejus  dorso  suo  imponere.  Ergo  telis  unclique 
obruitur,  confossoque  eo  in  vehiculum  Porus  imponitur.  Alex- 
ander aegrum  curavit  baud  secus,  quam  si  pro  ipso  pugnasset;8 
confirmatum  contra  spem  omnium  in  amicorum  numerum 
recepit,  mox  donavit  ampliore  regno,  quam  tenuit. 

54.  Alexander  tarn  memorabili  victoria  laetus,  qua  sibi  Orien- 
tis  fines  apertos  esse  censebat,  Soli  victimis  caesis,  ad  interiora 
Indiae  processit.  Silvae  erant  prope  in  immensum  spatium 
diffusae,  procerisque  et  in  eximiam  altitudinem  editis  arboribus 
umbrosae.  Caeli  temperies  salubris,  quippe  et  vim  solis  umbrae 
levant  et  aquae  largae  man  ant  e  fontibus.  Serpentium  magna 
vis  in  silvis  erat,  squamis  fulgorem  auri  reddentibus.  Virus 
baud  ullum  magis  noxium  est,  quippe  morsnm  praesens  mors 
sequebatur,  donee  ab  incolis  remedium  oblatum  est.  Hinc  per 
deserta  ventum  est  ad  flumen  Hyarotim.  Junctum  erat  flumini1 
nemos,  opacum  arboribus  alibi  invisitatis  agrestiumque  pavo- 
num  multitudine  frequens.  Castris  inde  motis  oppidum  baud 
procul  positum  corona  capit  obsidibusque  acceptis  stipendium 
imponit. 

55.  Cum  ad  Soplthis  regis  fines  venisset,  ubi  eum  cum  ducen- 
tis  milibus  peditum  bostes  opperiebantur,  exercitus  omnis  non 
minus  victoriarum  numero  quam  laboribus  fessus  lacrimis  eum 
deprecatur,  finem  tandem  belli  faceret;1  aliquando  patriae  redi- 
tusque  meminisset,  respiceret  militum  annos,  quibus  vix  aetas 
ad  reditum  sufficeret.2  Ostendere3  alius  canitiem,  alius  vulnera ; 
tandem  orare,  ut  reliquias  saltern  suas  paternis  sepulchris  red- 
dat;  ac  si  non*  militibus,  vel  ipse  sibi  parcat,  ne  fortunam  suam 
nimis  onerando  fatiget.  Ille  cum  neque  cobortatione  neque 
precibus  mitigare  posset  iratos,  inops  consilii5  desiluit  e  tribu- 

4  278,  R.      »032.      «604.  54.  '  346,  R.  2.  55.  »  546,  R.  3.      «  630.      » 65a 

«  592.      6  3T3. 


DE   GESTIS   ALEXANDRA  71 

nali  claudique  regiam  jussit,  omnibus  praeter  assuetos  adire" 
prohibits.  Biduum  irae  datum  est;  tertio  die  processit,  erigi- 
que  duodecim  aras  ex  quadrato  saxo,  monumentum  expeditionis 
suae,  jussit  exstrui.  Hinc  repetens,  quae  emensus  erat,  ad 
flumeii  Acesinem  locat  castra.  Deinde  Ocean um  aditurus 
classem  mille  navium  aedificari  jussit.  Discordes  Porum  et 
Taxilen  Indiae  reges,  firmata  per  adfinitatem  gratia,  relinqnit  in 
suis  regnis,  summo  in  aedificanda  classe  amborum  studio  usus. 
Oppida  quoque  duo  condidit,  quorum  alteram  Nicaeam  appel- 
lavit,  alteram  Bucephalam,  equi  mortui  memoriae  ac  nomini 
dedicans  urbem.  Elephantis  deinde  et  impediments  terra 
sequi  jussis,  secundo  amne  dennxit. 

56.  Perveutum  erat  in  regionem,  in  qua  Hydaspes  amnis 
Acesini  committitur.  Hinc  decurrit  in  lines  Sibornm,  qui  de1 
exercitu  Herculis  majores  suos  esse  memorant.  Pelles  ferarum 
pro  veste,  clavae  tela  erant.  Exscensioue  facta  urbem  eorum 
expugnare  adortus  magnaque  vi  defendentium  pulsus  multos 
Macedonum  amisit.  Sed  cum  in  obsidione  perseveraret,  oppi- 
daui  desperata  salute  ignem  subjecerunt  tectis  seque  ac  liberos 
conjngesque  incendio  cremaverunt. 

Inde  ventum  est  in  regionem  Oxydracarum  Mallorumque, 
quos  alias  bellare  inter  se  solitos  tunc  periculi  societas'junxerat. 
Cum  proelio  victor  esset,  exercitum  ad  urbem  eorum  ducit. 
Ipse  de  muro  quern  primus  ceperat,  in  urbis  planitiem  desiluit 
atque  unus  adv<ersus  tot  milia  proeliatur.  Ubi  vero  obrui  mul- 
titudine  se  vidit,  trunco  se,  qui  propter  murum  stabat,  applica- 
vit;  cujus  auxilio  tutus,  cum  diu  hostes  sustinuisset,  tandem 
cognito  periculo  ejus  amici  ad  eum  desiliunt.  Ex  quibus1 
multi  caesi;  proeliumque  tamdiu  auceps  fuit,  quoad  omnis  ex- 
ercitus,  muris  dejectis,  in  auxilium  venit.  In  eo  proelio  sagitta 
sub  mamma  trajectus  est.  Curatio  vulneris  gravior  ipso  vul- 
nere  fuit.  Corpore  enim  nudato  medici  animadvertunt  hamos 
inesse  telo,  nee  aliter  id  sine  pernicie  corporis  extrahi  posse, 
quam  ut3  secando  vulnus  augerent.  Patefacto  igitur  latins 
vulnere  et  spiculo  evulso,  ingens  vis  sanguinis  manare  coepit 
linquique  animo  rex  et  caligine  oculis  offusa  velut  moribundus 

6  547,  R.  1.  56.  *  371,  R.  5.      a  357,  R.  2.      «  556,  R.  3 


72  LATItf   READ3R. 

extendi.  Oumqne  profluvinm  medicamentis  frnsfcmiiihibsreiit, 
clamor  simul  atque  ploratus  amicorum  oritur/  regem  exs])irasse 
credentium.  Tandem  constitit  sanguis  paulatimque  animum 
recepit.  Rex  septem  diebus  curato  vulnere  necdum  obducta 
cicatrice,  duobus  navigiis  junctis,  statui  in  medium  nndiqtie 
conspicuum  tabernaculum  jussit,  ex  quo  se  ostenderet5  exer- 
citui. 

57.  Cratero  deinde  imperat  rex,  ut  hand  procul1  amne  copias 
duceret,  ipse  secundo  flumine  devehitur.  Ad  confluentem 
Acesinis  et  Indi  oppido  condito,  quod  Alexandriam  appellari 
jusserat,  fines  eorum,  qui  Musicani  appellantur,  intravit.  Qui- 
bus  in  dicionem  redactis  urbi  eorum  praesidium  imponit. 
Paucis  deinde  diebus  secundo  amne  pervenit  ad  oppidum,  quod 
in  regno  erat  Sambi.  Proelio  victi  barbari  se  ipsos  urbemque 
dediderunt.  Sed  non,  ut  prima  specie  laeta  victoria,  ita  eventu 
quoque  fuit;  barbari  enim  veneno  tinxerant  gladios.  Itaque 
saucii  subinde  exspirabant,  nee  causa  tarn  strenuae  mortis  ex- 
cogitari  poterat  a  medicis,  cum  etiam  leves  plagae  insanabiles 
essent.  In  quo  proelio  Ptolomaeus  familiaris  regis  cum  telo 
venenato  ictus  esset  eoque  vulnere  summo  cum  dolore  morere- 
tur,  Alexander  assidens  somno  est  consopitus.  Turn  secundum 
quietem  visus  ei  dicitur  draco  radiculam  ore  ferre  et  simul 
dicere,  quo  ilia  loco  nasceretur — neque  is  longe  aberat  ab  eo 
loco — ejus  autem  esse  vim  tantam,  ut  Ptolomaeum  facile  sana- 
ret.  Cum  Alexander  experrectus  narrasset  amicis  somnium, 
emissi  sunt,  qui  illam  radiculam  quaererent ;  qua  in  veil  ta  et 
Ptolomaeus  sanatus  est  et  multi  milites,  qui  erant  eodem  genere 
teli  vulnerati. 

58.  Ducibus  deinde  sumptis  amnis1  peritis,  defluxit  ad  insu- 
lam  medio2  ferme  alveo  enatam.  Ibi  diutius  subsistere  coactus. 
quia  duces  socordius  asservati  profugerant,  misit,  qui3  conqui- 
rerent  alios;  nee  repertis,  pervicaci  cupidine  visendi4  Oceanum 
adeundique  terminos  mundi  commotus,  sine  regionis  peritis 
flumini  ignoto  se  permisit.  Navigabant  igitur  omnium,  per 
quae  ferebantur,  ignari.  Jam  quadringenta  stadia  processerant, 
cum  gubernatores  agnoscere  se  auram  maris  et  hand  procul 

«281,  Exc.  2.    »632.  57.  >  41S,  R.  58. -1  373.    2  2.S7,  R.  2.     •»  G23.     M29. 


DE   GESTIS   ALEXANDRI.  73 

videii  sibi  Ocoanum  abesse,  indicant  regi.  Itaqne  ingenti 
alacritate  nautici  remigant.  Tertio  jam  die  mixtum  flumini' 
subibat  mare,  leni  adhnc  aestn  confnndente  dispares  nndas. 
Torn  ad  insulam  medio  amne  sitam  applicant  classem  et  ad 
commeatus  petendos  discurrunt.  Teitia  ferme  bora  erat,  cnm 
stata  vice  Oceanns  exaestuans  invehi  coepit  et  retro  flumen 
urgere.  Identidem  intnmescens  mare  et  in  campos  panlo  ante 
siccos  descendere  superfusum;  navigia  levata  ant  inter  se  col 
lidi  ant  dispergi.  Panlo6  post  meridiem  reciprocari  coepit  mare, 
magno  traetu  aquis  in  suum  f re  turn  recurrentibus.  Hex  cnm 
ex  eo,  quod  acciderat,  conjectaret,  post  solis  ortum  statum 
tempus  esse,  de7  media  nocte,  ut  aestum  occuparet.  cum  paucis 
navigiis  secundo  amne  defluxit.  Evectus  os  ejus  quadraginta 
stadia  processit  in  mare,  tandem  voti  sui  compos;  praesidibus- 
que  et  maris  et  locorum  diis  sacrificio  facto  ad  classem  rediit. 

59.  Leonnato  deinde  praemisso,  ut  puteos  foderet,  qua  ter- 
restri  itinere  dncturus  exercitum  videbatur,  quippe  sicca  erat 
regio,  ipse  cum  copiis  substitit,  vernum  tempus  exspectans. 
Interim  urbes  plerasque  condidit.  Nearcho  atque  Onesicrito 
nauticae  rei1  peritis  imperavit,  ut  validissimas  navinm  deduce- 
rent  in  Oceanum,  progressique  quoad  tuto  possent,a  naturam 
maris  noscerent;  vel  eodem  amne,  vel  Euphrate  subire  eos 
posse,  cum  reverti  ad  se  vellent.  Jamque  mitigata  hieme  et 
navibus,  quae  inutiles  videbantur,  crematis  terra  ducebat  exer- 
citum. Nonis  castris  in  regionem  Arabitarum,  inde  quinto  die 
ad  flumen  pervenit,  Arabum  incolae  appellant.  Regio  deserta 
et  aquarum  inops  excipit;  quam  emensus  in  Oritas  transit 
maritimos.  Desertam  vastamque  regionem  tenent  ac  ne  cum 
finitimis  quidem  ullo  commercii  jure  miscentur.  Ipsa  solitudo 
natura  quoque  immitia  efferavit  ingenia;  prominent  ungues 
numquam  recisi,  comae  hirsutae  et  intonsae  sunt.  Tuguria 
concliis  et  ceteris  purgamentis  maris  instruunt.  Eerarum  pel- 
libus  tecti  piscibus3  sole  duratis  vescuntur.  Consumptis  igitur 
alimentis  Macedones  primo4  inopiam,  deinde  famem  sentire 
coeperunt,  radices  palmarum,  namque  sola  ea  arbor  gignitur, 
ubique  rimantes.     Sed  cum  haec  quoque  alimenta  defecerant, 

»  346,  R.  2.    «  400.     7  393,  R.  59.  »  373.     2  500,  2.     3  405.     *  324,  R.  7. 


74  LATIK   BEADER. 

jumenta  caedebant,  ne  equis5  quidem  abstinebant;  et  cum  dees- 
sent,  quae  sarcinas  veherent,  spolia  de  hostibus,  propter  quae 
ultima  Orientis  peragraverant,  cremabant  incendio.  Famem 
deindc  pestilentia  secuta  est.  Ergo  strati  erant  campi  paene  plu- 
ribus  semivivis  quam  cadaveribus.  Kex  finitimarum  region  um 
pracf;Ctos,  quantis  angustiis  premeretur,  certiores  fecit  et  ad 
Phrataphernen  Partbyaeorum  satrapen  misit,  qui6  juberet, 
camelis  cocta  cibaria  adferri.  Nee  cessatum  est  ab  his.  Itaque 
fame  dumtaxat  vindicatus  exercitus  tandem  in  Gedrosiae  fines 
perducitur.  Omnium  rerum  copia  fertilis  ea  regio  est,  in  qua 
stativa  habuit,  ut  vexatos  milites  quiete  firmaret.  Deinde  in 
Carman iam  processit. 

(50.  Haud  mnlto1  post  Nearchus  et  Onesicritus.  quos  longius 
in  Oceanum  procedere  jusserat,  litora  Eubri  maris  legentes  cum 
in  regionem  Carmaniae  venissent,  relictis  navibns  ad  regem 
ascendunt.  Nuntiant  quaedam  audita,  alia  comperta.  Insulam 
ostio  amnis  subjectam  auro  abundare ;  plenum  esse  beluarnm 
mare,  aestu  secundo  eas  ferri  magnarum  navinm  corpora 
aequantes;  Eubrum  mare  non  a  colore  undarum,  ut  plerique 
crederent,2  sed  ab  Erythro  rege  appellari ;  esse  haud  procul  a 
continenti  insulam  palmis  frequentibus  consitam,  in  medio  fere 
nemore  columnam  eminere,  Erythri  regis  monumentum,  litteris 
gentis  ejus  scriptam.  Eex,  cognoscendi3  plura  cupidine  accen- 
sus,  rursus  eos  terrain  legere  jubet,  donee  ad  Euphratis  ostia 
appellerent  classem;  incle  ad  verso  amne  Babylonem  subirent. 
Ipse  animo  infinita  complexus  statuerat,  omni  ad  Orientem 
maritima  regione  perdomita,  ex  Syria  petere  Africam,  Cartha- 
gini  infensus,  inde  Numidiae  solitudinibus  peragratis  cursum 
Gades  dirigere — nam  ibi  columnas  Herculis  esse  fama  vulgave- 
rat — Hispanias  deinde,  quas  Hiberiam  Graeci  a  flumine  Hibero 
Yocabant,  adire  et  praetervehi  Alpes4  Italiaeqne  oram,  unde  in 
Epirum  brevis  cursus  est.  Igitur  Mesopotamiae  praetoribus 
imperavit,  ut,  materia  in  Libano  monte  caesa  devectaque  ad 
urbem  Syriae  Thapsacum,  septingentas  naves  septiremes  aedifi- 
carent  deducerentque  Babyloniam.  Cypriorum  regibus5  impe- 
ratum,  ut  aes  stuppamque  et  vela  praeberent. 

*  3S8.     «623.  60.  >  400.      2  500,  2.     a  4o8)  r.  2.      «330.     » 208. 


DE   GESTIS    ALEXANDRE,  75 

61.  Ventum  est  deinde  Persagada.  Sepulcrum  Oyri,  quod 
ibi  erat,  Alexander  jnssit  apeviri.  Auro  argeiitoque  repletnm 
esse  credicleranr,  sed  praeter  clipeum  ejus  pntrem  et  arena  duos 
Scythicos  et  acinacem  nihil  repperit.  Alexander,  senioribus 
militnm  in  patriam  remissis,  tredecim  milia  peditum1  et  duo 
milia  eqnitum,  quae  in  Asia  retineret,2  eligi  jussit,  existimans, 
modico  exercitu  contineri  posse  Asiam,  quia  pluribns  locis 
praesidia  disposuisset3  nuperque  couditas  urbes  colouis  replesset, 
res  novare  non  cupientibus.  Ceterum  ut  cognitum  est,  alios 
remitti  domos,4  alios  retineri,  perpetuam  eum  regni  sedem  in 
Asia  habiturum  rati,  disciplinae  militaris  immemores  seditiosis 
vocibus  castra  complent,  regemqne  ferocius  quam  alias  adorti 
omnes  simnl  missionem  postnlare  coeperunt,  palam  professi, 
nusqnam  inde  nisi5  in  patriam  vestigium  esse  motnros.  Nee 
jam  precious,  sed  convicio  agebant,  jubentes  eum  solum  cum 
patre  suo  Hammone  in  ire  bella,  quoniam  milites  suos  fastidiret.3 
Contra  ille  nunc  castigare6  milites,  nunc  lenibus  verbis  monere, 
ne  gloriosam  militiam  seditionibus  infuscarent.  Ad  postre- 
mum,  cum  verbis  nihil  proficeret,  e  tribunali  in  contionem 
armatam  inermis  ipse  desiluit  et  nullo7  prohibente  tredecim 
seditionis  auctores  manu  sua  correptos  ad  supplicium  custodi- 
bus  corporis  tradidit.  Inde  separatim  auxilia  Persarum  in  con- 
tione  alloquitur.  Laudat  perpetuam  illorum  cum  in  se  turn  in 
pristinos  reges  fidem ;  nunc  quoque,  ait,  custodiam  corporis  sui 
non  Macedonibus  tantum  se,  verum  etiam  illis  crediturum. 
Atque  ita  mille  ex  his  juvenes  in  numerum  satellitum  legit. 
Quam  rem  aegre  Macedones  tulerunt. 

62.  Postero  die  cum  prohiberentur  aditu,1  Asiaticis  modo 
militibus  admissis,  lugubrem  totis  castris2  edidere  clamorem, 
denuntiantes  protinus  se  morituros,  si  rex  perseveraret3  irasci. 
Cumque  dies  noctesque  ante  regiam  persistentes  miserabiii 
clamore  habituque  paenitentiam  suam  approbarent,  tertio  die 
rex  victus  constantia  supplicum  processit,  incusataque  leniter 
exercitus  immodestia,  non  sine  multis  utrimque  lacrimis  in 
gratiam  se  cum  ipsis  redire  profes'sus  est.  Ita  supra  decern 
veteranorum  milia  dimissa  sunt,  quos  Craterus  deduxit.     Lit- 

61.  * 308.     2632.     '541.     «  410.      »592,2.      6  650.    7  304.  62.  r  3S8.    a  386. 

»660,2. 


7G  LATIJT   READER. 

ten's  etiam  ad  Antipatrum  scriptis  honorem  emeritis  haberi 
praecepit,  ut  qnotiens  ludi  atque  certamina  ederentnr,4  in  pri- 
mis  ordinibus  coronati  spectarent.  Craterum  Macedoniae1 
continentibusque  regionibns  cum  imperio  praeesse  placuit, 
Antipatrum  cum  supplemento  juniorum  Macedonum  ad  regem 
pergere. 

63.  Motis  inde  castris  Babylonem  procedebat.  Jamque  vix 
triginta  ab  urbe  stadiis1  aberat,  cum  Nearchus  occurrit,  quern 
per  Oceania m  et  Euphratis  ostia  Babylonem  praemiserat.  Ora- 
bat,  ne  urbem  vellet  ingredi;  fatalem  earn  ei  fore,  ex  Chaldaeis 
se  comperisse.  Rex  fama  eorum  bominum  motus,  dimissis  in 
urbem  amicorum  plerisque,  alia  via  praeter  Babylonem  ducit 
ac  ducentis  inde  stadiis  stativa  locat.  Sed  ab  Anaxarcho  phi- 
losopho  edoctus,  contemptis  Chaldaeorum  monitis,  urbem  in- 
trat.  Legationes  eo  ex  universo  ferme  orbe  confluxerant. 
Quibus  per  complures  dies  studiose  auditis,  deinceps  ad  He- 
phaestionis  familiarissimi  paulo  ante  in  itinere  mortui  exsequias 
adjecit  animum;  quae  summo  omnium  studio  celebrata  sunt. 
Deinde  expeditione  facta  in  Arabum  fines  futuri2  securus  Chal- 
daeos  irridebat,  quod  Babylonem  non  ingressus  tantum  esset3 
incolumis,  verum  etiam  excessisset.  In  urbem  reversus  cum 
Nearchum  excepisset  convivio  jamque  cubitum4  iturus  esset, 
Medii  Thessali  obnixis  precibus  dedit,  ut  ad  eum  comissatum4 
veniret.  Ubi  postquam  tota  nocte  perpotavit,  male  habere 
coepit.  Ingravescens  deinde  morbus  adeo  omnes  vires  intra 
sextum  diem  exhausit,  ut  ne  vocis  quidem  potestas  esset.  In- 
terea  milites,  sollicitudine  desiderioque  ejus  anxii,  quamquam 
obtestantibns5  ducibus,  ne  valetudinem  regis  onerarent,  expres- 
serunt,  ut  in  conspectum  ejus  admitterentur;  quibus  osculan- 
dam6  dextram  suam  flentibus  porrexit.  Dimisso  vulgo  propi- 
usque  adire  jussis  amicis,  detractum  anulum  digito  Perdiccae 
tradidit  adjectis  mandatis,  ut  corpus  suum  ad  Hammonem  ferri 
juberent.  Quaerentibus  bis,  cui  relinqueret  regnum  ?  respondit, 
ei,  qui  esset  optimus.  Suprema  haec  vox  fuit  regis  et  paulo 
post  exstinguitur. 

*  509,  2.     8  346.  63.  *  400,  R.  1.    *  373.     *  541.     *  436.     •  611,  R.      •  431. 


V. 

0.   JULII    CAESARIS 
DE    BELLO    GALLIOO. 

LIBER  QUINTUS. 


I.  Lucio  Domitio1  Appio  Claudio  Consulibus2  discedens  ab 
hibernis3  Caesar  in  Italiam,4  ut  quotaunis  facere  consuerat,* 
legatis  imperat,6  quos  legionibus  praefecerat,  uti  quam  plurimas7 
possent8  hieme"  naves  aedificandas10  veteresque  reficiendas  cu- 
rarent."  Earum  niodnm  formamque"  demonstrat.  Ad  celeri- 
tatem  onerandi  subductionesque  paulo13  facit  humilioresquam14 
quibus15  in  nostro  mari16  uti  consuevimus ;  atque  id17  eo  magis 


I.  l  Lucio  Domitio,  Appio  Clau- 
dio. Et  is  often  omitted  in  formu- 
la?.    G.  483. 

2  Ii.  D.,  A.  C,  consulibus :  ablative 
absolute,  abstract  translation.  G. 
409. 

3  Discedens  ab  hibernis  :  tbe  sep- 
arative ablative  commonly  has  a 
preposition,  such  as  ab,  ex,  de:  265, 
295,  529.     G.  388. 

4  In  Italiam :  The  terminal  accu- 
sative, except  in  names  of  towns, 
takes  a  preposition,  such  as  in,  ad, 
-versus,  274.     G.  342. 

5  Consuerat :  The  perfect  and  plu- 
perfect of  certain  inchoative  verbs 
are  used  as  present  and  imperfect 
respectively.     G.  228,  R.  233,  R. 

6  Imperat  :  Historical  present, 
226,  393.  Very  common  in  Latin, 
to  be  avoided*  in  English.  G. 
2-20. 

7  Quam  plurimas  naves :  Quam, 
with  the  superlative,  is  to  be  ex- 
plained by  the  absorption  of  tarn 
with  the  positive  ;  as,  tarn  multas 
quam  plurimas;  80,  180,  488,  600. 
G.  317,  R. 

8  Possent :  Oratio  Recta,  poteritis, 
114,  369.     G.  516. 


9  Hieme  :  Time  when  is  put  in  the 
ablative,  136.     G.  392. 

10  Naves  aedificandas :  The  accu- 
sative of  the  gerundive  is  used  as 
the  object  to  be  effected,  as  304, 
695  (Factitive  predicate).     G.  431. 

11  Curarent :  The  historical  pres- 
ent has  its  sequences  according  to  its 
tense  or  its  sense,  often  both  in  the 
same  sentence.  See  38,  182,  563, 
623,  702,  705.     G.  511,  R.  1. 

J2  Formamque  :  -que  completes  or 
extends,  as  in  232,  326,  498.  G.  478. 

13  Paulo :  Measure  of  difference 
is  put  in  the  ablative,  76,  124,  155, 
200,  212,  625.     G.  400. 

14  Quam  quibus  -  quam  eas  (=eae 
sunt)  quibus.  Correlative  omitted. 
G.  621,  647,  R.  1. 

15  Quibus  uti  consuevimus  :  Utor 
takes  the  ablative,  194,  314.    G.  405. 

16  In  nostro  mari :  The  ablative  of 
the  place  where  takes  the  preposi- 
tion in,  which  has  a  varied  English 
translation.     G.  384. 

17  Atque  id :  Atque  and  et  with  is 
and  other  demonstratives  serve  to 
emphasize;  atque  id = atque  id  fecit. 
So  atque  hie,  225, 244,  280.  G  293, 
R.  2. 


78 


LATIN-   READEK. 


quod18  propter  crebras  commutationes  aestnum  minus  magnos 
ibi  fluctus  fieri  cognoverat:19  ad  onera  et  ad  multitudinem  ju- 
mentorum  transportandam20  paulo  latiores  quam  quibus  in  re- 
liquis  utimur  maribus.  Has  omnes  actuarias  imperat  fieri/1 
quam  ad  rem  multum  bumilitas  adjuvat.  Ea  quae  sunt  usui22 
ad  armandas  naves  ex  Hispania  apportari  jubet.  Ipse  conven- 
tibus  Galliae  citerioris  peractis  in  Illyricum  proficiscitur,  quod 
a  Pirustis  finitimam  partem  provinciae  incursionibus  vastari 
audiebat.  Eo  cum  yenisset,23  civitatibus  milites  imperat24  cer- 
tumque  in  locum  convenire  jubet.  Qua  re  nuntiata  Pirustae 
legatos  ad  eum25  mittunt  qui  doceant26  nihil  earum  rerum  pu- 
blico factum  consilio,27  seseque  paratos  esse  demon strant  omnibus 
rationibus  de  injuriis  satisfacere.28  Percepta  oratione  eorum 
Caesar  obsides  imperat  eosque  ad  certain  diem  adcluci  jubet; 
nisi  ita  fecerint,29  sese  bello  civitatem  persecuturum  demonstrat. 
His  ad  diem  adductis  ut  imperaverat,  arbitros  inter  civitates 
dat  qui  litem  aestiment30  paenamque  constituant. 


18  Quod-cognoverat :  The  causal 
particles  quod,  quia,  and  quoniam 
take  the  indicative  except  in  indi- 
rect discourse  :  287,  350,  599.  G. 
539. 

19  Fieri-cognoverat  :  Verbs  of 
knowing  and  showing  take  the  ac- 
cusative and  infinitive.     G.  527. 

20  Ad  multitudinem  transportan- 
dam :  Ad,  with  gerund  or  gerundive, 
denotes  adaptation.  G.  433.  Hence, 
by  inference,  design,  126.  The  ge- 
rundive form  is  the  rule  with  prepo- 
sitions when  the  verb  is  active  trans- 
itive.    G.  428. 

21  Imperat  fieri :  Imperare  takes 
ut  with  subjunctive  ;  it  may  take  a 
passive  infinitive,  127,  472.  G.  532, 
R.  1. 

22  Usui :  The  dative  of  the  object 
for  which  is  used  after  such  verbs 
as  esse,  to  be,  relinquere,  to  leave, 
mittere,  to  send,  158, 186,  224,  365, 
376,  552.     G  350. 

23  Cum  venisset :  Cum,  in  narra- 
tive, takes  the  imperfect  subjunc- 
tive of  contemporaneous,  the  plu- 
perfect subjunctive  of  prior  action. 


It  is  often  to  be  translated  by  the 
English  participle.     G.  586. 

24  Civitatibus  milites  imperat : 
Imperare,  in  the  sense  of  impose, 
levy,  takes  an  accusative  in  addition 
to  the  dative,  267.     G.  346. 

25  Ad  eum  mittunt :  Motion  to  a 
person  is  expressed  by  ad  and  the 
accusative,  626.     G.  344,  R.  1. 

26  Qui  doceant :  Qui  =  ut  is,  of 
purpose,  takes  the  subjunctive,  30, 
152,  172,  630.  G.  632.  On  the 
tense,  12. 

27  Publico  consilio :  Ablative  of 
manner  (sometimes  hardly  to  be  dis- 
tinguished from  means),  243.  G. 
401.  R. 

28  Paratos  satisfacere  :  Paratus, 
ready,  like  parare,  takes  the  infini- 
tive. G.  424.  In  the  sense  of  fur- 
nished, equipped,  ad,  with  the  ger- 
und, is  more  usual,  87. 

29  Nisi  ita  fecerint  :  Perfect  sub- 
junctive in  O.  O.  representing  future 
perfect  indicative  in  0.  R.  G.  600, 
10. 

30  Qui  aestiment,  like  qui  doceant, 
26.     G.  032. 


DE   BELLO    GALLICO. 


79 


II.  His  confectis  rebus31  conventibusque  peractis  in  citeriorem 
Gulliam  revertitur  atque  inde  ad  exercitum  proficiscitar.  Eo 
cum  venisset,  circnitis  omnibus  hiberois,  singulari  militum 
studio  in  summa  omnium  rerum  inopia32  circiter  DC  ejus  generis 
cujus"  supra  demonstravimus  naves  et  longas  xxviii  invenit 
instructas,  neque  multum  abesse  ab  eo  quin34  paucis  diebus38 
deduci  possint.  Collaudatis  militibus  atque  iis  qui  negotio8- 
praefueraut,"  quid  fieri  velit38  ostendit,  atque  omnes  ad  portum 
Itium39  convenire  jubet,  quo  ex  portu40  commodissimum  in 
Britanniam  trajectum  esse  cognoverat,  circiter  milium  pas- 
snum41  xxx  a  continenti.42  Huic  rei43  quod  satis  esse  visum 
est  militum44  reliquit:  ipse45  cum  legionibus  expeditis  iv  et 
equitibus    dccc    in    fines    Trevirorum    proficiscitur,46    quod 


II.  31  His  confectis  rebus :  Instead 
of  tlie  neuter  adjective,  the  word  res 
is  frequently  used,  especially  in 
forms  which  are  identical  for  differ- 
ent genders,  43,  245,  453,  609.  G. 
195,  R.  4. 

32  In  summa  rerum  inopia,  in  the 
midst  of,  in  spite  of.  Res  is  often 
superfluous  in  English. 

33  Cujus  supra  demonstravimus : 
Cujus  sc.  generis  naves. 

34  Neque  multum  abesse  ab  eo 
quin:  Abesse  is  impersonal,  ab  eo 
commonly  omitted :  the  use  of  it  is 
characteristic  of  Caesar's  circum- 
stantial style.  This  combination 
commonly  takes  ut ;  here  ab  eo  has 
no  effect  on  the  construction.  G. 
551,  1. 

35  Paucis  diebus :  Time  within 
which  is  put  in  the  ablative  with  or 
without  in.     G.  392. 

36  Negotio  praefuerunt :  Many 
verbs  compounded  with  prepositions 
take  the  dative,  especially  in  moral 
relations,  prae-  275,  sub-  452,  545  ; 
transitive  verbs  take  an  accusative 
besides,  306,  567,  640.     G.  346. 

37  Praefuerant :  The  pluperfect  of 
an  action  that  is  over,  313,  448.  G. 
233.  Notice  also  the  Latin  tendency 
to  use  a  relative  periphrasis,  on  ac- 
count of  its  exactness.     G.  626,  R. 

38  Quid  fieri  velit :  The  dependent 


interrogative  is  put  in  the  subjunc- 
tive, 55,  74.  G.  469.  On  the  tense, 
see  12. 

39  Ad  portum  Itium:  Names  of 
towns  are  put  in  the  accusative  of 
the  place  whitlier,  but  when  a  com- 
mon noun,  such  as  urbs,  oppidum, 
portus,  precedes,  in  or  ad  must  be 
prefixed,  85.     G.  410,  R.  2. 

40  Quo  ex  portu :  The  antecedent 
of  the  relative  is  often  repeated  in 
the  relative  clause  with  the  relative 
as  its  attributive.  Especially  char- 
acteristic of  Caesar's  exactness, 
192,  203,  241,  629.     G.  617. 

41  Milium  passuum  :  Passuum  de- 
pends on  milium.  Mille,  in  the  sin- 
gular, is  an  indeclinable  adjective, 
and  seldom  used  as  a  substantive  ; 
in  the  plural  it  is  a  substantive,  and 
must  have  the  genitive,  248.  G. 
308. 

43  A  continenti :  The  place  from 
which  distance  is  measured  regular- 
ly has  ab  (a),  269.     G.  411,  R.  1. 

43  Huic  rei:  31.     G.  195,  R.  4. 

44  Satis — militum  :  Partitive  geni- 
tive, 112,  171,  281,  484,  636.     G. 

371. 

45  Ipse — proficiscitur :  The  general 
— sets  out.  Ipse,  the  distinctive  pro- 
noun, is  often  used  to  contrast,  135 
632.     G.  297,  R  1. 

46  Proficiscitur  :   A  singular  sub- 


V   0* 


80 


LATIN"   READER. 


hi47  neque  ad  concilia  veniebant,  neqne  imperio  parebant,"  Ger- 
man osque  Transrhenanos  sollicitare  dicebantur. 

III.  Haec  civitas  longe  plnrinmm  totius  Galliae49  equitatu5' 
valet  magnasque  habet  copias  peditum,  Kheimmque,  ut  supra 
demonstravimus,  tangifc.  In  ea  civitate  duo  de  principatu  inter 
se51  con tendebant,  Indutiomarus  et  Cingetorix,  e52  quibus  alter, 
simul  atque  de  Caesaris  legion umqne  adventn  cognitum  est,53 
ad  eum  venit;  se  suosque  omnes  in  officio  futuros  neque  ab 
amicitia  populi  Romani54  defecturos  confirmavit,  quaeque  in 
Treviris  gererentur65  ostendit.  At56  Indutiomarus  equitatum 
peditatumque  cogere,"  iisque  qui  per  aetatem  in  armis  esse  non 
poterant  in  silvam  Arduennam  abditis,  quae  ingenti  magni- 
tudine58  per  medios  fines59  Trevirorum  a  flu  mine  Rheno  ad  ini- 
tium  Remorum  pertinet,  bellum  parare  instituit.  Sed  postea- 
quam60   nonnulli   principes    ex   ea   civitate,61  et   familiaritate 


ject  combined  witli  another  word  by 
cum  is  treated  sometimes  as  a  sin- 
gular, sometimes  as  a  plural.  Here 
the  general  is,  of  course,  the  main 
personage.  So  everywhere  in  this 
book,  86,  134.     G.  281,  R.  2. 

47  Hi :  the  latter.     G.  290. 

48  Neque — veniebant  neque  pare- 
bant :  The  negative  imperfect  de- 
notes resistance  to  pressure,  some- 
times would  not,  sometimes  could 
not,  204.  528.     G.  224. 

III. 49  Totius  Galliae = totius  Gal- 
liae populorum.  Otherwise  when 
singulars  are  employed,  it  is  more 
common  to  use  ex  or  de  with  the 
ablative  than  the  partitive  genitive. 
G.  371,  R.  5. 

50  Equitatu  :  Ablative  of  respect 
(measure),  199,  553.     G.  398. 

61  Inter  se:  This  is  the  Latin  re- 
ciprocal, one  another,  474.     G.  212. 

62  E  quibus:  Ex  (e)  wich  the  ab- 
lative is  more  common  than  the  par- 
titive genitive  after  numerals  and 
the  like.  Caesah  uses  the  combina- 
tion frequently  and  freely,  90,  207, 
289,  386,  583",  615,  682.  (J.  371, 11.  5. 

53  Simul  atque — cognitum  est:  In 
historical  narrative  temporal  clauses 
with  simul  atque,  postquam,  and  the 


like,  commonly  take  the  historical 
perfect  (or  historical  present)  indic- 
ative. We  often  translate  by  a  plu- 
perfect, 60,  149,  404,  698.     G.  563. 

54  Amicitia  populi  Romani :  Ob- 
jective genitive.     G.  361. 

56  Gererentur,  indirect  question, 
38.     G.  469. 

66  At  Indutiomarus  :  At  is  used  in 
startling  transitions,  125,  645.  G. 
490. 

67  Cogere  :  Historical  infinitive. 
The  historical  infinitive  is  used  in 
lively  descriptions ;  it  takes  the 
place  of  the  imperfect,  and  gives 
the  outlines,  not  the  details,  110, 
409.     G.  650. 

68  Ingenti  magnitudine :  An  at- 
tributive ablative  which  is  taken  up 
into  the  relative  clause  ;  the  forest 
of  Arden,  a  forest  of  vast  extent, 
which,  etc.,  or  ablative  of  manner  to 
pertinet.     G.  618. 

69  Per  medios  fines:  Adjectives 
denoting  position  are  often  used 
partitively,  298,  397,  606.  G.  287,  R. 

60  Posteaquam  venerunt :  On  the 
tense,  see  53.  Temporal  conjunc- 
tions are  often  used  with  an  intima- 
tion of  cause,  102.     G.  538,  R. 

61  Ex  ea  civitate:  Ablative  with 


DE    BELLO   GALLICO. 


81 


Ciugetorigis  adducti"  et  adventu  nostri  exercitus  perterriti,  ad 
Caesarem  venerunt  et  de  snis  privatim  rebus  ab  eo  petere 
coeperunt,  qnoniam63  civitati64  consulere  non  possent,  Indutio- 
marus  veritus65  ne  ab  omnibus  desereretur66  legates  ad  Caesa- 
rem  mittit:  sese  idcirco  ab  suis  discedere  atque  ad  eum  venire 
noluisse,  quo  facilius67  civitatem  in  officio  contineret,  ne  omnia 
nobilitatis  discessu  plebs  propter  imprudentiam68  laberetur 
itaque  esse  civitatem  in  sua  potestate,  seque,  si  Caesar  permit- 
teret,6"9  ad  eum  in  castra70  venturum,  suas71  civitatisque  fortunas 
ejus  fidei  permissurum. 

IV.  Caesar,  etsi  intellegebat72  qua  de  causa73  ea  dicerentur, 
qnaeque  eum  res  ab  instituto  consilio  deterreret,74  tamen,  ne 
aestatem  in  Treviris  consumere  cogeretur  omnibus  ad  Britan- 
nicum  bellum  rebus75  comparatis,  Indutiomarum  ad  se  cum 
ducentis  obsidibus  venire  jussit.  His  adductis,  in  iis  filio  pro- 
pinquisque  ejus  omnibus,  quos  nominatim  evocaverat,  conso- 
latus  Indutiomarum  bortatusque  est  uti  in  officio  permaneret : 


ex  instead  of  a  partitive  genitive. 
See  49.     G.  371,  R.  5. 

62  Familiaritate  adducti  :  The 
moving  cause  is  often  expressed  by 
a  participle  with  the  ablative,  such 
as  adductus,  permotus,  189,  454. 
G.  407,  R. 

63  Quoniam — non  possent :  0.  0. 
"What  they  said  or  thought  was : 
Quoniam  non  possumus,  174.  G. 
541. 

64  Civitati  consulere  :  Consulere, 
with  accusative,  to  consult ;  with  the 
dative,  to  study,  forward,  the  interest 
of,  352.     G.  347. 

66  Veritus.  The  perfect  participle 
is  often  used  where  we  should  em- 
ploy a  present,  123,  138,  157,  318, 
539,  572.     G.  278,  R. 

66  Ne  desereretur  :  Verbs  of  fear- 
ing take  the  subjunctive  with  ne 
when  the  positive  is  feared,  with  ut 
(ne  non)  when  the  negative  is  feared, 
574.  The  present  subjunctive  rep- 
resents the  present  and  future  in- 
dicative. Transferred  to  the  past, 
the  present  subjunctive  becomes  im- 
perfect.    G.  552. 


67  Quo  facilius  contineret:  Quo 
is  a  favorite  final  conjunction  with 
comparatives.     G.  545. 

68  Propter,  by  reason  of:  Moving 
cause.     G.  407,  R.  1. 

69  Si  Caesar  permitteret :  O.  R., 
Si  Caesar  permittet.     G.  660,  3. 

70  Ad  eum  in  castra :  Motion  to- 
ward embraces  all  the  local  designa- 
tions. To  him  in  the  camp=into  the 
camp  to  him,  240,  479.  G.  410, 
R.  5. 

71  Sua-se-eum-suas-ejus  :  Observe 
the  use  of  determinative  and  reflex- 
ive.    G.  522. 

IV.  72  Etsi  intellegebat  :  Etsi 
{even  if),  although,  more  commonly 
takes  the  indicative  (logical  condi- 
tion), 183,  359,  416,  580,  601.  G. 
606. 

73  Qua  de  causa  :  Monosyllabic 
prepositions  are  frequently  put  be- 
tween adjectives  and  substantives, 
150,  227,  253.     G.  680,  R.  2. 

74  Dicerentur  —  deterreret  :  De« 
pendent  interrogative,  38.     G.  469. 

75  Omnibus  rebus  :  31.  G.  195 
R.  3. 


82  LATIK   READER. 

nihilo16  tamen  setins  principibns  Trevirorum  ad  se  convocatis," 
bos  singillatim  Cingetorigi  conciliavit:  quod  cum  merito  ejus 
ab  se  fieri  intellegebat,78  turn  magni  interesse79  arbitrabatur  ejus 
auctoritatem  inter  suos  quam  plurimnm80  yalere,  civjus  tain 
egregiam  in  se  voluutatem  perspexisset.81  Id  tnlifc  factum  gra- 
viter  Indutiomarus  suam  gratiam  inter  suos  minui  ;82  et  qui  jam 
ante  inimico  in  nos  animo  fuisset,83  multo  gravius  boc  dolore84 
exarsit. 

V.  His  rebus  constitutes  Caesar  ad  portum  Itium85  cum  le- 
gionibus  pervenit.86  Ibi  cognoscit  lx  naves  quae  in  Meldis 
factae  erant  tempestate  rejectas  cursum  tenere  non  potuisse 
atque  eodem  unde  erant  profectae  revertisse :  reliquas  paratas 
.ad  navigandum87  atque  omnibus  rebus  instructas  invenit. 
Eodem  equitatus  totius  Galliae  convenit  numero88  milium89  iv 
principesque  ex  omnibus  civitatibus :  ex  quibns90  perpaucos, 
quorum  in  se  fidem  perspexerat,  relinquere  in  Gallia,  reliquos 
obsidum  loco91  secum  ducere  deereverat,  quod,  cum  ipse  abes- 
set,92  motum  Galliae  verebatur. 

VI.  Erat  una  cum  ceteris  Dumnorix  Aeduus,  de  quo  ante  ab 

78  Nihilo:  13.     G.  400.  be  regarded  as  verbs  of  saying  and 
"  Principibus  convocatis  :    As  a    thinking,  667.     G.  533. 

rule,  the  ablative  absolute  does  not  83  Qui  fuisset :  Here  qui=cum  is 

stand  when  it  is  identical  with  the  of  contrast,  whereas.     G.  637. 

subject,  object,  or  dependent  case  of  84  Hoc   dolore  ==  hujus  rei  dolore, 

the  verb.    Exceptions  occur,  as  here,  255.     G.  357,  R.  2. 

for  the  sake  of  clearness  or  liveli-  V. 85  Ad  portum  Itium:   39.     G. 

ness,  541.     G.  409,  R.  3.  410,  R.  2. 

76  Cum    intellegebat,    turn    arbi-  86  Caesar  cum  legionibus  perve- 

trabatur  :     Cum,     not     only — turn,  nit:  46.     G.  281,  R.  2. 

out   also  and    especially,   665.      G.  "  Paratas  ad  navigandum  :   Ad, 
580.                                                               *with   accusative   after  an  adjective 

79  Magni  interesse :  Interest  may  signifying  fitness.  Comp.  28.  G. 
take  the  genitive  of  value  of  the  de-  35(5,  R.  3. 

gree  of  concern,  the  accusative  and  88  Numero  :  Pleonastic.     G.  692. 

infinitive  of  the  object  of  concern.  8a  Milium  depends  on  equitatus : 

G.  382.  Genitivus  generis.     G.  367,  R. 

80  Quam  plurimum :  7.  G.  317,  "Ex  quibus :  52.  G.  371,  R. 
R.  5. 

81  Cujus  —  perspexisset:  Qui  =  ul  Obsidum  loco:  Loco,  used 
cum  is  takes  the  subjunctive,  131,  metaphorical] v,  generally  omits  in, 
575.     G.  636.  339.    G.  385,  R. 

ba  Tulit  graviter  suam  gratiam  *-  Cum  abesset :  O.  R.  cum  abero, 
minui  :  Verbs  of  emotion  take  the  as  verebatur  involves  a  future  no 
accusative  and  infinitive  as  they  may    tion.     G.  515,  R.  3. 


DE   BELLO   OALLICO. 


83 


nobis  dictum  est.  Hunc  secum  habere  in  primis  constituerat, 
quod  eum  cupidum  rerum  novarum,93  cupidum  imperii,  magni 
animi,  magnae  inter  Gallos  auctoritatis  cognoverat.  Accedebat 
hue,"'  quod  in  concilio  Aeduorum  Dumnorix  dixerat  sibi  a 
Caesare  regnum  civitatis  def'erri;  quod  dictum  Aedui  graviter 
ferebant,  neque95  recusandi  aut  deprecandi  causa96  legatos  ad 
Caesarem  mittere  audebant.  Id  factum  ex  suis  hospitibus 
Caesar  cognoverat.  Ille  omnibus  primo97  precibus  petere  con- 
tendit  ut  in  Gallia  relinqueretur,  partim  quod  insuetus98  navi- 
gandi"  mare  timeret,100  partim  quod  religionibus101  impediri 
sese  diceret.  Posteaquam  id  obstinate  sibi  negari  vidit,102  omni 
spe  impetrandi103  adempta,  principes  Galliae  sollicitare,  sevocare 
singulos  hortarique  coepit  uti  in  continenti  remanerent;  metu 
territare,  non  sine  causa104  fieri  ut105  Gallia  omni  nobilitate108 
spoliaretur:  id  esse  consilium107  Caesaris,  ut  quos  in  conspectu 
Galliae  interficere  vereretur108  bos  omnes  in  Britanniam  trans- 


VI. 93  Cupidum  rerum  novarum  : 
Genitive  after  an  adjective  of  desire. 
G.  373. 

94  Accedebat  hue  quod :  To  this 
was  added  (as  a  cause)  the  fact  that 
(The  addition  of  hue  is  quite  in 
Caesar's  style.  Comp.  ab  eo,  c.  ii., 
34.)  The  other  construction  is  ut, 
231.     Comp.  419.     G.  525,  R.  3. 

95  Neque,  and  yet — not,  142.  G. 
482,  R.  4. 

96  Recusandi  aut  deprecandi 
cau3a :  The  genitive  of  gerund  or 
gerundive  with  causa  is  a  very  com- 
mon way  of  expressing  design,  252, 
272.     G.  429,  R.  2. 

97  Primo,  at  first ;  primum,  first ; 
primus,  the  first  (was  he).  G.  324, 
R.7. 

98  Insuetus  navigandi  :  Genitive 
after  an  adjective  of  ignorance.  G. 
373. 

99  Navigandi :  The  gerund  or  ge- 
rundive is  used  after  adjectives  that 
require  a  complement.     G.  429. 

100  partim  quod  timeret  (indirect 
discourse) :  Partim  quod  impediri 
diceret = quod  (ut  dicebat)  impedi- 
retur.  Verbs  of  saying  and  thinking 
are    put    in    the   subjunctive   with 


quod  by  a  kind  of  attraction.     G. 
541,  R.  2. 

101  Religionibus :  By  religious  scru- 
ples. Pluralizing  abstracts  makes 
them  concrete.     G.  195,  R.  5. 

102  Posteaquam  vidit :  Causation 
implied,  c.  iii.,  60.     G.  538,  R. 

103  Spe  impetrandi:  The  gerund 
or  gerundive  is  frequently  used  with 
abstracts  as  a  complement.     G.  4^9. 

104  Non  sine  causa  :  For  the  best  of 
reasons.  Litotes  (understatement, 
simple  statement,  Quietism)  is  a  fa- 
vorite figure  in  the  classic  languages, 
280,  360,  418,  569.     G.  448,  R.  2. 

105  Fieri  ut :  A  common  consecu- 
tive combination,  often  to  be  left 
untranslated.     G.  558. 

106  Nobilitate  spoliaretur:  Abla- 
tive after  a  verb  of  depriving,  616. 
G.  389. 

107  Id  esse  consilium,  etc.  Let  the 
pupil  study  in  his  grammar  the  lead- 
ing principles  of  indirect  discourse. 
G.  651. 

108  Interficere  vereretur  :  Verbs 
of  fearing  with  the  infinitive  are 
verbs  of  will.  lie  fears  to  kill —He 
is  unwilling  to  kill  from  fear.  G. 
552,  R.  1. 


84 


LATIN"   READER. 


ductos  necaret:109  fid  em  reliqnis  interponere,  jusjurandum  pos- 
cere,110  ut  quod  esse  ex  usu  Galliae  intellexissent  communi  con- 
si  Ho  administrarent.  Haec  a  compluribus  ad  Caesarem  defere- 
bantnr. 

VII.  Qua  re  cognita111  Caesar,  quod  tantum  civitati  Aeduae 
dignitatis112  tribiiebat,  coercendum113  atque  deterrendum  quibus- 
cumque  rebus  posset114  Dumnorigem  statuebat;  quod116  longi- 
us116  ejus  amentiam  progredi117  videbat,  prospiciendum  nene 
quid119-120  sibi121  ac  rei  publicae  nocere  posset.  Itaque  dies  cir- 
citer  xxv122  in  eo  loco  commoratus,128  quod  Corns  vent  us  naviga- 
tionem  impediebat,  qui  magnam  partem  omnis  temporis  in  his 
locis  flare  consuevit,  dabat  operam  ut  in  officio  Dumnorigem 
contineret,  nihilo124  tamen  setius  omnia  ejus  consilia  cognosce- 
ret:  tandem  idoneam  nactus  tempestatem  milites  equitesque 
conscendere  in  naves  jubet.  At125  omnium  impeditis  animis 
Dumnorix  cum  equitibus  Aeduorum  acastris  insciente  Caesare 
domum  discedere  coepit.  Qua  re  nuntiata  Caesar  intermissa 
profectione  atque  omnibus  rebus  postpositis  magnam  partem 


we  Transductos  necaret  :  Take 
across  and  kill,  take  across  to  kill. 
Participles  are  always  subordinate, 
though  often  conveniently  trans- 
lated as  co-ordinates,  276,  322,  586, 
590.    G.  667,  R.  1. 

110  Interponere  poscere.  Histori- 
cal infinitive,  c.  iii.,  57.  G.  650. 

VII.  ni  Qua  re  cognita:  In  Latin 
the  relative  is  more  freely  used  than 
in  English,  294.     G.  612. 

112  Tantum  dignitatis  :  Partitive 
genitive,  c.  ii.,  44.     G.  371. 

11:1  Coercendum  sc  esse  :  Esse  is 
often  omitted  with  participles  and 
participial  forms,  190.     G.  200. 

114  Posset :  0.  R.  potero,  c.  i.,  8. 
G.  516. 

115  Quod,  but  because  :  Asyndeton. 
G.  493,  R, 

116  Longius  sc.  quam  par  erat : 
When  the  standard  of  comparison 
is  omitted,  it  is  often  to  be  supplied 
by  the  proper  or  usual  standard, 
par,  or  the  like,  137,  223,  251,  296, 
302,  549.     G.  312,  2. 

117  Progredi,  that  it  was  advancing; 


progredientem,  advancing.  Actual 
perception  takes  the  participle,  in- 
tellectual perception  the  infinitive. 
The  difference  is  often  effaced,  nec- 
essarily in  the  passive.  G.  527,  R.  1. 
1Ie  Ne  quid  nocere  posset :  In  a 
final  sentence  ;  ut  nihil  in  a  con- 
secutive, 347,  505,  691.     G.  543,  4. 

119  Quid  is  the  accusative  of  the 
inner  object.     G.  331,  R.  2. 

120  Quid,  any  ;  aliquid,  some ; 
quidquam,  any  at  all.     G.  802. 

121  Sibi  ac  rei  publicae :  In  a  de- 
pendent final  sentence  the  reflexive 
may  refer  to  the  subject  of  the  lead- 
ing clause.     G.  521. 

122  Dies  xxv. :  Time  how  long  is 
put  in  the  accusative.     G.  337. 

123  Commoratus :  The  perfect  par- 
ticiple, especially  of  deponents,  is 
often  used  where  we  should  expect 
the  present,  c.  iii.,  65.  G.  278,  R. 
In  this  passage  the  perfect  (aorist) 
is  suggested  by  the  definite  date. 
G.  224!  R.  2. 

124  Nihilo  :  C.  i.,  13.     G.  400. 

125  At:  C.  iii.,  56.     G.  490. 


DE   BELLO   GALLICO. 


85 


eqnitatus  ad  eum  insequendum128  mittit  retrahique127  imperat: 
si  vim  faciat1"  neque129  pareat,  interfici  jubet,  nihil  hnnc  se  ab- 
senfce  pro  sano  factum m  arbitratus130  qui  praesentis  imperium 
neglexisset.181  Ille  enim132  revocatus  resistere  ac  se  mann  de- 
fendere  suorunique  fidem  implorare  coepit,  saepe  clamirans 
liberum  se  liheraeque  esse  civitatis.  Illi,  ut  erat  imperatum,133 
circumsistunt  hominem  atque  interficiunt;  at  equites  Aedui  ad 
Caesarem  omnes  revertuntur. 

VIII.  His  rebus  gestis,  Labieno  in  continente  cum  tribus 
legionibus  et  equitum  milibus  duobus  relicto,134  ut  portus  tuere- 
tnr  et  rei  frumentariae  provideret  qnaeque  in  Gallia  gererentur 
cognosceret.  consiliumque  pro  tempore  et  pro  re  caperet,  ipse135 
cum  quinque  legionibus  et  pari  nnmero  equitum  quern  in  con- 
tinenti  relinquebat  solis  occasu  naves  solvit,  et  leni  Africo  pro- 
vectus  media  circiter  nocte136  vento  intermisso  cursum  non 
tenuit,  et  longius137  delatus  aestu  orta  luce  sub  sinistra  Briran- 
niam  relictam  conspexit.  Turn  rursus  aestus  commutationem 
secutus138  remis  contendit  ut  earn  partem  insulae  caperet,  qua 
optimum  esse  egressum  superiore  aestate  cognoverat.  Qua  in 
re  admodum  fuit  mil i turn  virtus  laudanda,  qui139  vectoriis 
gravibusque  navigiis  non  intermisso  remigandi  labore  longarum 
n avium  cursum  adaequarunt.140    Accessum  est141  ad  Britanniam 


C.     1., 


a 


128  Ad   eum  insequendum : 
20.     G.  433. 

m  Retrahi  imperat :  c.  i.,  21. 
532,  R  1. 

128  Si  vim  faciat :  0.  R.  si  vim  fa- 
ciet  or  faciat.     G.  598,  R.  3. 

129  Neque  pareat :  Neque  (nee)  is 
in  regular  use  for  and  not.     G.  482. 

130  Arbitratus  :  See  123.  G.  278, 
R. 

131  Qui  neglexisset — cum  negle- 
xisset, c.  iv.,  81.     G.  630. 

132  Ille  enim  resistere  coepit  : 
Enim  (postpositive)  serves  to  intro- 
duce an  explanation, illustration, con- 
firmation. (And  well  might  Caesar 
have  expected  some  such  crack- 
brained  proceeding)  for  — ;  and 
indeed  he  did  begin  to  offer  resistance. 
G.  500. 

1S3  Ut  erat  imperatum  sc.  iis.     As 


they  ho.d  been  ordered  to  do.  The 
impersonal  construction  is  necessary 
with  the  passive  of  all  verbs  that  do 
not  take  the  accusative.     G.  208. 

VIII.  13i  Labieno  relicto:  C.  ii., 
46.     G.  281,  R.  2. 

135  Ipse :  C.  ii.,  45.     G.  297,  R.  1. 

136  Media  nocte :  C.  i.,  9. 

137  Longius:  C.  vii.,  116. 
R.  2. 

138  Secutus  :  C.  vii.,  123. 
R. 

129  Qui      adaequarunt : 
enim  is  often  nearly  =  quod. 

140  Cursum  adaequarunt:  aequare 
and  adaequare  in  the  sense  of  come 
up  to  take  the  accusative.  G.  345, 
R.  1. 

141  Accessum  est:  Impersonal? are 
freelv  made  from  passives,  323,  384, 
392,  675.     G.  199,  R.  1. 


G.  3P2. 
G.  312, 

G.  278, 

Qui = is 

G.  027. 


86 


LATIN-   READER. 


omnibus  navibus  meridiano  fere  tempore;  neque1"  in  eo  loco 
hostis  est  visus,  seel,  ut  postea  Caesar  ex  captivis  cognovit,  cum 
magnae  manus  eo  convenissent,  multitudiue  navium  perterritae, 
quae  cum  annotinis  privafcisque,  quas  sui  quisque143  commodi144 
fecerat,  amplius145  octingentae148  uno  erant  visae  tempore,  a 
litore  discesserant  ac  se  in  superiora  loca  abdiderant. 

IX.  Caesar  exposito  exercitu'47  et  loco  castris148  idoneo  cap  to, 
ubi  ex  captivis  cognovit140  quo  in  loco160  hostium  copiae  conse- 
dissent,1"  cohortibus  x  ad  mare  relictis  et  equitibus  ccc  qui159 
praesidio  navibus153  essent,  de  tertia  vigilia154  ad  liostes  con- 
tends, eo  minus155  veritus  navibus156'157  quod  in  litore  molli 
atque  aperto  deligatas  ad  ancoram  relinquebat,  et  praesidio 
navibus158  Quintnm  Atrium  praefecit.  Ipse  noctu  progressus 
milia  passuum  circiter  xn159  hostium  copias  conspicatus  est. 
Uli  equitatu160  atque  essedis  ad  flumen  progressi  ex  loco  supe- 
riore  nostros  prohibere  et  proelium  committere  coeperuut. 
Eepulsi  ab  equitatu  se  in  silvas  abdiderunt  locum  nacti  egreo-ie 


142  Neque,  and  yet  not,  c.  vi.,  95. 
G.  482,  R.  4. 

M  Sui  quisque  :  The  reflexive 
forms  are  usually  put  immediately 
before  quisque,  399.     G.  305,  R.  1. 

144  Commodi  is  the  predicative 
genitive  of  characteristic  ;  which 
each  one  had  (had)  made  as  a  matter 
of  personal  (sui)  convenience.  G. 
429,  R.  2. 

145  Quae  amplius  o.  visae  erant  : 
When  all  are  embraced  there  is  no 
partition.  We  say,  of  which,  487. 
G.  368,  R.  2. 

146  Amplius  octingentae :  Quam  is 
often  omitted  after  plus,  amplius, 
minus,  and  the  like,  without  affect- 
ing the  construction,  516,  644.  G. 
311,  R.  4. 

IX.  147  Exposito  exercitu:  Abla- 
tive absolute,  active  translation.  G. 
409. 

'*'*  Castris  idoneo  :  Adjectives  of 
fitness  take  the  dative.     G.  356. 

;4'J  Ubi  cognovit:  C.  iii.,  53.  G.  5(53. 

150  Quo  in  loco:  C.  iv.,  73.  G. 
680,  R.  2. 

161  Consedissent :  Pluperfect  sub- 


junctive representing  completed  ac- 
tion after  an  historical  tense.  G.  511. 

152  Qui  essent :    C.  i.,  26.     G.  632. 

is»  praesidio  navibus  :  Double 
dative.     G.  350. 

154  De  tertia  vigilia  :  De  in  desig- 
nations of  time  means  while  yet; 
ichile  it  was  yet  the  third  watch.  G. 
393,  R. 

155  Eo  minus :  C.  i.,  13.     G.  400. 

156  Navibus  veritus  :  The  dative 
with  verbs  of  fearing  is  translated 
for.  This  use  is  more  common  with 
metuere  and  timere  than  with  ve- 
reri.     G.  347. 

i57  Veritus  :  C.  iii.,  65.     G.  278,  R. 

158  praesidio  navibus — praefecit : 
a  slight  stretch  of  the  idiom  (22.  G. 
350.)  Pacio  may,  however,  be  re- 
garded as  causative  of  esse. 

109  Milia  passuum  xii.  Extent  in 
space  is  put  in  the  accusative,  188, 
561,  566.     G.  335. 

190  Equitatu  :  The  ablative  of  at- 
tendance of  a  military  movement 
gem-rally  takes  cum  when  there  is 
no  adjective  ;  here  it  shades  off  into 
the  instrumental.     G.  391. 


DE   BELLO   GALLTCO.  87 

et  natura  et  opere  munitnm,  quern  domestici  belli  ut  videban- 
tur161  causa  jam  ante  praeparaverant ;  nam  crebris  arboribns 
succisis162  omnes  introitus  erant  praeclusi.  Ipsi  ex  silvis1"3 
rari164  propugnabant,  nostrosque  intra  munitiones  ingredi165 
prohibebant.106  At  milites  legion  is  vn  testudine  facta  et  aggere 
ad  munitiones  adjecto  locum  ceperunt  eosque  ex  silvis  expnle- 
runt  paucis  vulneribus  acceptis.  Sed  eos  fugientes  longius 
Caesar  prosequi167  vetuit,  et  quod  loci  naturam  ignorabat,  et 
quod  magna  parte  diei  consumpta  munitioni  castrorum  tempus 
relinqui168  volebat. 

X.  Postridie  ejus  diei109  mane  tripertito  milites  equitesque  in 
expeditionem  misit,  ut  eos  qui  fugerant170  persequerentur.  His 
aliquantum  itineris171  progressis,  cum  jam  extremi  essent  in 
prospectu,  equites  a  Quinto  Atrio  ad  Caesarem  venerunt  qui 
nuntiarent172  superiore  nocte  maxima  coorta  tempestate  prope 
omnes  naves  adflictas  atque  in  litore173  ejectas  esse;  quod  neque 
ancorae  funesque  subsisterent,174* 17b  neque  nautae  gubernato- 
resque  vim  tempestatis  pati  possent ;  itaque  ex  eo  concursu 
navium  magnum  esse  incommodum  acceptum. 

161  Videbantur :  The  personal  con-  genitive  is  to  be  noted  only  on  ac- 
struction  is  often  preferred  in  this  count  of  its  circumstantiality ;  comp. 
verb  and  its  kindred.     G.  528.  c.  ii.,  34. 

162  Crebris  arboribus  succisis:  "°  Qui  fugerant :  Relative  clauses 
Abstract  translation.     G.  667,  R.  2.  in  the  imperfect  and  pluperfect  in- 

163  Ex  silvis  :  Position  from  with-  dicative  often  remain  nnattracted  ; 
in  which,  c.  xxvi.,  328.  G.  388,  R.  partly  for  liveliness,  partly  for  elear- 
2.  ness.      The   imperfect    subjunctive 

164  Rari  :  Predicative  use  of  the  might  otherwise  represent  future  in- 
adjective.     G.  324,  R.  6.  dicative,  the  pluperfect  subjunctive 

165  Ingredi  prohibebant :  Prohi-  the  future  perfect  indicative  ;  comp. 
bere  regularly  takes  the  infinitive  293,  320.     G.  630,  R.  1. 

in  Caesar,  256.     G.  548,  R.  1.  171  Aliquantum  itineris:  C.  ii.,44. 

166  Prohibebant :  Imperfect  of  en-    G.  371. 

deavor.     G.  224.  m  Qui  nuntiarent :  Subjunctive  of 

167  Prosequi  vetuit:   With  jubeo    design,  c.  i.,  26.     G.  632. 

and  veto  the  infinitive  active  (or  de-  173  In  litore  ejectas  :  In  with  the 

ponent)  can  be  used  without  an  in-  ablative  after  a  verb  of  motion  of 

definite  subject,  414.     G.  532,  R.  2.  the  result  of  motion.     G.  413,  R.  I. 

ie*  Tempus  relinqui  volebat :  Ac-  J74  Quod — subsisterent :  The  sub- 

cusative  and  infinitive  after  a  verb  junctive  as  in  O.  0.,  63.     G.  541. 

of  will.     G.  532.  ns  The   imperfect  represents  the 

X.  16tf  Postridie  ejus  diei  :  Postri-  imperfect  indicative  of  the  speakers, 

die  is  to  all  intents  a  noun=postero  being  measured  not  by  nuntiarent 

die,  and  the  construction  with  the  but  by  afflictas.     G.  518. 


88  LATIN"   HEADER. 

XL  His  rebus  cognitis  Caesar  legiones  equitatumque  revocari 
atque  itinere  desistere176  jubet,  ipse  ad  naves  revertitur:  eadem 
fere  quae  ex  nuntiis  litterisque  cognoverat  coram  perspicit,  sic 
ut177  amissis  circiter  XL  navibus178  reliquae  tamen  refici  posse 
magno  negotio  viderentur.  Itaque  ex  legionibus  fabros  deligit 
et  ex  continent!  alios  arcessi  jubet;  Labieno  scribit  ut179  quam 
plurimas180  posset  iis  legionibus,  quae  sunt181  apud  eum,  naves 
instituat.182  Ipse  etsi  res  erat183  multae  operae184  ac  laboris, 
tamen  commodissimum  esse  statuit  omnes  naves  subduci  et 
cum  castris  una  munitione  coujungi.185  In  his  rebus  circiter 
dies  x  consumit,  ne  nocturnis  quidem  temporibus  ad  laborem 
militum  intermissis.  Subductis  navibus  castrisque  egregie 
munitis  easdem  copias  quas  ante  praesidio  navibus186  reliquit: 
ipse  eodem  uncle  redierat  proficiscitur.  Eo  cum  venisset,  ma- 
j ores  jam  undique  in  eum  locum  copiae  Britaunorum  convene- 
rant,  summa  imperii  bellique  admin istrandi  communi  consilio 
permissa  Cassivellauno,  cujus  fines  a  maritimis  civitatibus187 
flu  men  dividit,  quod  appellatur  Tamesis,  a  mari  circiter  milia 
passuum  lxxx.188  Huic  superiore  tempore  cum  reliquis  civi- 
tatibus continentia  bella  intercesserant ;  seel  nostro  adventu 
permoti189  Britanni  hunc  to ti  bello  imperioque  praefeceraiit. 


XI.  176  Itinere  desistere :   Separa-        ie3  Etsi  res  erat :  C.  iv.,  72.      G. 

tive   ablative   without    preposition,  606. 
after  a  verb  of  removal.     G.  888.  1S4  Multae    operae  :     Genitive   of 

171  Sic  ut :  Restrictive  like  ita  ut,  quality  in  the   predicate,   597.     G. 

and  yet.     G.  556,  R.  5.  365. 

178  Amissis  navibus :  The  partici-  lb5  Cum  castris  conjungi  :  Com- 
ple  may  be  used  in  a  concessive  (ad-  pounds  with  con  (con=cum)  com- 
versative  sense).  So  any  adverbial  monly  repeat  the  preposition,  254, 
modifier;  magno  negotio,  with  great  391,  607.     G.  346,  R.  1. 

trouble,  it  is  true.     G.  670.  lt6  Praesidio    navibus  :      Double 

179  Scribit  ut:  Any  verb  used  as  a  dative,  c.  i.,  22.     G.  350. 

verb  of  will  or  desire  may  have  a  )87  A  maritimis  civitatibus :  Corn- 
complementary  final  clause.  G.  pounds  with  dis  (di),  commonly 
5-16.  take  ab   with   ablative,   210.      The 

180  Quam  plurimas :    C.  i.,  7.     G.  dative  is  poetical.     G.  888. 
317,11.  1MS  Milia  lxxx. :  Distance  how  far 

1,1  Quae  sunt  apud  eum  :  Indica-  is  put  in  the  accusative,  c.  ix.,  159. 

tive  because  it  is  an  explanation  of  G.  335,  2. 

the  author's,  642.     Tense  to  match        1BH  Permoti:  The  moving  cause  is 

scribit.     G.  630,  R.  1.  often  expressed  hy  a  participle  with 

m  Posset— instituat  :     C.    i.,    12.  the    ablative,    62,    278.         G.    407 

G.  511,  R.  1.  R.  1. 


DE   BELLO    OALLICO.  89 

X  fl.  Britanniae  pars  interior  ab  iis  incolitur,  quos  natos190  in 
insula  ipsi  memoria  proditum  dicunt;  tnaritima  pars  ab  iis 
qui  praedae  ac  belli  inferendi1*1  causa  ex  Belgio  transierant  qui 
omnes  fere  iis  nominibus  civitatum  appellantur  quibus  orti  ex 
civitatibus192  eo  pervenerunt,  et  belld  illato  ibi  permanserunt 
atque  agros  colere  coeperunt.  Hominum  est  infinita  multitudo 
creberrimaque  aedificia,  fete  Gallicis  consimilia;  pecorum  ma- 
gnus  numerus.  Utuntur  aut193  aere,194  ant  taleis  ferreis  ad  cer- 
tum  pondus  examinatis  pro  nnmmo.  Nascitnr  ibi  plumbum 
album  in  mediterraneis  regionibus,  in  maritimis  ferram,  sed 
ejus  exigua  est  copia :  aere  utuntur  importato.195  Materia 
cuj usque  generis  ut  in  Gallia  est  praeter  fagum  atque  abietem. 
Leporem196  et  gall  in  am  et  anserem197  gustare  fas  non  putant; 
haec  tamen  alunt  animi  voluptatisque  causa.  Loca  sunt  teni- 
peratiora  qnam  in  Gallia  remissioribus  frigoribus.198 

XI  [I.  Insula  natura199  triquetra,  cujus  imum  latus  est  contra 
Galliam.  Hujus  lateris  alter  angulus  qui  est  ad  Cautium,  quo 
fere  omnes  ex  Gallia  naves  appelluntur,  ad  orientem  solem,  in- 
ferior ad  meridiem  spectat.  Hoc  pertinet  circiter  milia  pas- 
su urn  D.  Alteram  vergit  ad  Hispaniam  atque  occidentem  solem, 
qua  ex  parte  est  Hibernia,  dimidio200  minor,  ut  aestimatur, 
qnam  Britannia,  sed  pari  spatio201  transmissus  atque202  ex  Gallia 
est  in  Britanniam.  In  hoc  medio  cursu  est  insula  quae  appel- 
latur  Mona;  complures  praeterea  minores  subjectae  insulae 
existimantur;    de   quibus   insulis203  nonnulli  scripserunt  dies 

XII.  190  Natos    sc.    esse  :    C.    vii.,  (Polysyndeton),  or  omitted  through- 

113.     G.  200.  out  (Asyndeton).     G.  483,  2. 

191  Praedae    ac     belli     inferendi  198  Frigoribus,  cold  seasons:  Plu- 

causa  :  C.  vi.,  96.     G.  372.  ralizing  abstract  nouns  makes  them 

•""  Civitatum  quibus  ex  civitati-  concrete,  301.     G.  195,  R.  5.     Abla- 

bus  :  ('.  ii.,  40.     G.  G17.  tiye  absolute. 

J93  Aut   (aut — aut)   denotes    abso-  XIII.  19M  Natura:  Ablative  of  re- 
lute  exclusion  or  substitution.      G.  spect,  c.  iii.,  50.     G.  398. 
41).-).  200  Dimidio:  C.  i.,  13.     G.  400. 

194  Aere  :  C.  i.,  15.     G.  405.  201  Pari  spatio:  Ablative  of  qual- 

195  Importato  :  Predicative  attri-  ity,  c.  iii.,58.  G.  402.  Transmissus: 
bution.     The  copper  ichich  they  use  Genitive  dependent  on  spatio. 

is  imported.     G.  324.  JU'2  Atque  ex  Gallia :    Adjectives 

196  Leporem    et    gallinam   et   an-  and  adverbs  of  likeness  and  unlike- 
serem  as  articles  of  food  in  the  sin-  ness  may  take  atque,  303.     G.  646. 
gular.     G.  195,  R.  8.  203  De  quibus  insulis  :  C.  ii.,  40. 

197  Et — et  is  inserted  throughout  G.  617. 


90  LATIN    READEK. 

continuos  xxx  sub  bruma  esse  noctem.  Nos  nihil  de  eo  per* 
contationibus  reperiebamus,804  nisi205  certis  ex  aqua  mensuris 
breviores  esse  quam  in  continenti  noctes  videbamus.  Hujus 
est  longitudo  lateris,  ut  fert  illorum  opinio,  dcc  milium.  Ter- 
tium  est  contra  septentriones,  cui  parti  nulla  est  objecta  terra; 
sed  ejus  angulus  lateris  maxime  ad  Germaniam  spectat:  hoc 
milia  passuum  dccc  in  longitudinem  esse  existimatur.  Ita 
omnia  insula  est  in  circuitu  vicies  centum206  milium  passuum. 

XIV.  Ex  his  omnibus207  longe  sunt  humanissimi  qui208  Can- 
tium  incolnnt,  quae  regio209  est  maritima  omnia,  neque  multum 
a  Gallica  differunt  consuetudine.210  Interiores  plerique  fru- 
menta  non  serunt,  sed  lacte211  et  carne  vivunt,  pellibusque  sunt 
vestiti.  Omnesvero  se  Britanni  vitro  inficiunt,  quod  caeruleum 
efficit  colorem,  atque  hoc212  horridiores  sunt  in  pugna  adspectu: 
capilloque  sunt  promisso213  atque  omni  parte  corporis  rasa  praeter 
caput  et  labrum  superius.  Uxores  liabent  deni214  duodenique216 
inter  se  communes,  et  maxime  fratres  cum  fratribus  parentes- 
que  cum  liberis ;  si  qui216  sunt  ex  his  nati,217  eorum  habentur 
liberi,  quo218  primum219  virgo  quaeque  deducta  est. 

XV.  Equites  hostium  essedariique  acriter  proelio  cum  equi- 
tatu220  nostro  in  itinere  conflixerunt,  tamen  ut221  nostri  omnibus 

204  Nihil  reperiebamus :  C.  ii.,  48.  2:3  Capillo  promisso  :  The  de- 
G.  224.  scriptive  ablative   is   necessary  for 

205  Nisi,  only  (all  that  we  know  is  parts  of  the  body.     G.  402,  Ii.  1. 
that).     G.  592,  R.  2.  2J4  Deni   duodenique  :     The   dis- 

206  Vicies  centum  milia  passuum :  tributive  is  used  with  great  exact- 
to  avoid  duo  milia  milia.  ness  in  Latin.     G.  310. 

XIV.  207  Ex  his  omnibus:  C.  iii.,  21°  -que:  And  as  many  as.   G.  497. 

52.     G.  371,  R.  5.  216  Si    qui    sunt    nati— habentur : 

208QuiCantiumincolunt.  The  cor-  Antecedent  iterative  (generic)  action 

relative  is  is  often  omitted,  especial-  has  perfect  indicative  in  one  mem- 

ly  when  it  would  stand  in  the  same  ber,  present  in  the  other,  271.  G.509. 

case  as  the  relative.     (C.  i.,  14.     G.  a"  Ex  his  :  Ex  is  very  common 

621.)  The  inhabitants  of  Kent.  G.62G.  after   participles  of   birth   {not  re- 

209  Quae   regio,   a    region    which,  stricted  to  the  mother).     G.  395. 

The  appositive  of  the  antecedent  is  21B  Quo  =  ad  quos,  the  relative  ad- 

often  incorporated  into  the  relative  verb  for  an  oblique  case  of  the  rela- 

clause,  470.     G.  (518.  tive  with  preposition.     G.  (513,  R.  1. 

■w  A  Gallica  differunt  consuetu-  21J  Primum  :    C.  vi.,  97.      G.  324, 

dine:  C.  xi.,  187.     G.  388.  R.  7 

211  Lacte  vivunt :  Vivo  takes  the  XV.  22°  Cum  equitatu  conflixe- 
ablative  of  means.     G.  405.  runt :  C.  xii.,  185.     (J.  310,  R.  1. 

212  Hoc:  Ablative  of  measure,  c.  221  Ut=4ta  tamen  ut,  restrictive. 
i.,  13.    G.  400.     Thereby  the G.  55G  li.  5. 


DE    BELLO    CJALLICO.  91 

partibus  superiores  fueriut  atque  eos  in  silvas  collesque  com- 
pulerint,222  sed  compluribus  interi'ectis  cnpidius223  insecuti  nori- 
nullos  ex'suis  amiserunt.  At  illi  intermisso  spatio  impruden- 
tibus  nostris  atque  occupatis  in  munitione  castrorura  subito  se 
ex  silvis  ejecerunfc  impetuque  in  eos  facto,  qui  erant  in  statione 
pro  castris  collocati  acriter  pngnaverunt,  dnabusque  missis  sub- 
sidio224  cohortibus  a  Caesare,  atque225  his  primis  legionum  dua- 
rum,  cum  hae  perexiguo  intermisso  loci  spatio  inter  se  constitis- 
bent,  novo  gen  ere  pugnae  perterritis  nostris,  per  raedios  auda- 
cissime  perruperunt,  seque  inde  incolumes  receperunt.  Eo  die 
Quintus  Laberius  Durus  tribunus  militum  interficitur.226  Illi 
pluribus  submissis  cohortibus  repelluntur. 

XVI.  Toto  hoc  in227  genere  pugnae  cum  sub  oculis  omnium 
ac  pro  castris  dimicaretur,  intellectum  est228  nostros  propter 
gravitatem  arm o rum,  quod  neque  insequi  cedentes  possent229 
neque  ab  signis  discedere  auderent,  minus  aptos  esse  ad  hujus 
generis  hostem,  equites  autem  magno  cum  periculo  proelio 
dimicare,  propterea  quod  illi  etiam  consulto  plertimque  cede- 
rent,  et  cum  paulum  ab  legionibus  nostros  removissent,930  ex 
essedis  desilirent  et  pedibus  dispari  proelio  contenderent. 
Equestris  autem  proelii  ratio  et  cedentibus  et  insequentibus 
par  atque  idem  periculum  inferebat.  Accedebat  hue231  ut 
numquam  conferti  sed  rari  magnisque938  interval  lis  proeliaren- 
tur,  stationesque  dispositas  haberent,  atque  alios  alii  deinceps 
exciperent  integrique  et  recentes  defatigatis  succederent. 

XVII.  Postero  die  procul  a  castris  hostes  in  collibus  consti- 

222  Oompulerint:  The  perfect  sub-  the  position,  see  c.  iv.,  73.  G.  680, 
junctive   after   an    historical   tense    R.  2. 

gives  the  final  result  (upshot),  often  "8  Intellectum     e  s  t — n  o  s  t  r  o  s  : 

with   the   negative,  as  c.  liv.,  662.  Forms  compounded  with  esse  regu- 

G.  513.  larly  take  the  impersonal  construc- 

223  Cupidius:  sc.  quam  par  erat,  tion  and  not  the  nominative  and  in- 
e.  vii.,  116.     G.  312.  fiuitive.     G.  528. 

224  Subsidio  :  Dative  of  the  object  229  Quod  possent :  O.  Obliqua.  G. 
for  which,  c.  i.,  22.     G.  350.  541. 

225  Atque  his  primis :  Atque  with  230  Cum  reaiovissent,  desilirent  : 
emphasis,  and  that  the  first  and  In  O.  R.  it  would  be :  cum  remove- 
to;  comp.  c.  L,  17.     G.  293,  R.  2.  rant — desiliebant.     G.  569. 

226  Interficitur,  repelluntur  :  His-  231  Accedebat  hue  ut :  C.  vi.,  94. 
torical   presents,  to   be   avoided   in  G.  525,  R.  3. 

English,  c.  i,  6.     G.  220.  232  Magnisque  :    -que    and  consa 

XVI.  --7  Toto  hoc  in  genere:  On    quently,  c.  i.,  11.     G.  478. 


92  LATIN   READEE. 

terunt,  rarique  se  ostendere  et  lenius  quam  pridie  nostros  eqnites 
proelio  lacessere  coeperunt.  Sed  meridie,  cum  Caesar  pabu- 
landi  causa  tres  legion es  atqne  omnem  equitatum  cum  Gaio 
Trebonio  legato  misisset,  repente  ex  omnibus  partibns  ad  pabu- 
latores  advolaverunt,  sic  nti233  ab  signis  legionibusque  non  ab- 
sisterent. Nostri  acriter  in  eos  impetu  facto234  reppulerunt, 
neque  finem  sequendi  fecerunt  quoad236  subsidio236  confisi 
eqnites,  cum  post  se  legiones  viderent,  praecipites  hostes  ege- 
runt,  magnoque  eorum  numcro  interfecto,  neque  sui  colligendi237 
neque  consistendi  aut238  ex  essedis  desiliendi  facultatem  clede- 
riint.  Ex  hac  fuga  protinus  quae  undique  convenerant  auxilia 
discesserunt,  neque  post  id  tempus  umquam239  summis  nobiscum 
copiis  hostes  contenderunt. 

XVIII.  Caesar  cognito  consilio  eorum  ad  flnmen  Tamesin 
in  fines240  Cassivellauni  exercitum  duxit,  quod  flumen241  uno 
omnino  loco242  pedibus243  atque  hoc244  aegre  transiri  potest.  Eo 
cum  venisset,  animum  advertit  ad  alteram  flu  minis  ripam 
magnas  esse  copias  hostium  instructas  :  ripa  a  litem  erat  acutis 
sudibus  praefixisque  munita,  ejusdemque  generis  sub  aqua  de- 
fixae  sudes  flumine  tegebantur.  His  rebus245  cognitis  a  captivis 
perfugisque  Caesar  praemisso  equitatu  confestim  legiones  sub- 
sequi  jussit.     Sed  ea  celeritate  atque  eo  impetu  milites  ierunt, 

XVII.  233  Sic  uti  non  absisterent:  236  Subsidio:    Ablative  or  dative 

So  that  they  (the  enemy)  did  not  stop  with  confisi.     G.  345,  R.  2. 

short   of  (G.  556).       More   natural,  237  Sui   colligendi:    Sui   is  not  a 

sic  uti  absisterent,  yet  so  that  they  plural  but  a  neuter  possessive,  hence 

did  stop  short  of  (sic  restrictive  like  not  colligendorum,   482,  643.      G. 

ita,c.xi.,  177.   G.556,  R.5).   Others:  429,  R.  1. 

sicubi  absisterent,  sc.  pabulatores,  *38  Neque —  neque  —  aut:      Aut 

and  translate  sicubi,  whenever  at  any  serves  to  subdivide  the  second  neg- 

point.     G.  569,  R.     This  would  nat-  ative,  341.     G.  444. 

u rally   require   advolabant   in    the  23a  Neque  umquam :  So  regularly 

other  clause.     Translate  rather,  in  and  not  et  numquam.     G.  482,  R.  3. 

case  they  should  attempt  to  leave  the  XVIII.  240  Ad  flumen  Tamesin  in 

line  at  any  point,  c.  xliii,  530.     G.  fines:  C.  iii.,  70.     G.  410,  R.  5. 

462,  R.  241  Quod  flumen:    C.  ii,  40.     G. 

234  Acriter    impetu     facto:      By  617. 

making  a  vigorous  charge.     G.  409.  242  Uno   loco  :    In   often   omitted 

235  Neque  fecerunt — quoad — ege-  with  loco,  405,  610.     G.  o85,  R. 
runt:  After  a  negative,  quoad,  until,  243  Pedibus  :  C.  i.,27.     G.  401,  R. 
and  the  like,  generally  take  the  in-  244  Atque  hoc  aegre :  Like  atque 
dicative  unless  there  is  a  notion  of  id,  c.  i.,  17.     G.  293,  R.  2. 
purpose  or  suspense.     G.  573.  24b  Rebus  :  G.  195,  R.  4. 


DE   BELLO   GALLICO.  93 

cum"6  capite  solo24'  ex  aqua  exstarent,  ut  hostes  impetum  legi- 
oniim  atque  equitum  sustinere  uon  possent  ripasque  dimitte- 
rent  ac  se  fugae  mandarent. 

XIX.  Cassivellaunus,  ut  supra  demonstravimus,  omni  de- 
posita  spe  cont'entionis,  dimissis  amplioribus  copiis,  milibus 
circiter  iv  essedariorum248  relictis,  itinera  nostra  servabat  pau- 
lnmque  ex  via  excedebat,  locisque  impeditis249  ac  silvestribus 
sese  occultabat,  atque  iis  regionibus,  quibus  nos  iter  facturos 
cognoverat,  pecora  atque  homines  ex  agris  in  silvas  compelle- 
bat;  et  cum250  equitatus  noster  liberius251  praedandi  vastan- 
dique  causa262  se  in  agros  ejecerat,  omnibus  viis  semitisque 
essedarios  ex  silvis  emittebat  et  magno  cum  periculo253  nos- 
trorum  equitum  cum  iis254  confligebat,  atque  hoc  metu265  latius 
vagari256  prohibebat.  Eelinquebatur257  ut  neque  longius  ab 
agmine  legionum  discedi258  Caesar  pateretur,  et  tantum  in  agris 
vastandis259  incendiisque  faciendis  hostibus  noceretur,260  quan- 
tum labore  atque  itinere261  legionarii  milites  efficere  poterant. 

XX.  Interim  Trinobantes,  prope  firmissima  earum  region um 
civitas,  ex  qua  Mandubracius  adulescens  Caesafis  fidem  secutus 
ad  eura  in  continentem  Galliam262  venerat  (cujus  pater  Imanu- 

246  Cum— exstarent :  Adversative  255  Hoc  metu=hujus  rei  metu,  c 
cum,  325,  496.     G.  588.  iv.,  84.     G.  357,  R.  2. 

247  Capite  solo :  Ablative  of  meas-  256Vagari:  C.  ix.,  165.  G.  547, 
are.     G.  398.  R.  1. 

XIX.  '*48  Milibus  essedariorum  :  2b7  ReUnquebatur  ut  Caesar,  etc.: 
C.  ii.,  41.     G,  308.  All  that  was  left  for  Caesar  to  do  was 

249  Locis    impeditis  :      Place,    as    to,  etc,     G.  558. 

cause,  manner,  means,  does  not  re-  25S  Discedi :    Impersonal   passive, 

quire  a  preposition,  329,  603,  689,  c.  viii.,  141.     G.  199.  R.  1. 

699.     G.  387.     Loco  is  often  used  25H  In  agris  vastandis  :  Ix  the  de- 

without  in.  vastalion  of  the  fields.    Agi  is  vastan- 

250  Cum  ejecerat — emittebat.  Iter-  dis,  by  the  devastation.  G.  432, 
ative  antecedent  action  in  the  past  434. 

is  put  in  the  pluperfect  with  the  260  Hostibus  noceretur.  The  da- 
imperfect  in  the  leading  clause.  G.  tive  case  cannot  be  used  as  the  sub- 
569.  ject  of  the  passive.     Hence  the  im- 

251  Liberius,  sc.  quam  par  erat:  personal  construction,  133,  436. 
C.  vii.,  116.     G.  312,  2.  G.  208. 

252  Praedandi  causa:  C.  vi.,  96.  261  Labore  atque  itinere :  The  ad- 
Q.  429,  R.  2.  versative  relation  seems  to  require 

253  Magno  cum  periculo  :  C.  iv.,  hendiadys  (G.  695) :  On  the  toilsome 
73.     G.  680,  R.  2.  march,  despite  the  toilsome  march. 

264  Cum  iis  confligebat:  C.  xi.,  XX.  26J  Ad  eum  in  continentem 
185.     G.  346,  R.  1.  Galliam:  See  c.  iii., 70.  G.  410,  R.  5. 


94:  LATIN   READER. 

entius  in  ea  civitate  regnum  obtinuerafc  interfectusque  erat  a 
Cassivellauno,  ipse203  ftiga  mortem  vitaverat),  legatos  ad  Caesa- 
rem  mittnnt  pollicentiirqne  sese  ei  dedituros264  atque  imperata 
facturos:  petunt  ut  Mandubracium  ab  injuria265  Cassivellanni 
defendat  atqne  in  civitatem  mi t tat  qui  praesit266  imperiumque 
obtineat.  His2"  Caesar  imperat  obsides  XL  frumentumque  ex- 
ercitui,  Mandubraciumque  ad  eos  mittit.  Uli  imperata  celeri- 
ter  fecerunt,  obsides  ad  numerum  frumentumque  miserunt. 

XXL  Trinobantibus  defensis  atque  ab  omni  militum268  inju- 
ria prohibitis,  Cenimagni,  Segontiaci,  Ancalites,  Bibroci,  Cassi, 
legationibus  missis  sese  Caesari  dedunt.  Ab  iis  cognoscit  non 
longe  ex  eo  loco269  oppidum  Cassivellanni  abesse  silvis  paludi- 
busque  muni  turn,  quo  satis  magnus  hominum  pecorisque  nu- 
merus  convenerit.270  Oppidum  autem  Britanni  vocant,  cum 
silvas  impeditas  vallo  atque  fossa  munierunt,271  quo  incursionis 
hostium  vitandae  causa272  convenire  consuerunt.  Eo  proficisci- 
tur  cum  legionibus :  locum  reperifc  egregie  natura  atque  opere 
munitum;  tamen  huhc  duabus  ex  partibus  oppngnare  conten- 
dit.  Hostes  paulisper  morati  militum  nostrorum  impetum  non 
tulerunt,  seseque  alia  ex  parte  oppidi  ejecerunt.  Magnus  ibi 
Humerus  pecoris  repertus,  multique  in  fuga  sunt  comprehensi 
atque  interfecti. 

XXII.  Dum  haec  in  his  locis  geruntur,878  Cassivellaunus  ad 
Cantium,274  quod  esse  ad  mare  supra  demonstravimus,  quibus 

263  Ipse=filius  (G.  297).  The  asyn-  26a  Ex  eo  loco,  starting  from,  com- 
deton  (G.  475,  R.)  is  the  more  natu-  monly  abeoloco, c.ii.,42.  G.411,R.l. 
ral  as  the  relative  would  have  been  87,)  Quo  convenerit  :  Necessary 
awkward  (G.  639).  part  of  the  sentence,  hence  subjunc- 

264  Sese  dedituros,  sc.  sese  se   d. :  tive  (0.  R.  convenit).     G.  630. 
The  reflexive  is  often  omitted  with  271  Cum — munierunt :   Antecedent 
the  future  infinitive,  esse  also,  357.  iterative  action,  c.xiv.,  271.     G.  569. 
G.  527,  R.  2.  272  Incursionis  vitandae  causa :  C. 

286  Ab  injuria  defendere :  C.  i.,  3.  vi.,  96.     G.  429,  R.  2. 

G.  388.  XXII.  273  Dum    haec    geruntur  : 

•2f,6  Qui  praesit :  The  indefinite  an-  Dum,  ichifat,  of  contemporaneous 
tecedent  (aliquis)  is  generally  omit-  but  not  necessarily  coextensive  ac- 
ted, 333.     G.  623  tion,  takes  the  present  indicative  as 

2e7  His  imperat  obsides  :  C.  i.,  24.  a  mere  tense  of  continuance  parallel 

G.  346.  with  the  present  participle,  the  lack 

XXI.  268  Militum,  on  the  part  of  of  which  in  the  passive  it  supplies. 

the  soldiers,  subjective  genitive.     G.  G.  572. 

361.  274  Ad  Cantium :   C.  i,  4.     G.  342. 


L>E    BELLO    GALLICO.  95 

regionibus"*  quafctuor  reges  praeerant,  Cingetorix,  Carvilius, 
Taximagulus,  Segovax,  nuntios  mittit,  atque  his  imperat  uti 
coactis  omnibus  copiis276  castra  navalia  de  improviso  adoriantur 
atque  oppugnent.  Ii277  cum  ad  castra  venissent,  nostri  erup- 
tioue  facta  multis  eorum  interfectis.  capto  etiam  nobili  duce 
Lugotorige,  suos  incolumes  reduxerunt.  Cassivellaunus  hoc 
proelio  nuntiato,  tot  detrimentis  acceptis,  vastatis  fmibus, 
maxime  etiam  permotus378  defectione  civitatum,  legatos  per 
Atrebatem  Commium  de  deditione  ad  Caesarem  mittit.  Caesar, 
cum  constituisset,2'9  hiemare  in  continenti  propter  repentinos 
vralliae  motus,  neque  multum280  aestatis  superesset  atque  id 
xacile  extrahi  posse  intellegeret,  obsides  imperat  et  quid  in  annos 
singulos  vectigalis281  populo  Romano  Britannia  penderet"8  con- 
stituit:  interdicit  atque  imperat283  Cassivellauno,  ne  Mandu- 
bracio  neu284  Trinobantibus  noceat,285 

XXIII.  Obsidibus  acceptis  exercitum  reducit  ad  mare,  naves 
inveuit  refectas.286  His  deductis,  quod  et  captivorum  magnum 
numerum  habebat,  et  nounullae  tempestate  deperierant287  naves, 
duobus  commeatibus  exercitum  reportare  instituit.  Ac  sic288 
accidit  uti  ex289  tan  to  navium  numero,  tot  navigationibus,290 
neque  hoc  neque  superiore  anno  ulla  omnino  navis  quae  milites 

276  Quibus  regionibus  praeerant:  peratitely  forbids,  a  kind  of  hendia- 
C.  ii.,  36.     G.  346.  dys.     G.  695. 

276  Coactis  copiis  :  C.  vi.,  109.  G.  2b4  Ne — neu :  The  negative  ne  is 
667,  R.  1.  continued    by    neve    or    neu.      G. 

277  Ii :  Emphatic  position  to  con-    450. 

trast  with  nostri.     G.  677.  2"  Noceat  :    Sequence   of    tense, 

278  Permotus  defectione:    C.  xi.,    c.  i.,12.     G.  511,  R.  1. 

189.     G.  407,  R.  1.  XXIII.  266  Refectas:  Participle  of 

279  Cum  constituisset:  Causal  cum,  the  actual  condition  ;  different  from 
688.     G.  587.  refectas  esse.     So  the  present  parti- 

260  Neque  multum^t'er^  little  (Li-  ciple  is  different  from  the  infinitive, 

'  totes),   c.  vi.,   148.      G.   448,   R.  2.  117.     G.  536. 

Atque  id,  and  that  (little).  2b7  Quod    habebat     et — deperie- 

281  Quid  vectigalis :  Partitive  gen-  rant:  C.  i.,  18.     G.  539. 

itive,  c.  ii.,  44.     G.  371.  28b  Sic  accidit  uti :  A  fuller  form 

282  Quid  penderet :  A  form  of  the  for  the  ordinary  accidit  uti.     G.  556, 
deliberative   subjunctive   involving  558.    Caesar  does  not  object  to  such 
an  imperative  sense.     Quid  pendat  exactness.     Comp.  c.  ii.,  34. 
Britannia?    What  is  Britain  to  pay  ?  ""Ex  tanto  numero:   C.  iii.,  52. 
Britain    is   represented    as    asking,  G.  371,  R.  5. 

Quid  pendam?  What  shall  I  pay  f  20°  Tot  navigationibus:  Ablative 
536.     G.  258.  absolute,  Although  there  had  been  so 

283  Interdicit   atque  imperat,  im-   many  trips  made.     G.  409,  611. 


96  LATIN    READER. 

porfcaret391  desideraretur,  at  ex  iis  quae  inanes  ex  continenti  ad 
eum  remitterentnr,  prioris  commeatus  expositis  militibus,  et 
qnas  postea  Labienus  facie»  das29*  curaverat298  numero  lx,  per- 
paucae  locum  caperent,  reliquae  fere  omnes  rejiceventur.  Quas 
cum  aliquamdiu  Caesar  frustra  exspectasset,294  ne  anni  tempore 
a  navigatione295  excluderetur.  quod  aequiuoctium  suberat,  neces- 
sario  angustius296  milites  collocavit,  ac  summa  tranquillitate 
consf-cuta,  secunda297  inita  cum  solvisset  vigilia,  prima  luce298 
terrain  attigit  omnesque  incolumes299  naves  perduxit. 

XXIV.  Subductis  navibus  concilioque  Gallorum  Samaro- 
brivae300  peracto,  quod  eo  anno  frumentum  in  Gallia  propter 
siccitates301  angustius308  proven erat,  coactus  est  aliter  ac303  supe- 
rioribus  annib  exercitum  in  hibernis  collocare  legionesque  in 
plures  civitates  distribuere:  ex  quibus  imam  in  Morinos  ducen- 
dam304  Gaio  Fabio  legato  dedit;  alteram  in  Nervios  Qninto 
Ciceroni ;  tertiam  in  Esubios  Lucio  Eoscio ;  quartam  in  Kemis 
cum  Tito  Labieno  in  confinio  Trevirorum  hiemare  jussit;  tres 
in  Belgis305  collocavit:  his306  Marcum  Crassum  qiiaestorem  et 
Lucium  Munatium  Plancum  et  Gainm  Trebonium  legatos  prae- 
fecit.  Unnm  legionem,  quam  proxime  trans  Padnm  conscrip- 
serat,  et  coliortes  quinque  in  Eburones,  quorum  pars  maxima 
est  inter  Mosam  ac  Rhenum,  qui307  sub  imperio  Ambiorigis  et 

24,1  Quae    milites    portaret — quae  2"  Incolumes  :    Predicative   attri- 

remitterentur  :   Subjunctive  by  at-  bution.     G.  324,  R.  2. 

traction   of   mood.     G.  631.     (After  XXIV.  30u  Samarobrivae  :  Names 

remitterentur  I  have  omitted  et  to  of  towns  are  put  in  the  locative  of 

avoid    an    awkward    zeugma.      So  the  place   where.     In  the  first  de- 

Lona:.)  clension  the  locative  coincides  with 

292  Faciendas:  C.  L;  10.     G.  431.  the  dative.     G.  412. 

2a3  Curaverat:   The  indicative  in  301  Siccitates, dry  seasons,  droughts: 

a  parenthetic  relative  statement.     G.  C.  xii,  198.     G.  195,  R.  5. 

631,  R.  1.     Comp.  c.  xi.,  170.  302  Angustius  :    C.  vii.,    116.     G. 

2a4  Quas  cum  exspectasset:  C.  vii.,  312,  2. 

111.     G.  612.  303  Aliter  ac:  C.xiii.,  202.    G.  646. 

24,5  A  navigatione :    C.  i.,  3.     G.  304  Ducendam   dedit :    C.   i.,   10. 

388.  G.  431.     So  below. 

296  Angustius :  C.  vii.,  116.  G.  305  In  Belgis:  Verbs  of  placing 
312,  2.  take  in  with  the  ablative,  427,  543, 

297  Secunda  :  Emphatic  position  =  582.     G.  384,  R.  1. 

secunda    demum  vigilia,   not  until  3"6  His  Crassum  praefecit :    C.  i., 

the    second    watch;    hence   cum  is  36.     G.  346. 

whereas,  although.     G.  678.  30T  Quorum — qui  :    Relatives    are 

298  p]-ima  luce:  C.  iii.,  59.  G.  seldom  coupled  bv  conjunctions. 
287,  li.  Comp.  liv.,  653.     g!  639.  ' 


T)E   BELLO   GALLICO.  97 

Catuvolci  erant,  mi  sit.  His  militibus  Quintum  Titurium  Sabi- 
num  et  Lucium  Aurnnculemm  Cottam  legatos  praeesse  jussit. 
Ad  hunc  niodum  distributis  legionibus  facillime  inopiae308  fru- 
mentariae  sese  mederi  posse300  existimavit :  atque  harum  tamen 
omnium  legionum  hiberna,  praeter  earn  quam  Lucio  Koscio  in 
pacatissimam  et  quietissimam  partem  ducendam  dederat,  mili- 
bus310  passuum  centum  continebantur.  Ipse  interea,  quoad 
legiones  collocasset  munitaque  hiberna  cognovisset,311  in  Gallia 
morari  constituit. 

XXV.  Erat  in  Carnutibus  summo  loco312  natus  Tasgetius, 
cujus  majores  in  sua  civitate  regnum  obtinuerant.313  Huic 
Caesar  pro  ejus  virtu te  atque  in  se  benevolentia,  quod  in  omni- 
bus bellis  singulari  ejus  opera314  fuerat  usus,  majorum  locum 
restituerat.  Tertium315  jam  hunc316  annum  regnantem  inimici 
multis  palam  ex  civitate  auctoribus317  interfecerunt.  Defertur 
ea  res  ad  Caesarem.  Ille  veritus,318  quod  ad  plures319  pertinebat, 
ne  civitas  eorum  impulsu  deficeret,  Lucium  Plancum  cum  le- 
gione  ex  Belgio  celeriter  in  Carnutes  proficisci  jubet  ibique 
hiemare;  quornmque  opera  cognoverat320  Tasgetium  interfec- 
tum,  hos321  comprehensos322  ad  se  mittere.  Interim  ab  omnibus 
legatis  quaestoribusque,  quibus  legiones  tradiderat,  certior  fac- 
tus  est  in  hiberna  perventum323  locumque  hibernis  esse  munitum. 

308  Inopiae    mederi  :    Mederi,   to  his  reign.    He  had  been  reigning  go 

remedy  {take  measures  for),  governs  ing  on  three  years.     G.  221. 

the  dative.     G.  345,  R.  2.    '  318  Hunc = Tasgetium.    Others  re- 

80S  Mederi  posse  :  As  mederi  has  fer  to  annum.     G.  290,  5. 

no  future,  mederi  posse  is  used  as  311  Inimici    auctoribus  :     Others, 

a  kind  of  periphrastic  (Greek  infini-  inimicis. 

tive  and  av),  468.     G.  240,  R.  3.  318  Veritus  :  C.  vii.,  123.     G.  278, 

310  Milibus  passuum  :    C.  ii.,  41.  R. 

G.  308.  31B  Plures =multos. 

311  Quoad  cognovisset :  The  sub-  *aa  Cognoverat,  not  cognoverit. 
junctive  in  O.  O.  (quoad  cognovero-  Caesar  knew  who  they  were.  Cog- 
morabor).     G.  573.  noverit  would  leave  the  finding  out 

XXV.  312  Summo  loco  natus:  Par-  to  Plancus,  c.  x.,  170.     G.  630,  R.  1. 

ticiples  which  denote  birth  take  the  S21  Hos:  Less  usual  antecedent  of 

ablative  of  origin  with  (c.  xiv.,  217)  the  relative,  501.     G.  620. 

or  without  the  prepositions  ex  and  322  Comprehensos  mittere,  to  ar- 

de.     G.  395.  rest  and  send,  a  convenient  transla- 

313  Obtinuerant:  C.  ii.,  37.  G.  tion,  but  not  strictly  in  accordance 
233.  with  the  conception,  c.  vi.,  109.     G. 

314  Opera  usus  :  C.  i.,  15.     G.  405.  667,  R.  2. 

313  Tertium  hunc  annum  regnan-  323  Perventum:  On  this  imperson. 
tern:  This  was  now  the  third  year  of  al  use  see  c.  viii.,  141. 


98 


LATIN    HEADER. 


XXVI.  Diebus  eirciter  xv  quibus824  in  hibcrna  ventum  est, 
initium  repentiiii  tumultus  ac  defectionis  ortum  est  ab  Ambi- 
orige  et  Catuvolco;  qui  cum  ad  fines  regni  sui  Sabino  Cottaeque 
praesto  fuissent325  frumentumque326  in  hiberna  comportavissent, 
Indutiomari  Treviri  nuntiis  impulsi,  suos  concitaverunt,  subi- 
toque326  oppressis  lignatoribus  magna  maim  ad  castra  oppugna- 
tum327  venerunt.  Cum  celeriter  nostri  arma  cepissent  vallum- 
que  adscendissent,  atque  una  ex  parte328  Hispanis  equitibus 
emissis  equestri  proelio329  superiores  fuissent,  desperata  re380 
hostes  suos  ab  oppugnatione  reduxerunt.  Turn  suo  more  con- 
clamaverunt331  uti  aliqui332  ex  nostris  ad  colloquium  prodiret; 
habere  sese  quae  de  re  communi  dicere  vellent,333  quibus  rebus 
controversias  minui  posse334  sperarent. 

XXVII.  Mittitur335  ad  eos  colloquendi  causa  Gaius  Arpineius, 
eqnes  Roman  us,  familiaris  Quinti  Titurii,  et  Quintus  Junius 
ex  Hispania  quidam,  qui  jam  ante  missu336  Caesaris  ad  Ambi- 
origem  ventitare  consuerat;  apud  quos  Ambiorix  ad  hunc 
modum  locutus  est:  sese  pro  Caesaris337  in  se  beneficiis  pluri- 


XXVI.  324  Diebus  xv.  —  quibus 
ventum  est :  Within  15  days  within 
which,  loosely,  15  days  or  less  after 
the  arrival.     G.  400,  R.  3. 

326  Cum  praesto  fuissent,  although, 
c.  xviii.,  246. 

B26  Frumentumque  —  subitoque  : 
Observe  how  -que  carries  out  the 
previous  clause,  c.  i.,  11. 

327  Ad  castra  oppugnatum  (sc.  cas- 
tra): Brachylogy.     G.  689. 

32b  Una  ex  parte  :  The  place 
whence  gives  the  point  of  view  from 
which.  In  English  a  different  trans- 
lation is  often  given,  407,  677. 

32H  Equestri  proelio,  in  a,  cavalry 
engagement  :  We  often  use  in  in 
English  where  it  is  unnecessary  in 
Latin,  c.  xix.,  249. 

330  Desperata  re  :  Because  of 
desperare  rem,  c.  xxxviii.,  477. 
Res  often  superfluous  in  our  idiom: 
in  despair. 

331  Conclamaverunt  uti  prodiret: 
The  first  imperative  in  O.  O.  may 
have  ut,  466.     G.  655,  R. 

332  Aliqui:  As  a  substantive.  G.  105. 


333  Quae  vellent :  Omission  of  in- 
definite antecedent,  c.  xx.,  266. 

334  Minui  posse  rather  than  mi- 
nutum  iri :  Fore  ut  would  be  awk- 
ward in  a  relative  sentence,  c.  xxiv., 
309. 

XXVII.  335  Mittitur  :  The  predi- 
cate agrees  with  the  nearest  subject. 
G.  281,  Exc. 

336  Missu  :  Verbal  ablative  of 
cause.  G.  407.  Many  such  verbals 
are  found  only  in  the  ablative.  G. 
76.     So  coactu  below.     Also  362. 

337  Sese  pro  Caesaris,  etc. :  An  in- 
structive specimen  of  O.  Obliqua. 
The  O.  R.  is  approximately  as  fol- 
lows;  G.  651,652,  K.  1  : 

Equidem  pro  Caesaris  in  me 
beneficiis  plurimum  me  ei  confiteor 
debere,  quod  ejus  opera  stipendio 
liberatus  sum,  quod  Aduatucis  finiti- 
mis  meis  peudere  consueveram  (not 
consuevi  :  the  tense  is  measured  by 
liberatus  sum)  quodque  mihi  (the  O. 
O.  has  ei  instead  of  the  more  regu- 
lar sibi  [G.  521,  R.  7,  comp.  R.  5]  by 
shifting  the  point  of  view  to  the  re- 


DE    BELLO    GALLICO. 


99 


mum  ei  confiteri  debere,  quod  ejus  opera  stipendio  liberatus8*' 
esset  quod  Aduatucis  finitimis  suis  peudere  consuesset:  quod- 
que  ei  et  tilius  et  fratris  filius  ab  Caesare  remissi  essent,  quos 
Aduatuci  obsidum  uumero339  missos  apud  se  in  servitute  et 
cateuis340  tennissent;  neque  id  quod  fecerit  de  oppugnatione 
castrorum  aut  judicio  aut341  voluutate  sua  fecisse,  sed  coactu 
civitutis;  suaque  esse  ejusmodi  imperia  ut  uou  minus  habere t 
juris  in  se  multitudo  quam342  ipse  in  multitudinem.  Civitati 
porro  banc343  fuisse  belli  cansam,  quod  repentiuae  Gallorum 
conjurationi  resistere  11011  potuerit.344     Id  se  facile  ex  humili- 


porter,  not  an  infrequent  deviation 
in  Caesar)  et  filius  et  fratris  filius 
ab  Caesare  remissi  sunt,  quos  Adua- 
tuci obsidum  numero  missos  apud 
se  in  servitute  et  catenis  tenuerant ; 
neque  id  quod  feci  de  oppugnatione 
castrorum,  aut  judicio  aut  voluntate 
mea  feci  (0.  0.  fecerit — not  fecisset 
— by  Repraesentatio,  which  assumes 
the  point  of  view  of  the  speaker  to 
the  extent  of  the  tense  and  gives 
greater  liveliness  and  clearness  to 
the  discourse),  sed  coactu  civitatis ; 
meaque  sunt  ejusmodi  imperia  ut 
non  minus  habeat  juris  in  me  mul- 
titudo quam  ego  in  multitudinem. 
(The  0.  0.  has  ipse.  Ipse  does  not 
simply  represent  ego.  Still  the  dis- 
tinction is  sufficiently  brought  out 
without  ipse  in  0.  R.)  Civitati  porro 
haec  fuit  belli  causa,  quod  repenti- 
nae  Gallorum  conjurationi  resistere 
non  potuit  (O.  O.  potuerit,  Reprae- 
sentatio). Id  facile  ex  humilitate 
mea  probare  possum,  quod  non  adeo 
sum  imperitus  rerum,  ut  meis  copiis 
populum  Roman  urn  superari  posse 
confidam.  Sed  est  Galliae  commune 
consilium;  omnibus  hibernis  Caesa- 
ris  oppugnandis  hie  est  dictus  dies, 
ne  qua  legio  alterae  (rare  form=al- 
teri)  legioni  subsidio  venire  posset. 
Non  facile  Galli  Gallis  negarepotu- 
erunt,  praesertim  cum  de  reciperan- 
da  commuui  libertate  consilium  ini- 
tum  videretur.  Quibus  quoniain  pro 
pietate  satisfeci,  habeo  nunc  ratio- 
neni  officii  pro  beneficiis  Caesaris  ; 


moneo,  oro  Titurium  pro  hospitio 
ut  suae  ac  militum  saluti  consulat. 
Magna  manus  Germanorum  conduo 
ta  Rhenum  transiit ;  haec  aderit 
biduo.  Vestrum  (ipsorum)  est  con- 
silium velitisne  priusquam  finitimi 
sentiant,  eductos  ex  hibernis  milites 
aut  ad  Ciceronem  aut  ad  Labienum 
deducere,  quorum  alter  milia  pas- 
suum  circiter  quinquaginta,  alter 
paulo  amplius  a  vobis  abest.  Hoc 
polliceor  et  jurejurando  confirmo 
me  (not  so  readily  omitted  as  se)  tu- 
tum  iter  per  fines  daturum  quod  cum 
facio  (cum  with  the  present  indica- 
tive of  a  coincident  action,  G.  583)  et 
civitati  consulo  quod  hibernis  leva- 
tur  (livelier  than  levetur  or  levabi- 
tur)  et  Caesari  pro  ejus  meritis  gra- 
tiam  refero. 

33e  Stipendio  liberatus  :  Ab  omit- 
ted with  a  thing.     G.  388. 

339  Obsidum  numero :  In  this 
phrase  in  is  more  commonly  omit- 
ted (comp.  c.  v.,  91),  659.  G.  334, 
R. 

340  In  servitute  et  catenis :  A  cli- 
max, not  a  hendiadys.     G.  095. 

341  Aut — aut  is  often  used  to  sub- 
divide a  negative,  c.  xvi.,  238.  G. 
444. 

S42  Non  minus — quam  :  not  lesi 
(quite  as  much).     G.  647,  R.  5. 

343  Hanc  causam  :  Hanc  attracted 
into  the  gender  of  causa.  G.  202, 
R.  4. 

344  Quod — potuerit:  That— anob 
ject  clause,  the  antecedent  being  ho* 


100  LATIX    READER. 

fate  sua  probare  posse,  quod  non  adeo  sit  imperitus  rerum846  nt 
suis  copiis  populum  Romanum  superari  posse  confidat.  Sed 
esse  Galliae  commune  consilium;  omnibus  hibernis  Caesaris 
oppngnandis846  liunc  esse  dictum  diem,  ne  qua347  legio  alterae 
legioni  subsidio  venire  posset:  non  facile  Gallos  Gallis348  negare 
potuisse,  praesertim  cum  de  reciperanda349  communi  libertate 
consilium  initum  videretur.  Quibns  quoniam  pro  pietate  satis- 
fecerit,360  habere  nunc  se  rationem  officii  pro  beneficiis  Caesaris; 
monere,  orare351  Titurium  pro  hospitio,  ut  suae  ac  militum 
saluti352  consulat:  magnam  manum  Germanorum  conductam 
Rhenum863  tran  sisse;  banc  ad  fore  biduo. 364  Ipsorum  esse  con- 
silium yelintne356  prius  quam  finitimi  sentiant356  eductos  ex 
hibernis  milites  aut  ad  Ciceronem  aut  ad  Labienum  deducere, 
quorum  alter  milia  passuum  circiter  L,  alter  paulo  amplius  ab 
iis  absit.  Ulud  se  polliceri  et  jurejurando  confirmare,  tutum 
iter  per  fines  daturum  ;357  quod  cum  faciat,  et  civitati  sese  con- 
sulere  quod  hibernis  levetur,  et  Caesari  pro  ejus  meritis  gratiam 
referre.     Hac  oratione  habita  discedit  Ambiorix. 

XXVIII.  Arpineius  et  Junius  quae  audierunt368  ad  legatos 
deferunt.  Illi  repentina  re  perturbati,  etsi  ab  hoste  ea  dice- 
attracted  into  hanc.  Comp.  361,  SB3  Rhenum  transisse:  Verbs  com- 
364.     G.  525.  pounded  with  trans  take  the  accu- 

345  Imperitus    rerum  :    C.  vi.,  98.    sative.     G.  330. 

G.  373.     Res  superfluous  for  us,  c.  354  Biduo  :    Time    within    which, 

xxvi.,  330.  The  Roman  says  biduum,  triduum, 

346  Omnibus — oppugnandis :  The  quadriduum,  instead  of  duo,  tres, 
dative  of  the  gerund  or  gerundive  quattuor  dies.     G.  392. 

is  not  much  used  in  earlier  prose,  355  Velintne  :  We  should  find 
429.     G.  430.  an   alternative   more    natural.       G. 

347  Ne  qua,  the  final  negative  ;  ut    456. 

nulla,  the  consecutive,   c.  vii.,  118.  358  Prius    quam    sentiant:    With 

G.  54H,  4.     On'subsidio,  see  22.  prius  quam  the  subjunctive  is  very 

348  Gallos  Gallis  :  Similars  and  common  after  a  positive  sentence 
opposites  are  often  put  side  by  side,  Here  the  thing  is  to  be  avoided  and 
551,  584.     G.  683.  the  subjunctive  more  correct  even 

340  De  reciperanda — libertate:  De  outside  of  O.  O.     G.  579. 

is  one  of  the  few  prepositions  com-  367  Daturum =se    daturum    esse: 

monlv  used  with  the  gerund  or  ge-  C.  xx.,  264.     G.  527,  K.  2. 

rundive.     G.  434.  XXVIII.    3b8    Quae      audierunt  : 

360  Quoniam — satisfecerit :  Indi-  What  they  have  heard;  quae  audie- 
rect  discourse,  c.  i.,  18.    G.  539.  rint,  what  it  is  they  have  heard.   The 

361  Monere,  orare :  The  asyndeton  indicative  emphasizes  the  trothful- 
is  passionate:  climax.  ness  of  the  report.     G.  469*  R.  3; 

3"  Saluti  consulat:  C.iii.,64.  G.347.    613,  It.  2. 


DE   BELLO    GALLICO.  101 

banfcur,"*  tamen  non  neglegenda360  existimabant ;  maximeque 
hac  re  permovebantur,  quod391  civitatem  ignobilem  atque  hu- 
milera  Eburonum  sua  spoil te  populo  Romano  bellum  facere 
ausam  vix  erat  credendnm.  Itaque  ad  consilium  rem  deferunt, 
maguaque  inter  eos  exsistit  controversia.  Lucius  Aurunculeius 
compluresque  tribuui  militum  et  primorum  ordinum  centu- 
riones  nihil  temere  agendum  neque  ex  hibernis  injussu362  Cae- 
saris  discedendum  existimabant:363  quantasvis  copias  etiam  Ger- 
manorum  sustineri  posse  munitis  hibernis  docebaut:  rem364 
esse  testimonio,305  quod  primum  hostium  impetum,  mnltis  ultro 
vulneribus  illatis,  fortissime  sustinuerint:366  re  frumentaria  non 
premi:  interea  et  ex  proximis  hibernis  et  a  Caesare  conventura 
subsidia:  postrenio,  quid  esse367'36'  levius  aut  turpius  quani  auo 
tore  hoste  de  summis  rebus  capere  consilium  ? 

XXIX.  Contra  ea  Titurius  sero  facturos  clamitabat,  cum 
majores  manus  hostium  adjunctis  Germanis  convenissent,869  aut 
cum  aliquid370  calamitatis  in  proximis  hibernis  esset369  acceptum ; 
breveni  consulendi371  esse  occasionem :  Caesarem  arbitrari373 
profectum  in  Italiam;  neque  aliter  Carnutes  interficiendi  Tas- 
getii  consilium  fuisse  capturos,873  neque  Eburones,  si  ille  ades- 
set,374 tanta  contemptione  nostri375  ad  castra  venturos  esse:  non 

359  Etsi — dicebantur :  C.  iv.,  72.  at*  Others  quid  esset,  from  0.  R., 
G.  606.  quid  sit.     G.  654,  R.  2. 

360  Non  neglegenda:  Litotes,  c.vi.,  XXIX.  36B  Oum  —  convenissent: 
104.     G.  448,  R.  2.  O.  R.  cum — convenerint.     So  esset 

361  Hac  re — quod  :  An  object  sen-  O.  R.  erit,  c.  i.,  8.     G.  516. 

tence,  c.  xxvii.,  344..    G.  525.  37U  Aliquid,  some  (considerable).  G. 

362  Injussu:    C.  xxvii.,    336.     G.   301. 

407.  371  Consulendi — occasio  :  Gerund 

363  Existimabant — docebant:  Ob-  of  the  complement.     G.  429. 
perve  the  weight  of  the  imperfect.  372  Arbitrari  (sc.  se):  The  reflexive 
G.  222.  is  not  ud  frequently  omitted  in  O.  O. 

364  Rem  (=hanc  rem)  quod :  An  Comp.  c  xx.,  264.     G.  527,  R.  2. 
object  sentence,  344.     G.  525.     The  373  Fuisse  capturos  O.  R.  fuerunt 
subjunctive  in  0.  0.  capturi=cepissent.     G.  662,  2. 

363  Testimonio  :    Dative  of  object  374  Si  ille  adesset — venturos  esse: 

for  which,  c.  i.,  22.     G.  350.  O.  R.  si  adesset — venirent.     One  of 

366  Sustinuerint :  Repraesentatio,  the  very  few  instances  of  this  form 
c.  xxvii. .  337.     G.  657.  of  the  conditional  sentence  in  0.  0. 

367  Quid  esse  :  0.  R.  quid  est  ?  A  Hence  a  standing  example  in  gram- 
rhetorical  question,  being  ultimately  mars.     G.  662,  1,  599,  R.  4. 

a  mere  statement,  is  treated  as  a  375  Contemptione  nostri :  Nostri 
statement  and  put  in  the  infinitive  rather  than  nostra,  because  it  is  ob- 
in  0.  0.    G.  654,  R.  1.  jective.     G.  362,  599,  R.  4. 


102  LATItf   READER. 

hostem  anctorem  sed  rem  spectare;  subesse  Rhenum;  magno 
esse  Germanis  dolori376  Ariovisti  mortem  et  superiores  nostras 
victorias:  ardere  Galliam  tot  contumeliis  acceptis  sub  popnli 
Romani  imperinm  redactam,  superiore  gloria  rei  militaris  ex- 
stincta.  Postremo  quis  hoc  sibi  persuaderet3"  sine  certa  re 
Ambiorigem  ad  ejusmodi  consilium  descendisse?  Suam  sen- 
ten  tiam  in  utramque  partem  esse  tutam:  si  nihil  esset378  durius, 
nullo  cum  periculo  ad  proximam  legionem  perventuros;  si 
Gallia  omnis  cum  Germanis  consentiret,378  unam  esse  in  celeri- 
tate  positam  salutem.  Cottae  quidem  atque  eorum  qui  disseu- 
tirent379  consilium  quern  haberet  exitum  ?380  in  quo  si  non381'S8a 
praesens  periculum,  at383  certe  longinqua  obsidione  fames  esset 
timenda. 

XXX.  Hac  in  utramque  partem  disputatione  habita  cum  a 
Cotta  pwmisque  ordinibus  acriter  resisteretur,384  Vincite,  in- 
quit,386  si  ita  vultis,  Sabinus,  et  id  clariore  voce  ut  magna  pars 
militum  exaudiret:  neque  is  sum,  inquit,  qui  gravissime  ex 
vobis386  mortis  periculo  terrear:387  hi388  sapient,  et  si  gravius 
quid  accident,389  abs390  te  rationem  reposcent;  qui,  si  per  te 

378  Magno  Germanis  dolori:  C.i.,  the  apodosis  of  a  concessive  condi- 

22.     G.  350.  tional.     G.  490. 

377  Quis  hoc  sibi  persuaderet :  O.  XXX.  ^  Cum — resisteretur  :  C. 
R.  quis  persuadeat=nemo  persua-  viii.,  141.     G.  199,  R.  1. 

deat.  In  O.  0.  potential  rhetorical  385  Inquit  is  used  in  citing  0.  R., 
questions  retain  the  subjunctive  or  and  is  always  parenthetic.  The  sub- 
are  put  in  the  future  infinitive,  in  ject  is  commonly  postponed  as  here, 
which  form  they  are  not  to  be  dis-  G.  651,  R.  2. 

tinguished   from    rhetorical   future  386  Ex  vobis :  instead  of  partitive 

indicative  questions.     G.  654,  R.  2.  genitive,  c.  Hi.,  52.     G.  371,  R.  5. 

378  Si  nihil  esset  durius:  O.  R.  387  Terrear  :  The  consecutive 
erit  or  est.  (Others  read  sit.)  Either  (characteristic)  subjunctive  qui=ut. 
gives  a  perfectly  good  sense  ;  but  si  G.  633. 

consentiret  clearly  represents  con-  "88  Hi :  The  soldiers,  these  (friends 

sentit.     G.  600.  3.  of  mine).     G.  290,  4. 

*7a  Qui    dissentirent :    O.  R.    qui  389  Si  acciderit — reposcent :   The 

dissentiunt.     G.  653.  stern   logical    condition  (G.  597)   is 

380  Quern  haberet  exitum:  See  beautifully  contrasted  with  the  wish 
quis  persuaderet,  377.    G.  654,  R.  2.  implied  in  the  following  ideal  con- 

381  Si  non,  sc.  esset:  The  verb  of  dition  (G.  598) :  Si  per  te  liceat — 
the  protasis  is  to  be  supplied  from  sustineant.  (Utinam  sustineant,  uti- 
the  apodosis.     G.  601.  nam  non  intereant.) 

882  Si  non  is  necessary  when  the        390Abste:  Chiefly  used  before  te, 
conditional  is  concessive.     G.  592.        abs  Anally  dies  out  even  before  that, 
885  At  certe:  At  is  often  used  in    a  te.     G.  418. 


DE   BELLO   GALLICO. 


103 


liceat,  perendino  die  cum391  proximis  hibernis  conjnncti  com- 
mnnem  cum  reliqais  belli  casum  sustineant,  non  rejecti  et  rele- 
gati  longe  ab  ceteris  ant  ferro  ant  fame  intereant. 

XXXI.  Consurgitur899  ex  consilio;  comprehendunt3"  utrnm- 
que394  et  orant  ne  sua  dissensione  et  pertinacia  rem  in  sum  mum 
periculum  deducant:  facilem  esse  rem,  sen  maneant  sen  pro- 
ficiscantur,8*6  si  modo  unum  omnes  sentiant  ac  probent;396  con- 
era  in  dissensione  nullam  se  salutem  perspicere.  Res  disputa- 
tione  ad  mediam  noctem  perducitur:  tandem  dat  Cotta  per- 
motusmanus:  superat  sententia  Sabini.  Pronuntiatur  prima 
luce397  ituros:  consumitur  vigiliis  reliqua  pars  noctis,  cum39* 
sua  quisque399  miles  circumspiceret,  quid  secum  portare  pos- 
set/00 quid  ex  instrumento  hibernorum  relinquere  cogeretur. 
Omnia  excogitantur  quare  nee  sine  pericnlo  maneatur  et  lan- 
guore  militum  et  vigiliis  periculum  augeatur.401  Prima  luce 
sic  ex  castris  proficiscuntur  ut  quibus402  esset  persuasum  non 
ab  boste,  sed  ab  homine  amicissimo  Ambiorisre  consilium 
datum403  longissimo  agmine  maximisque  impedimentis. 


391  Cum  proximis  hibernis  con- 
junct*:  C.  xi.,  185.  G.  346,  II. 
1. 

XXXI.  392  Consurgitur:  C.  viii., 
141.     G.  199,  R.  1. 

35,3  Comprehendunt — orant  :  Ob- 
serve the  liveliness  of  the  multiplied 
historical  presents  (c.  i.,  66.  G.  220) 
and  of  the  asyndeta,  G.  475  (absence 
of  conjunctions). 

394  Utrumque :  First  one,  then  the 
other,  not  both  together,  450,  550. 
G.  307. 

395  Seu  maneant  seu  proficiscan- 
tur  :  O.  R.  manebitis — proficisce- 
mini.     G.  597,  R.4. 

396  Si  modo=dum  modo :  The 
conditional  involves  a  wish  ;  hence 
the  same  in  O.  R.  and  O.  O.  G.  598, 
575. 

397  Prima  luce  :  C.  59.     G.  287. 

39fc  Cum — circumspiceret:  The  se- 
quence of  an  historical  tense.  G. 
511.  R.  1. 

399  Sua  qu"sque  :  The  normal  or- 
der, c.  viii.,  143.     G.  305,  R.  1. 

400  Quid  p;sset — quid  cogeretur  : 


O.  R.    quid  possum =potero,   quid 
cogor=cogar.     G.  515,  R  3. 

4UI  Quare  (== quibus)  maneatur  : 
That  is  calculated  to  prevent  their  re- 
maining without  danger,  and  to  in- 
crease,etc.  Caustic  language;  their 
plans  were  so  foolish  that  their  de- 
struction seemed  a  calculation.  Ob- 
serve how  the  consecutive  runs  into 
the  final.     G.  633. 

402  Sic  ut  quibus  esset  persuasum: 
Just  as  was  natural  for  men,  in  the 
style  of  men  who  were  persuaded,  etc. 
Sic  lays  stress  on  the  confident  way 
(longissimo  agmine  maximisque 
impedimentis)  in  which  they  went 
out  ;  commonly  ut  qui  alone.  G. 
636.  Caesar  likes  to  express  cor- 
relatives, c.  i.  34;  vi.94.  The  com- 
bination ut  qui  (Greek  are)  is  not 
equivalent  to  quasi  (Greek  gcS). 
The  whole  passage  is  bitter. 

403  Datum  se.  esse  :  When  verbs 
of  willing  and  wishing  are  used  as 
verbs  of  saying  and  thinking,  know- 
ing and  showing,  the  infinitive  must 
be  used.     G.  546,  R.  2. 


104  LATIN"   READER. 

XXXII.  At  hostes,  posteaqnam  ex  nocturno  fremiti!  vigiliis* 
que  cle  profectione  eornm  sen  sennit,404  collocatis  insidiis  biper- 
tito  in  silvis  opportuno  atque  occulto  loco405  a  milibns  passiuim 
circiter  duobus,406  llomanorum  adventnm  exspectabant;  et  cum 
se  major  pars  agminis  in  magnam  convallem  demisisset,  ex 
utraqne  parte407  ejus  vallis  subito  se  ostenderunt,  novissimosque 
premere  et  primos  prohibere  ascensu  atque  iniquissimo  nostris 
loco  proelium  committere  coeperunt. 

XXXIII.  Turn  demum  Titurius,  qui408  nihil  ante  providisset, 
trepidare409  et  concursare  cohortesque  disponere;  haec  tamen 
ipsa  timide  atque  ut410  eum  omnia  deficere411  yiderentur:  quod 
plerumque  iis  accidere  consu'evit  qui  in  ipso  negotio  consilium 
capere  coguntur.  At412  Cotta  qui  cogitasset413  haec  posse  in 
itinere  accidere,  atque  ob  earn  causam  profectionis  auctor  non 
fnisset,  nulla  in  re  communi  saluti  deerat,  et  in  appellandis  co- 
hortandisque  militibus  imperatoris  et  in  pugna  militis  officia 
praestabat.  Cum  propter  longitudinem  agminis  minus  facile 
omnia  per  se  obire  et  quid  quoque  loco  faciendum  esset  pro- 
videre  possent,  jusserunt  pronuntiare414  ut  impedimenta  relin- 
querent  atque  in  orbem415  consisterent.  Quod  consilium  etsi  in 
ejusmodi  casu  reprehendendum  non  est,416  tamen  incommode 
accidit ;  nam  et  nostris  militibus417  spem  minuit,  et  hostes  ad 

XXXII.  404  Posteaquam — sense-  4U  Eum  deficere  :  Deficere  takes 
runt :  c.  iii.,  53.     G.  563.  the  accusative,  contrary  to  analogy. 

405  Opportuno  loco:    Loco  often    G.  345,  R.  1. 

omits  in  even  in  a  literal  sense,  c.  4M  At:  But  on  the  other  hand.     G» 

xviii.,  242.     G.  385.  490. 

406  A  milibus  duobus  :  When  the  4J3  Qui  cogitasset  =  cum  cogi- 
point  of  reference  is  taken  for  tasset :  Inasmuch  as,  causal.  G. 
granted   (off),    the   distance    is    ex-  630. 

pressed    by    a   (ab)   with    ablative,  4U  Pronuntiare  :  After  jubeo  the 

otherwise,  578.     G.  335,  R.  2.  infinitive  active  can  be  used  without 

407  Ex  utraque  parte  :  C.  xxvi.,  an  imaginary  or  indefinite  subject. 
328.     G.  388,  R,  2.  G.  532,  R.  1.     Corap.  c.  ix.,  167. 

XXXIII. 408  Qui  (=cum)  nihil  ante  415  In  orbem :  The  direction  of  the 

providisset :  Whereas,  causal,  inas-  motion  rather  than  the  result.     G. 

much  as,  491  (G.  630);  others  adver-  413,  R.  2. 

gative.  4J6  Etsi — non  est:  C.  iv.,  72.     G. 

40»  Trepidare,  concursare,  dispo-  600. 

nere:    Historical    infinitives,  c.   iii.,  417  Nostris  militibus  spem:  This 

57.     G.  650.  form  throws   tin;  weight  on   spem. 

410  Atque  ut=ita  ut.     The  demon-  The  genitive  would  emphasize  mili* 

Btrative  is  implied.     (J.  550.  turn,  542.     G.  349,  R.  2. 


DE   BELLO   GALLICO. 


105 


pugnam  alacriores  effecit,  quod  non  sine418  snmmo  timore  et 
desperatione  id  factum  videbatur.  Praeterea  accidit,  quod  fieri 
necesse  erat,  ut413  vulgo  milites  ab  signis  discederenfc, quae  quis- 
que42u  eorum  carissima  haberet  ab  impedimentis  petere  atque 
abripere  properaret,  clamore  et  fletu  omnia  complerentur. 

XXXIV.  At  barbaris421  consilium  non  defuit,  nam  duces 
eorum  tota  acie422  pronuntiare  jusserun't  ne  quis423  ab  loco  dis- 
cederet;  illorum424  esse  praedam,  atque  illis424  reservari  quae- 
cumque  Romani  reliquissent;425  proinde426  omnia  in  victoria427 
posita  existimarent.  Erant  et  virtute  et  numero428  pugnando42* 
pares  nostri.  Tamen  etsi  ab  duce  et  a  fortuna430  deserebantur, 
tamen  omnem  spem  salutis  in  virtute  ponebant,  et  quoties 
quaeque  cobors  procurrerat,431  ab  ea  parte  magnus  numerus  hos- 
tium  cadebat.  Qua  re  animadversa  Ambiorix  pronuntiari  jubet, 
ut  procul  tela  conjiciant  neu432  propius  accedant,  et  quam  in 
partem  Romani  impetum  fecerint433  cedant;  levitate  armorum434 


418  Non  sine  summo  timore :  Li- 
totes, c.  vi.,  104.    G.  448,  R.  2. 

4ia  Accidit  ut :  Comp.  94.   G.  558. 

4'20  Quae  quisque  :  The  normal 
position  of  quisque  with  the  rela- 
tive.    G.  305. 

XXXIV.  *ai  Barbaris:  Deesse  has 
the  construction  of  esse.  So  above, 
c.  xxxiii.,  saluti  deerat.     G.  346. 

4"  Tota  acie :  Along  the  whole 
line.  In  designations  of  place  with 
totus,  the  ablative  of  the  place  where 
is  generally  used  without  in,  674. 
G.  386. 

423  Ne  quis :  Quis,  the  common 
form  after  si,  ne,  num,  cum,  quo, 
and  relatives  generally,  612,  704. 
G.  302,  543,  4. 

424  Illorum — illis :  O.  R.  vestram 
— vobis.  Observe  that  illorum  is 
opposed  to  Romani,  reservari  to 
reliquissent.     G.  663,  2. 

425  Reliquissent :  O.  R.  reliquerint, 
F.  P.  I.  G.  516.  The  preceding  in- 
finitives have  a  future  sense.  G. 
219. 

426  Proinde — existimarent  :  Pro- 
inde often  used  in  exhortations.  G. 
504.     The  imperative  is  represented 


in   O.  O.  by  the   subjunctive.      G. 
655. 

427  In  victoria  posita :  So  below, 
in  virtute  ponebant ;  after  verbs  of 
placing,  in  is  used  with  the  ablative, 
c.  xxiv.,  305.     G.  384,  R.  1. 

428  Virtute  et  numero  :  Ablative 
of  respect.     G.  398. 

42a  Pugnando  :  The  dative  of  the 
gerund  is  used  chiefly  after  words 
which  imply  capacity  aud  adapta- 
tion, c.  xxvii.,  346.     G.  430. 

430  A  fortuna :  Ab  is  used  with 
personifications  as  well  as  with  per- 
sons.    G.  205,  R.  2. 

431  Quoties  quaeque  cohors  pro- 
currerat--cadebat :  Iterative  ante- 
cedent action,  c.  xix.,  250.     G.  569. 

432  Neu  propius  accedant :  In  a 
final  sentence  negatives  are  added 
by  neve,  neu,  seldom  (after  ut)  by 
neque.     G.  543,  546. 

433  Fecerint  cedant :  O.  R.  fece- 
rint (F.  P.  I.)  cedite.     G.  569. 

434  Levitate  :  Owing  to,  etc.  Caus- 
al ablative  (G.  407).  But  as  levitate 
armorum — levibus  armis,  the  con- 
struction approaches  the  ablative 
absolute.    G.  357,  R.  2. 


106  LATIN-   READER. 

et  cotidiana  exercitatione  nihil435  iis438'437  noceri  posse;  rursus 
se  ad  signa  recipientes438  insequantur. 

XXXV.  Quo  praecepto  ab  iis  diligentissime  observato,  cum439 
qnaepiam440  cohors  px  orbe  excesserat  atque  impetum  fecerat, 
hostes  velocissime  refugiebant.  Interim  earn  partem  nudari 
necesse  erat  et  ab  latere  aperto441  tela  recipi.  Rursus  cum  in 
eum  locum  unde  erant  egressi  reverti  coeperant,  et  ab  iis  qui 
cesserant  et  ab  iis  qui  proximi  steterant  circumveniebantur; 
sin  autem442  locum  tenere  vellent,443  nee  virtuti  locus  relinque- 
batur  neque  ab  tanta  multitudine  conjecta  tela  conferti444  vitare 
poterant.  Tamen  tot  incommodis  conflictati  multis  vulneribus 
acceptis  resistebant,  et  magna  parte  diei  consumpta  cum  a 
prima  luce  ad  horam  vni  pugnaretur,445  nihil  quod446  ipsis  esset 
indignum447  committebant.  Turn  Tito  Balventio,  qui  superiore 
anno  primum  pilum  duxerat,448  viro  forti  et  magnae  auctori- 
tatis,449  utrumque450  femur  tragula  transjicitur:  Quintus  Luca- 
nius  ejusdem  ordinis  fortissime  pugnans,  dnm461  circumvento 
filio452  subvenit,  interficitur:  Lucius  Cotta  legatus  omnes  co- 
hortes  ordinesque  adhortans  in  adversum  os  funda  vulneratur. 

435  Nihil  :  Adverbial  accusative  tional  notion,  which  suggests  the 
(inner  object).     G.  331,  R.  3.  construction  of  O.  Obliqua.    The  in- 

436  lis  noceri  posse:  On  the  im-  dicative  conditional  is  not  much  used 
personal  form  see  c.  xix.,  260.  G.  in  an  iterative  temporal  sense.  G. 
208.  569,  R.  2. 

4a7  Iis=vobis.     G.  663,  2.  444  Conferti :     Crowded    (as    they 

438  Se  recipientes :  The  reflexive  were) ;  causal  participle.     G.  669. 
is  used  out  of  reference  to  the  sub-        445  Cum    pugnaretur  :      Without 

ject  of  the  sentence,  chiefly  in  re-  cum   it  would   be   pugnabatur,  the 

flexive  formulae.     G.  521,  R.  2.  fighting  had  been  going  on.     G.  225. 

XXV. 439  Cum  excesserat — fecerat  *    *46  Nihil    quod    indignum    esset : 

— refugiebant:   Iterative  antecedent  Subjunctive  of  character.     G.  633. 
action.      So  below:    erant,  egressi,        441  Ipsis  indignum:  Familiar  con- 

coeperant,  cesserant,  steterant,  cir-  struction  of  dignus,  etc.    G.  398,  R.  2. 
cumveniebantur,    c.  xix.,  260.      G.        44B  Duxerat:  C.  ii.,  37.    G.  233. 
569.  44s  Viro  forti  et  magnae  auctori- 

440  Quaepiam :  Not  to  be  distin-  tatis :  Observe  the  parallelism  of 
guished  from  aliqua.     G.  303.  adjective  and  genitive.     G.  357. 

441  Ab  latere  aperto  :    On  the  ex-       45°  Utrumque :  C.  xxxi.,  394,     G 
posed  side.     G.  388,  R.  2.  307. 

442  Sin  autem  :  If  not  but  (if),  if  on  461  Dum  subvenit  interficitur  : 
the  other  hand.     G.  593.  Causal.     Observe  the  participle  be- 

443  Vellent :  Notice  the  change  of  low,  adhortans,  473,  548.  G.  572r 
construction  from  the  pluperfect  in-  R.  2. 

dicative  to  imperfect   subjunctive.        46- Filio  subvenit :  C.  ii.,  36.     G. 
This  is  doubtless  due  to  the  condi-    346. 


DE   BELLO   GALLICO. 


107 


XXXVI.  His  rebus458  permotus454  Quintns  Titnrins,  cum 
procul  Ambiorigem  suos  cohortautem455  conspexisset,  interpre- 
tem  suum  Gnaeum  Pompeium  ad  eum  m  it  tit  rogatum456  nt  sibi 
militibusque  parcat  Ille  appellatns  respondit :  Si  velit467  secum 
colloqui,  licere ;  sperare458  a  multitudine  impetrari  posse459  quod 
ad  militum  salutem  pertineat;  ipsi460  vero461  nihil468  nocitum 
iri,483  in  que  earn  rem  se  suam  fidem  interponere.  Ille464  cum 
Cotta  saucio  communicat,  si  videatur,485  pugua  ut  excedant4"  ct 
eum  Ambiorige  una  colloquantur;  sperare  ab  eo  de  sua467  ac 
militum  salute  impetrare  posse.468  Cotta  se  ad  armatum  hostem 
iturum  negat4"  atqne  in  eo  perseverat. 

XXXVII.  Sabinus  quos  in  praesentia  tribunos470  militum 
circum  se  habebat  et  primorum  ordinum  centuriones  se  sequi 
jubet,  et  cum  propius471  Ambiorigem  accessisset,  jussns  arma 
abjicere  imperatum  facit  suisque  ut  idem  faciant4™  imperat. 
Interim  dum473  de  condicionibus  inter  se474  agunt  longiorque4" 


XXXVI.  453  His  rebus:  C.  ii.,  31. 
G.  195,  R.  4. 

454  Permotus  :  C.  iii.,  62.  G.  407, 
R.  1. 

455  Cohortantem :  C.  xxiii.,  286. 
G.  536. 

456  Mittit  rogatum  :  Supine  after 
verb  of  motion.     G.  436. 

457  Si  velit :  Repraesentatio.  G. 
657.  O.  R.  vult  (or  velit  because 
licet  is  equivalent  to  future).   G.  598. 

458  Sperare  posse  :  Se  twice 
omitted  (se)  sperare  (se)  posse.  Tbe 
reflexive  is  not  unfrequently  omit- 
ted.    Comp.  xx.,  264.     G.  527,  R.  2. 

459  Posse:  Posse  bas  no  future 
infinitive,  and  by  reason  of  its  mean- 
ing needs  no  peripbrasis.  G.  659, 
R.  1  ;  240,  R.  3. 

400  Ipsi  (sc.  Titurio):  Contrast  to 
militum.     G.  297,  R.  1. 

461  Vero  is  commonly  put  in  tbe 
second  place,  asserts  with  convic- 
tion, and  is  used  to  beigbten  tbe 
preceding  statement  :  "  Whatever 
might  befall  tbe  soldiers,  his  honor 
was  pledged  to  Titurius."     G.  489. 

462  Nihil :  Accusative  of  inner  ob- 
ject (adverbial  accusative).     G.  208. 

2* 


463  Nocitum  iri  :  The  force  of  iri 
is  felt  here.  Fore  ut  would  not  an- 
swer so  well,  and  posse  would  not 
be  reassuring.     G.  436,  R.  2. 

464  Ille,  sc.  Titurius.     G.  292. 

465  Si  videatur:  0.  R.  videtur. 
G.  660,  8. 

466  Ut  excedant:  C.  xxvi.,  331. 
G.  546. 

407  De  sua=Tituri  et  Cottae.  G. 
5°1 

"46'8  Posse :  C.  xxiv.,  309.     G.  240, 
R.  3. 

469  Negat:  Nego  (ne-igo,  ag-),Isay 
no  is  regularly  used  for  dico  non. 
G.  446. 

XXXVII.  47U  Quos  tribunos  :  In- 
corporation, c.  xiv.,  209.     G.  618. 

471  Propius  Ambiorigem:  Propius 
construed  like  prope.  G.  356,  R.  4. 
With  the  comparative  prcpius  com- 
pare the  English  comparative  near 
(positive  nifjli). 

472  Ut  idem  faciant  imperat :  C.  i.t 
121.     G.  532,  R.  1. 

473  Dum  agunt:  C.  xxxv.,451.  G. 
572,  R. 

474  Inter  se  :  C.  iii.,  51.     G.  212. 

475  Longior:  Prolonged.     G.  312. 


108  ,  LATIN   READER. 

consulto  ab  Ambiori.ge  instituitur  sermo,  paulatim  circumventus 
interficitnr.  Turn  vero  suo476  more  victoriam  conclamant  alque 
ululatum  tollunt,  impetuque  in  nostros  facto  ordines  pertnr- 
bant.  Ibi  Lucius  Oottapugnans  interficitur  cum  maxima  parte 
militum;  reliqui  se  in  castra  recipiunt  unde  erant  egressi :  ex 
quibus  Lucius  Petrosidius  aquilifer,  cum  magna  multitudine 
hostium  premeretur,  aquilam  intra  vallum  projecit,  ipse  pro 
castris  fortissime  pugnans  occiditur.  Illi  aegre  ad  noctem  op- 
pugnationem  sustinent:  noctu  ad  unum  omues  desperata  sa- 
lute4" se  ipsi  interficiunt.478  Pauci  ex  proelio  elapsi  iucertis 
itineribus  per  silvas  ad  Titum  Labienum  legatum  in 
bibenia479  perveniunt  atque  eum  de  rebus  gestis4B0  certiorem 
faciunt. 

XXXVIII.  Hac  victoria  sublatus  Ambiorix  statim  cum 
equitatu  in  Aduatucos,  qui  erant  ejus  regno481  finitimi,  proficis- 
citur;  neque  noctem  neque  diem  intermittit,  peditatumque 
sese  subsequi  jubet.  Re  demonstrata  Aduatucisque  concitatis 
postero  die  in  Nervios  pervenit  hortaturque  ne  sui  in  perpetuum 
liberandi482  atque  ulciscendi  Romanos  pro  bis  quas  acceperint483 
injuriis  occasionem  dimittaut:  interfectos  esse  legates  duos 
magnamque  partem  exercitus  interisse  demonstrat ;  nihil  esse 
neo-otii464  subito  oppressam  legionem  quae  cum  Cicerone  hie- 
met4*5  interfici ;  se  ad  earn  rem  profitetur  adjutorem.486  Facile 
bac  oratione  Nerviis  persuadet. 

XXXIX.  Itaque  confestim  dimissis  nuntiis  ad  Centrones, 
Grudios,  Levacos,  Pleumoxios,  Geidumnos,  qui  omnes487  sub 

476  Suo  more:  Emphatic  position,  jectives  of  nearness  take  the  dative. 
504,  521.     G.  678.  <*•  356. 

477  Desperata  salute  :  Desperare  482  Sui  liberandi :  C.  xvn.,  237 
aliquid,   to  give  tip  in  despair ;  de  G.  429,  R.  1. 

aliqua  re,  to  be  in  despair  about  a       483  Quas  acceperint .  A  necessary 
thing.     Or.  329,  R.  relative  clause  in  a  final  sentence. 


-178 


Se  ipsi  interficiunt :  A  rare  ex-  G.  630 

pression  (never  se  interficiunt).  The  481  Nihil  negotii :    C.  ii.,  44.      G. 

stress  is  on  ipsi.     G.  298.  371. 

479  Ad  Labienum in  hiberna:  4B5  Hiemet:  C.  xxvn.,337.    G.  651. 

C.  iii.,  70.     G.  410,  R  5.  486  Adjutorem :    As  a  helpei,   hit 

4Hi>  De  rebus  gestis  certiorem  fa-  help.     G.  324,  R.  4. 

ciunt:    Certiorem   facere   has    the  XXXIX.  48T  Qui  omnes:  When  all 

constructions  of  verbs  of   memory,  are  embraced  there  is  no  partition, 

G.  375,  R.  5.  whereas  we  say,  all  of  whom,  c.  viii. 

XXXV ill. 481  Regno  finitimi :  Ad-  145.     G.  368,  R.  2. 


DE    BELLO    GALLICO.  109 

eorum  imperio  sunt,  quam  maximas488  manus  possunt  cogunt  efc 
de  improviso  ad  Ciceronis  hibema  ad  volant,  nondum  ad  eum 
fama  de  Titurii  morte  perlata.  Huic  quoque  accidit,489  quod 
fuit  necesse,490  ut  nonnulli  milites,  qui  lignationis  nmnitionis- 
que  causa  in  silvas  discessissent,491  repeutino  equitum  adventu 
interciperentur.  His  circumventis  magna  manu  Eburones, 
Nervii,  Aduatuci  atque  liorum  omnium  socii  et  clientes  legionem 
oppugn  are  incipiunt:  nostri  celeriter  ad  arma  concurrunt,  val- 
lum conscendunt.  Aegre  is  dies  sustentatur,  quod  omnem 
spem  hostes  in  celeritate  ponebant,  atque  hanc  adepti492  victo- 
riam  in  perpetuum  se  fore  victores  coniidebant. 

XL/.  Mittuntur  ad  Caesarem  confestim  ab  Cicerone  litterae 
magnis  propositis  praemiis  si  pertulissent:493  obsessis  omnibus 
viis  missi  intercipiuntur.  Noctu  ex  materia  quam  munition  is 
causa  comportaverant  turres  admodum  cxx  excitantur  incredi- 
bili  celeritate;  quae  deesse  operi  videbantur  perficiuntur. 
Hostes  postero  die  multo  majoribus  coactis  copiis  castra  oppug- 
nant,  fossam  complent.  Ab  nostris  eadem  ratione  qua  pridie 
resistitur:  hoc  idem  reliquis  deinceps  fit  diebus.  Nulla  pars 
nocturni  temporis  ad  laborem  intermittitur:  non  aegris,  non 
vulneratis494  facultas  quietis  datur:  quaecumque  ad  proximi 
diei  oppugnationem  opus  sunt,495  noctu  comparantur:  multae 
praeustae  sudes,  magnus  muralium  pilorum  Humerus  instituitur ; 
turres  contabulantur,  pinnae  loricaeque  ex  cratibus  attexuntur. 
Ipse  Cicero,  cum  tenuissima  valetudine  esset,49"6  ne  nocturnum 
quidem497  sibi  tempus  ad  quietem  relinquebat,  ut  ultro  militum 
concursu  ac  vocibus  sibi  parcere  cogeretur. 

488  Quam  maximas  :    C.  i.,  7.     G.  ject  is  to  be  supplied  from  mittun- 

317,  R.  tur,    missi= nuntii.       Comp.    Engl. 

4b9  Accidit  ut :  Comp.  94.   G.  558.  ~su£.s-sengers. 

490  Quod  fuit  necesse,  sc.  accide-  494  Non  aegris,  non  vulneratis. 
re:  Parenthetic,     G.  616,  R.  2.  Lively  asyndeton.     In  quieter  style, 

491  Qui — discessissent :  Causal,  c.  neque — neque.  So  throughout  the 
xxsiii.,  408.     G.  636.  passage.     G.  475,  R. 

4S2  Adepti :  Conditional  participle.  495  Opus    sunt :    Predicative    con- 

Adeptos    would    be    more    strictly  strnction  of  opus.     G.  390. 

correct  ;    adepti    is    much    livelier.  496  Cum     tenuissima    valetudine 

G.  670.  esset:  C.  xviii.,  246.     G.  588. 

XL.  493  Si  pertulissent:    O.   R.  si  4"  Ne — quidem:     Bestrides     the 

pertuleritis.      Comp.  92,  678.      G.  emphatic  word  or  groim.      G.  447 

615,  R.  3 ;     660,   R.   4.       The  sub-  R.  2. 


110  LATIK   HEADER. 

XLI.  Tunc  duces  principesque498  Nerviorum,  qui  aliquem 
sermonis  aditum  causamque  aniicitiae  cum  Cicerone  habebant, 
colloqui  sese  velle  dicunt.  Facta  potestate  eadem  quae  Ambi- 
orix  cum  Titurio  egerat  commemorant:  omnem  esse  in  armis 
Galliam,  Germanos  Ehenum  transisse,  Caesaris  reliquorumque 
hiberna  oppngnari.  Addunt  etiam  de  Sabini  morte.  Ambio- 
rigem  ostentant  fidei  faciundae  causa.  Errare499  eos  dicunt,  si 
quicquam600  ab  his501  praesidii&oa  sperent  qui  suis  rebus603  diffi- 
dant;504  sese  tamen  hoc  esse  in  Ciceronem  populumque  Ro- 
manum  animo  ut505  nihil  nisi608  hiberna  recusent  atque  banc 
inveterascere  consuetudinem  nolint:  licere  illis  incolumibus007 
per  se  ex  hibernis  discedere,  et  quascumque  in  partes  velint508 
sine  metu  proficisci.  Cicero  ad  haec  unum  modo  respondit: 
non  esse  consuetudinem  populi  Eomani  ullam  accipere  ab  hoste 
armato  condicionem:  si  ab  armis  discedere  velint,  se  adjutore 
utantur509  legatosque  ad  Caesarem  mittant:  sperare  pro  ejus 
justitia510  quae  petierint  impetraturos.511 

XLII.  Ab  hac  spe512  repulsi  Nervii  vallo  pedum  ix513  et  fossa 
pedum  xv  hiberna  cingunt.     Haec  et  superiorum  annorum 

XLI.  498  Duces   principesque :    C.  of    the    object    (illis)    is   found   in 

i.,  11.     G.  478.  standard  prose   chiefly   with  licet. 

4MB  Errare  si  sperent :  0.  R.  erra-  G.  535,  R.  2. 

tis  si  speratis.     G.  660,  8.  50B  Quascumque  in  partes  velint: 

600  Si  quicquam   sperent :    Quis-  O.  R.  volunt  or  volent.     G.  246,  R. 

quam   involves   a   negative  notion,  4 ;  234,  R.  2. 

523.     G.  304.  fc0tt  Utantur:  Imper.  becomes  Subj. 

501  His  :  C.  xxv.,  321.     G.  620.  in  O.  0.     G.  655. 

502  Praesidii :  C.  ii.,  44.     G.  371.  51°  Pro   ejus  justitia:    In   accord- 

503  Suis  rebus:  C.  xxviii.,  476.  ance  with  his  sense  of  justice,  such 
G.  678.  being  his  sense  of  justice.      G.  618, 

504  Qui  diffidant :  Subjunctive  or  R. 

indicative  in  O.  R.    Subjunctive,  see-  6U  Quae  petierint:  In  such  cases 

ing  that  they  distrust.     G.  636.     In-  the  context  alone  can  decide  whether 

dicative,  for,  in  that  they  distrust,  petierint  (perfect  subjunctive)  repre- 

G.  627.  sents  petistis  (perfect  indicative)  or 

0(15  Ut  nihil — recusent:      C.    vii.,  petieritis  (future  perfect  indicative). 

118.     G.  543,  4.  Here  it  is  the  former.     G.  514,  R. 

6U6  Nihil  nisi :  Nisi  is  often  used  XLII. Bia  Ab  hac  spe  repulsi :  Pic- 
after  negative  sentences  or  equiva-  turesque  use  of  the  preposition  in  a 
lents  in  the  sense  of  but,  only,  except,  moral  relation.     G.  388. 
besides,  c.  xiii.,  205.     G.  592,  R.  2.  513  Pedum   novem  :    Genitive   of 

507  Licere  illis   incolumibus   dis-  quality  (G.  364),  9  feet  (high) ;  fossa 

cedere  :  This  attraction  of  the  accu-  pedum   quindecim,  15  feet  (wide). 

sative   predicate    of    the    infinitive  Tbe  width  is  always  meant  when 

iincolumes  discedere)  into  the  case  the  depth  is  not  expressed. 


DE   BELLO   GALL1CO.  Ill 

consuetudine  ab  nobis  cognoverant,  et  quos  de  exercihi  habe- 
bant  captivos  ab  iis  docebantur ;  sed  nulla  ferramentorum 
copia"4  quae  esset516  ad  hunc  usum  idonea,  gladiis  caespites  cir- 
cumcidere.  manibus  sagulisque  terrain  exhaurire  cogebantnr. 
Qua  quidem  ex  re  hominum  multitudo  cognosci  potuit:  nam 
minus  lioris  tribus519  milium  passuum  xv  in  circuital  munitio- 
nem  perfecerunt :  reliquisque  diebns  turres  ad  altitudinem  valli, 
falces  testudinesque,  quas  iidem617  captivi  docuerant,  parare  ac 
facere  coeperunt. 

XLIII.  Septimo  oppugnationis  die  maximo  coorto  vento  fer- 
ventes  fusili518  ex  argilla  glandes  fundis  et  fervefacta  jacula  in 
casas,  quae  more  Gallico  stramentis  erant  tectae,  jacere  coepe- 
runt. Hae  celeriter  ignem  comprehenderunt  et  venti  magni- 
tudine  in  omuem  locum  castrorum  distulerunt.  Hostes  maxi- 
mo clamore  sicuti  parta519  jam  atque  explorata  victoria  turres 
testudiuesque  agere  et  scalis  vallum  ascendere  coeperunt.  At 
tanta  militum  virtus  atque  ea  praesentia  animi  fuit  ut,  cum 
undiqne  flamma  torrerentur520  maximaque  telorum  muititudine 
premerentur  suaque521  omnia  impedimenta  atque  omnes  fortu- 
nas  conflagrare  intellegerent,  non  modo522  demigrandi  causa  de 
vallo  decederet  nemo,  sed  paene  ne  respiceret  quidem  quis- 
quam,523  ac  turn  omnes  acerrime  fortissimeque  pugnarent.  Hie 
dies  nostris  louge  gravissimus524  fuit;  sed  tamen  hunc  habuit 
even  turn  ut  eo  die525  maximus  numerus  hostium  vulneraretur 

614  Nulla   copia  :    Ablative   abso-  when,  hence,  although.   See  below,  ac 

lute.     G.  408.  turn,  and  even  then,  in  spite  of  that, 

515  Quae   esset:     Subjunctive   of  c.  xviii.,  244.     G.  588. 
character,    such    as    to    be,    ichich  521  Sua  omnia  impedimenta :  Em- 
was.      G.  633.     We  should  expect  phatic  position,  c.  xxxvii.,  476.     G. 
essent   to   agree   with   ferramento-  678. 

rum.  522  Non     modo  —  nemo  —  sed    ne 

516  Minus   horis  tribus:     In   less   — quidem:      A    common    combina- 
than  three  hours,  c.  viii.,  146.     G.    tion.     G.  484. 

311   R.  4,  392-  523  Quisquam  :  On  account  of  the 

617  Iidem:  Likewise.     G.  296.  negative  notion,  c.  xli.,   500.       G. 

XLIII. 518  Fusili  ex  argilla:  Abla-  304. 

tive  of  material  requires  ex.    G.  396.  524  Longe  gravissimus:  A  familiar 

519  Sicuti  parta  victoria:  Just  as  strengthening   of    the    superlative. 

(they  would  have  done)  if  the  tic-  G.  317. 

tory  had  been  obtained.     G.  604,  R.  5-b  Eo  die :   Pleonasm,  not  unfa* 

2  miliar  to  Caesau's  love  of  clearness, 


5'2tt  Cum  torrerentur:   At  a  time   G.  69.'. 


HIVEI 


112  LATIN"   READEK. 

atque  interficeretur,  ut528' 62T  se  sub  ipso  vallo  constipayerant6" 
recessumque  primis  ultimi  non  dabant.628  Paulum  quidem  in- 
termissa  flamma,  et  quodam  loco  turri  adacta  et  contingente 
vallum,  tertiae  cohortis  centuriones  ex  eo529  quo  stabant  loco 
recesserunt  suosque  omnes  removerunt:  nutu  vocibusque 
hostes  si  introire  vellent630  vocare  coeperunt;  quorum631  progredi 
ausus  est  nemo.582  Turn  ex  omni  parte  lapidibus  conjectis  de- 
turbati,  turrisque  succensa  est. 

XL[V.  Erant  in  ea  legione  fortissimi  viri  centuriones,  qui 
jam  primis  ordinibus  appropinquarent,633  Titus  Pulio  et  Lucius 
Vorenus.  Hi  perpetuas  inter  se534  controversias  habebant  qui- 
nam535  anteferretur,636  omnibusque  annis  de  loco  summis  simul- 
tatibus  contendebant.  Ex  bis  Pulio,  cum  acerrime  ad  muniti- 
ones  pugnaretur,  Quid  dubitas,  iuquit,  Vorene,  aut  quern  locum 
tuae  probandae  virtutis  spectas  ?  hie  dies  de  nostris  controver- 
siis  judicabit.  Haec  quum  dixisset,  procedit  extra  munitiones, 
quaque  parte537  hostium  confertissima  est  vis,  ea  irrumpit.  Ne 
Vorenus  quidem538  turn  sese  vallo  continet,  sed  omnium  veri- 
tus539  existimationem  subsequitur.  Mediocri  spatio  relicto  Pulio 
pilum  in  hostes  immittit  atque  unum  ex  multitudine540  procur- 
rentem  transjicit,  quo  percusso541  et  exanimato  huiic  scutis  pro- 

626  Ut  se  constipaverant :  As  they       634  Inter  se:  C.  iii.,  51.     G.  212. 
had  packed  themselves  tight  (and  lay        ,3*  Quinam :  Where  there  are  but 

packed).  Pluperfect  of  resulting  con-  two,  uter  is  almost  invariably  used. 

dition  parallel  with  imperfect.  G.  233.  Here  quinam  is  exceptional.    G.  315, 

527  Ut :  Comparative,  and  then  by  R. 
inference  causal.     First  accordance,        636  Anteferretur  =    anteferendus 

then  cause.     G.  G45,  R.  4.  esset  :      Deliberative     subjunctive, 

a'2H  Non  dabant:    Would  not  give,  which  was  to  be  preferred,  c.  xxii., 

c.  ii.,  48.     G.  224.  282.     G.  258. 

5jy  Ex  eo  quo  stabant  loco  :  c.  i.,        637  Qua   parte  :    We    should    say 

3.     G.  388.  where  ;    the    Romans    regard    the 

530  Si  introire  vellent :  In  case  means,  329.  G.  387.  So  below, 
they  should.  Half-interrogative.  G.  vallo,  icithin  the  rampart.  Others 
462,  2.  read,  quaque  pars  visa  est  in  earn; 

531  Quorum=:at  eorum  :    The  ad-  others,  quaeque  pars,  etc. 
versative  signification  of  the  relative        538  Ne  Vorenus  quidem:    Nor — 
must  be  a  mere  inference  from  the  either.     G.  447,  R.  2. 

context.     G.  (539,  R.  63tf  Veritus  :  C.  iii.,  65.     G.  278,  R. 

Ma  Ausus    est    nemo  :     Emphatic  B4°  Ex   multitudine  :     C.  iii.,  61. 

position  of  the   subject.     So  above,  G.  371,  R.  5. 

decederet  nemo.     G.  G76.  541  Quo  percusso— hunc :  Thisvio- 

XLIV.  ^33  Qui  appropinquarent  =  lation  of  the  rule,  which  is  by  no 

ut  ii  :   C.  xlii.,  515.     G.  533.  means  rigid,  is  amply  justified  by 


DE   BELLO   GALLTCO.  113 

tegunta  in  hostem  tela  nniversi  conjiciunt  neqne  dant  regre- 
diundi  facultatem.  Tninsfigitiu*  scutum  Pulioni*49  et  veru- 
tnm  in  balteo548  defigitur.  Avertit  hie  casus  vaginam  et  gladi- 
um  educere  conanti  dextram  moratur  man um;  impeditum644 
hostes  circumsistunt.  Succurrit545  inimicus540  ill  1  Vorenns  et 
laboranti  sub  veil  it."  Ad  linnc547  se  confestim  a  Pulione  omnia 
multitudo  convertit:  ilium  vernto  transfixum  arbitrantur. 
Gladio  comminus  rem  gerit  Vorenns.  atque  uno  interfecto 
reliquos  paullnm  propellit  ;  clum548  cupidius649  instat,  in 
locum  inferiorem  dejectus  concidit.  Huic  rursus  circumven- 
to  fert  subsidium  Pulio,  atque  ambo550  incolumes  compluri- 
bus  interfeetis  gamma  cum  laude  sese  intra  munitiones  recipi- 
nnt.  Sic  fortuna  in  contentione  et  certamine  utrumque"0 
yersavit  nt  alter  alteri"1  inimicus  auxilio652  salutique  esset, 
neque  dijudicari  posset  uter  utri  virtute653  anteferendus  vide- 
retur. 

XLV.  Qnanto"4  erat  in  dies  gravior  atque  asperior  oppugna- 
tio,  et  max i me  quod  magna  parte  militum  confecta  vulneribus 
res  ad  paucitatem  defensorum655  pervenerat,  tantocrebriores  lit- 
.fcerae  nuntiique  ad  Caesarem  mittebantur;  quorum  pars  depre- 
hensa  in  conspectu  nostrorum  militum  cum  cruciatu  necaba- 
tur.556     Erat  unus  intns  Nervius,  nomine  Vertico,  loco  natus 

the  antithesis  hunc,  hostem,  c.  iv.,  B48  Dum instat:  C.  xxxv.,  451.    G. 

77.     G.  407,  R.  8.  572,  R.  1. 

bi-  Transfigitur   scutum   Pulioni:  54i*  Cupidius :  C.  vii.,  116.  G.  312,2. 

P.  has  his  shield  pierced   through.  B50  Ambo,   both  together ;    utrum- 

G.  344.     Pulionis  would  be  very  dif-  que,  first  one,  then  the  other,  in  op- 

ferent,  417.     G.  349,  R.  2  ;  343,  R.  2.  posite  scales,  c.  xxxi.,  394.     G.  307. 

The  stress  here  is  on  scutum.     So  55)  Alter  alteri,  uter  utri:  C.xxvii., 

dextram  below.  348.     G.  683. 

643  In  balteo  defigitur  :  C.  xxiv.,  552  Auxilio  esset :  C.  1,  22.  G. 
543.     G.  384,  R.  1.  350. 

644  Impeditum  circumsistunt:  All  653  Virtute  :  C.  iii.,  50.     G.  398. 
verbs  compounded  with  circum  take  XLV.  534  Quanto— tanto :  Correla- 
the  accusative.     G.  330.  tives  are  more  varied  in  Latin  than 

545  Succurrit— illi  :   C.  ii.,  36.     G.    in  English.     G.  645. 

34G.  555  Paucitas   defensorum  :   A  few 

546  Inimicus,  enemy  (as  or  though  defenders,  a  handful  of  defenders. 
he    was) :     Predicative   attribution.    G.  357,  R.  2. 

(Gre-k,  £vSpy?  gjk).     G.  324,  611.  556  Pars  necabatur :  The  singular 

541  Hunc,  sc.  Vorenum :   Ilium,  sc.  more  natural  on  account  of  depre- 

Pulionem,   the   latter — the  former,  hensa ;  others  necabantur.     G.  202, 

the  natural  use.     G.  292,  R.  1.  R.  1. 


114  LATIN"   READER. 

honesto,557  qui  a  prima  obsidione  ad  Ciceronem  perfugerat  suam- 
que  ei  fidem  praestiterafc.  Hie  servo  spe  libertatis  magmsque 
persuaclet  praemiis  ut  litteras  ad  Caesarem  deferat.  Has  ille  in 
jaculo  illigatas  effert,  et  Gallus  inter  Gallos  sine  nlla65"  suspi- 
cione  versatus  ad  Caesarem  pervenit.  Ab  eo  de  periculis  Cice- 
ronis  legionisqne  cognoscitur. 

XLVI.  Caesar  acceptis  litteris  hora  circiter  xi  diei  statim 
nuntium  in  Bellovacos  ad  Marcnm  Crassum559  quaestorem  mit- 
tit, cujus  hiberna  aberant  ab  eo560  milia  passunm  xxv.561  Jubet 
media  nocte  legionem  proficisci  celeriterque  ad  se  venire.  Exit 
cum  nuntio562  Crassus.  Alterum  ad  C.  Fabium  legatum  mittit 
ut  in  Atrebatum  fines  legionem  adducat,563  qua  sibi  iter  facien- 
dum sciebat.  Scribit  Labieno,  si  rei  publicae  commodo564  facere 
posset,  cum  legione  ad  fines  Nerviorum  veniat  :565  reliquam  par- 
tem exercitus,  quod  paulo  aberat  longius,  non  putat  exspectan- 
dam;  equites  circiter  quadringentos  ex  proximis  hibernis  col- 
ligit. 

XLVIL  Hora  circiter  in  ab  antecursoribus  de  Crassi  adventu 
certior  factus  eo  die  milia  passuum  xxv.668  progreditur.  Crassum 
Samarobrivae  praeficit567  legionemque  ei  attribuit,  quod  ibi  im- 
pedimenta exercitus,568  obsides  civitatum,  litteras  publicas  fru- 
mentumque  omne,  quod  eo  tolerandae  hiemis  causa  devexerat, 
relinquebat.  Fabius,  ut  imperatum  erat,  non  ita  multum569 
moratus  in  itinere  cum  legione  occurrit.     Labienus  interitu 

557  Loco   natus  honesto:  Partici-  G.  540.     On  the  sequence,  c.  i.,  12. 

pies  of  birth  take  the  ablative  with  G.  511,  R. 

(217)  or  without  ex.     G.  305.  b64  Commodo  rei  publicae  :    Con- 

658  Sine    ulla    suspicione:    Ullus  sistently    with    the   interests   of   the 

the  adjective  form  for  quisquam  in  State,   commonicealth.     Ablative   of 

a  negative  sentence.     G.  364.  manner  ;    rei    publicae    takes    the 

XLVI.    "9    In      Bellovacos      ad  place  of  an  adjective.     G.  401. 

M.   Crassum:    C.  hi.,  70.      G.  410,  6e*  Si  posset— veniat:  O.R.  si  pote- 

R.  ris — veni,  shifting  sequence.   G.  G57. 

660  Abeo  :  C.  i.,  3.     G.  388.  XLVIL  566  Milia   passuum  xxv.: 

681  Milia   passuum   xxv.:    C.  ix.,  C.  ix.,  159.     G.  335. 

159.     G.  335.  B67  Crassum   Samarobrivae  prae- 


■>62 


Exit  cum  nuntio  :  With  (imme-  ficit :  C.  ii.,  36.     G.  340. 

diately   upon)   the  reception  of  the  568  Impedimenta  exercitus,  obsi- 

news.     G.  393,  R.  des  civitatum,   etc. :    Asyndeton,  c. 

563  Mittit  ut  adducat :   Any  verb  xii.,  197.     G.  483,  2. 

used  as  a  verb  of  willing  or  demand-  569  Non  ita  multum :  Litotes,  c.  vi., 

ing  may  have  the  final  construction.  104.     G.  448,  R.  2. 


DE   BELLO    GALLICO.  115 

Sabini  et  caede"*  cohortium  cognita,571  cum  omnes  ad  eum 
Trevirorum  copiae  venissent,  veritus,"2  si  ex  hibernis  fugae 
similem  profectionem  fecisset,573  ut674  h ostium  impetum  sustinere 
posset,  praesertim  quos  receuti  victoria  efferri  sciret,675  litteras 
Caesari  remittit,  quanto  cum  penculo  legionem  ex  hibernis 
educturus  esset:576  rem  gestam  in  Eburonibus  perscribit:  docet 
omnes  equitatus577  peditatusque  copias  Trevirorum  tria  milia678 
passuum  longe  ab  suis  castris  consedisse.579 

XLVIII.  Caesar  consilio  ejus  probiito,  etsi680  opinion e681  trium 
legion  am  dejectus  ad  duas  redierat,  tamen  unum  communi 
saluti  auxilium  in  celeritate682  ponebat.  Venit  magnis  itineri- 
bus  in  Nerviorum  fines.  Ibi  ex  captivis  cognoscit  quae  apud 
Ciceronem  gerantur,  quantoque  in  periculo  res  sit.  Turn 
cuidam  ex  equitibus583  Gallis  magnis  praemiis  persuadet  uti  ad 
Ciceronem  epistolam  deferat.  Hanc  Graecis  conscriptam  litte- 
ris  mittit,  ne  intercepta  epistola  nostra  ab  hostibus584  consilia 
cognoscantur.  Si  adire  non  posset,685  monet  ut  tragulam  cum 
epistola  ad  amentum  deligata  intra  munitionem  castrorum  ab- 
jiciat.     In  litteris  scribit  se  cum  legionibus  profectum588  celeri- 

670  Oaede  —  cognita  :  Agreement  579  Labienus — consedisse  :  This 
with  the  nearest.     G.  282.  is  a  specimen  of  a  long  period  (In- 

671  Cognita:     Ablative     absolute,    tercalary).     G.  686,  2. 

active  translation,  or  on  account  of  XLVIII.  6B0  Etsi  redierat :  C.  iv., 

cum,  abstract,     G.  409.  72.     G.  606. 

572  Veritus:  C.  iii.,  65.     G.  278,  R.  581  Opinione  :  Ablative  of  respect 

673  Si  fecisset:  C.  xl.,493.  G.  516.  (G.  398),  or  more  forcibly  ablative  of 

674  Ut  posset:  C.  iii.,  66.     G.  552.  separation.     G.  388. 

675  Quos  sciret :  C.  iv. ,  81.    G.  636.  s82  In  celeritate  ponebat :  C.  xxiv., 

676  Educturus  esset :  Periphrastic  305.     G.  384,  R.  1. 

tense   of    subjunctive   representing  683  Cuidam  ex  equitibus  :  C.  iii., 

the  future  after  an  historical  pres-  52.     G.  371,  R.  5. 

ent=aorist.     G.  515.  6B4  Nostra  ab  hostibus  :  C.xxvii., 

677  Equitatus:  The  genitivus gen-  348.     G.  683. 

eris  equivalent  to  an  adjective,  cav-  5e5  Si  adire  non  posset :  0.  R.  si 

airy  forces,  forces  consisting  of  cav-  non  poteris.     G.  660.      Si  non,  not 

airy.     G.  359,  R.  ;  367,  R.     The  lat-  nisi,  which  would   be  inadmissible 

ter  substantive  does  not  signify  a  here,  as  the  positive  alternative  is 

different  thing  from  the  former,  c.  present  to  the  mind,  si  poteris,  adi- 

v..  88.  to.     See  c.  1.,  605. 

578  Tria      militum  —  consedisse  :  6b6  Profectum  :    Had  started  AND 

Distance  at  which  may  be  measured  would,  etc.     A  co-ordinate  translation 

by  accusative  or  ablative  when  the  does  not,  however,  give  the  causal 

point  of  reference  is  given.     Other-  sense  which  lies  in  profectum,  c.  vi. 

wise,  c.  xxxii.,  406.    G.  335,  2.  109.    G.  667,  R.  1. 


116  LATIN"    EEADER. 

teradfore:  hortatur  ut  prist! nam  yirtutem  retineafc.  Gall  us 
periculum  veritus,  ut  erat  praeceptum,  tragulam  mittit.  Haec 
casu  ad  tnrrim  adhaesit,687  neque588  ab  nostris  bid  no589  animad- 
versa  tertio  die  a  quodam  milite  conspicitnr;  dempta590  ad 
Ciceronem  defertur.  Ille  perlectam  in  conventu  militum  reci- 
tat,  maximaque  omnes  laetitia591  adficit.  Tnm  fumi  incendio- 
rum  procul  videbantur,  quae  res  omnem  dubitationem  adventus 
legionum  expulit. 

XLIX.  Galli  re  cognita  per  exploratores  obsidionem  relin- 
quunt,  ad  Caesarem  omnibus  copiis  contendunt:  hae  erant  ar- 
matorum  circiter  milia  lx.  Cicero  data  facilitate  Galium  ab599 
eodem  Verticone,  qnem  supra  demonstravimns,593  repetit  qui594 
litteras  ad  Caesarem  deferat:  hunc  admonet  iter  caute  diligen- 
terque  faciat:596  perscribit  in  litteris,  hostes  ab  se  discessisse 
omnemque  ad  eum  multitudinem  convertisse.  Quibus  litteris 
circiter  media  nocte  Caesar  allatis  suos  facit  certiores,  eosqne 
ad  dimicandum  animo596  confirmat:  postero  die  lnce  prima 
movet  castra,  et  circiter  milia  passuum  qnattnor  progressns 
trans  vallem  magnam  et  rivum  multitudinem  hostium  conspi- 
catnr.  Erat  magni  periculi697  res  tanttilis  copiis  iniqno  loco598 
dimicare;  turn  quoniam  obsidione  liberatum  Ciceronem  scie- 

587  Ad  turrim  adhaesit :  When  the  593  Quern  supra  demonstravimus  : 

local  signification  preponderates  the  Mentioned   above,  a   relative   clause 

preposition  is  repeated  with  its  pro-  where  we   might   use  a  participle, 

per  case,  instead  of  the  dative,  607,  G.  071,  R. 

694.     G.  340,  R.  1.  694  Galium  qui— deferat:  A  Gaul 

5Bb  Neque  dempta  est;    Neque=  to  convey  (not  the  same  Gaul  men- 

neque  tamen.     G.  482,  R.  4.  tioned  c.  xlv.).     A  good  instance  of 

5S9  Biduo :  Not  time  how  long,  as  the  blending  of  the  potential  and 

the    commentators    say,    but    time  optative.      Qui  =  idoneus   qui.      G. 

within  which.    Observe  the  negative.  032. 

G.  392,  R.  3.  596  Faciat :  Ut  omitted,  as  often 

590  Dempta  defertur:  Coordinate  after  such  verbs  as  moneo.     A  brief 
translation.     So  perlectam  (sc.  epis-  O.  O.,  701.     G.  595,  R.  3. 

tolam) — recitat.    C.  vi.,  109.    G.  007,  59ti  Animo:  In  old  Latin  ab  animo : 

R.  1.  In  mind.     Others  regard  such  abla- 

591  Laetitia  —  adficit  :      Adficere  tives  as  locatives.     G.  398,  R.  1. 
with  the  ablative  of  abstracts  is  a  fa-  597  Erat   magni   periculi:    C.  xi., 
vorite  term,  a.  laetitia,  to  gladden,  a.  184.     G.  305. 

dolore,  to  grieve,  685.     G.  403,  R.  2.        69b  Tantulis   copiis,  iniquo    loco : 

XLIX.  69-  Galium  ab — Verticone  Are    both   best    regarded    as   abla- 

petit :  Peto  takes  the  accusative  and  tive   absolute,  the   scope  of   which 

ab  with  the  ablative,  not  two  accu-  is    wider    than    is    supposed.       G. 

eatives.     G.  333,  R.  2.  408. 


DE   BELLO   GALLICO.  117 

bat,'"  aequo  ammo  remittendum  de  celeritate  existimabat. 
Consedit,  et  quam  aequissimo  potest  loco"00  castra  commnnit, 
atque  haec  etsi  erant  exigua601  per  se,  vix  hominum  milium  yii 
praesertim  nnllis  cum  impediments,  tamen  angustiis  yiarum 
quam  maxime  potest  contrabit  eo  cousilio603  ut  in  summam 
contemptionem  bostibus  yeniat.  Interim  speculatoribus  in 
omnes  partes  dimissis  explorat  quo  commodissime  itinere683  val- 
lis  trau siri  possit. 

L.  Eo  die  parvulis  equestribus  proeliis  ad  aquam  factis  utri- 
que  s-ese  suo  loco  continent;  Galli,  quod  ampliores  copias, 
quae  nondum  convenerant,  exspectabant;  Caesar,  si  forte  timo- 
ris  simulatione  bostes  in  suum604  locum  elicere  posset,605  ut  citra 
vallem  pro  castris  proelio  contenderet ;  si  id  efficere  nou  posset, 
ut  exploratis  itineribus  minore  cum  periculo  vallem  rivumque 
trau  sire  t.  Prima  luce.606  bostium  equitatus  ad  castra601  accedit 
proeliumque  cum  nostris  equitibus  committit.  Caesar  consulto 
equites  cedere  seque  in  castra  recipere  jubet;  simul  ex  omnibus 
partibus608  castra  altiore  yallo  muniri  portasque  obstrui  atque 
in  bis  administrandis  rebus609  quam  maxime  concursari  et  cum 
simulatione  agi  timoris  jubet. 

LI.  Quibus  omnibus  rebus  hostes  invitati  copias  transducunt 
aciemque  iniquo  loco610  constituunt;  nostris  yero  etiam  de  vallo 
deductis  propius  acceduut  et  tela  intra  munitionem  ex  omnibus 
partibus  conjiciunt;  praeconibusque  circummissis  pronuutiari 
jubent,  seu611  quis612  Gallus  sen  Romanus  velit  ante  boram  ter- 
tiam  ad  se  trausire  sine  periculo  licere ;  post  id  tempus  non 

699  Quoniam   sciebat :     C.   i.,   18.  606  Prima  luce  :  C.  iii ,  59.    G.  287, 

G.  538.  R. 

600  Quam  aequissimo  loco:  C.  i.,  607  Ad  castra  accedit:  C.  xlviii., 
7.     G.  317,  R.  587.     Cum  equitibus  committit,  c. 

601  Etsi  erant:  C.  iv.,  72.     G.  606.  xi.,  185.     G.  346,  R.  1. 

602  Eo  consilio  :  A  not  uncommon  W8  Ex  omnibus  partibus  :  0. 
antecedent  to  a  final  clause  with  ut.  xxvi.,  328.     G   388,  R.  2. 

G.  545,  1.  60a  Rebus:  C.  h\,  31.      G.  195,  R. 

603  Quo  itinere  :  C.  xix.,  249.     G.    4. 

387.  LI.  810  Iniquo  loco:  C.  xviii.,  242. 

L. 604  Suum  :  Favorable  (for  him).  G.  385,  R. 

G.  299,  R.  6n  Seu  quis  Gallus  seu  Romanus 

605  Si  forte— posset — si  non   pos-  velit:  O.  R.,  vult  or  volet.     G.  060, 

set:    O.  R.  possit.     G.  659,  R.  1.     Si  3. 

non  because  the  positive  precedes,  6Vi  On  quis,    c.   xxxiv.,  423.      G. 

c.  xlviii.,  585.     G.  592.  302. 


118  LATIN   READER. 

fore  potestatem :  ac613  sic  nosfcros  contempserunt  ut  obstructis 
in  speciem  portis  singulis  ordinibus  caespitum,  quod  ea  non 
posse  intrornmpere  videbantur,  alii  vallum  manu  scindere,  alii 
fossas  complere  inciperent.  Turn  Caesar  omnibus  portis  erup- 
tione  facta  equitatuque  emisso  celeriter  bostes  in  fugam  dat  sic 
uti  omnino  pugnandi  causa  resisteret  nemo;614  magnumque  ex 
iis616  numerum  occidit  atque  omnes  armis010  exuit.617 

LII.  Longius  prosequi  veritus,  quod  silvae  paludesque  inter- 
cedebant,618  neque  etiam619  parvulo  detrimento  illorum  locum 
relinqui  videbat,  omnibus  suis  incolumibus  copiis  eodem  die  ad 
Ciceronem  pervenit.  Institutas  turres,  testudines  munitiones- 
que  hostium  admiratur:  legione  prodncta  cognoscit  non  deci- 
mum  quemque620  esse  reliquum  nlilitem  sine  vulnere.681  Ex 
bis  omnibus622  judicat  rebus  quanto  cum  periculo  et  quanta 
cum  virtute  res  sint623  administratae:  Ciceronem  pro  ejus  merito 
legionemque  collaudat  :  centuriones  singillatim  tribunosque 
militum  appellat,  quorum  egregiam  fuisse  virtutem  testimonio 
Ciceronis  cognoverat.  De  easu  Sabini  et  Cottae  certius  ex  cap- 
tivis  cognoscit.  Postero  die  contione  babita  rem  gestam  pro- 
ponit,  milites  consolatur  et  confirmat :  quod  detrimentum6" 
culpa  et  temeritate  legati  sit  aceeptum,  boc625  aequiore  animo 
ferendum  docet,  quod  beneficio  deorum  immortalium  et  virtute 
eorum  expiato  incommodo  neque  bostibus  diutiua  la-etatio 
neque  ipsis  longior  dolor  relinquatur. 

LIII.  Interim  ad  Labienum628  per  Kemos627  incredibili  celeri- 

613  Ac:  And  actually.     G.  479.  621  Sine  vulnere :   Emphatic  posi- 

614  Omnino — nemo  :    The   separa-    tion  at  the  end.     G.  676. 

tion  emphasizes.     G.  675.  6"  Ex  his  omnibus  rebus  :  Abla- 

615  Ex  iis:  C.  iii.,52.    G.  371,  R.  5.  tive    of    measure   (reference)   with 

616  Armis  :  Verbs  of  depriving-  characteristic  preposition  (whence- 
take   the   ablative,    c.  vi ,  106.     G.  relation).     G.  398.  R.  1. 

889.  623  Res   sint   administratae  :     Se- 

617  Exuit:  Strips  t/iem  of  (causes  quence  according  to  tense,  c.  L,  12. 
them  to  strip  themselves  of,  throw    G.  511,  R.  1. 

away)  their  arms.     G.  310.  6-4  Quod  detrimentum=:(id)  detri- 

LII     61fc    Quod        intercedebant  :  mentum  quod.    Correlative  omitted 

Quod  with  indicative  alter  a  verb  and  incorporation.     G.  622. 

of  emotion.     G.  542.  626  Hoc  aequiore  animo  :  Hoc,  ab- 

6,9  Etiam  belongs  closely  to  par-  lative  of  measure,  c.  i.,  13.     G.  400. 

vulo.    More  common,  et  ne  parvulo  LIII.  62e  Ad  Labienum  :  C.  i.,  25. 

quidem.     G.  480.  (i.  :544,  R.  1. 

6J0  Non  decimum  quemque:  Not  8-7  Per    Remos  :      Through    (the 

one  man  out  of  each  ten.     G.  305.  land  of)  the  Remi.     G.  335. 


DE    BELLO    GALLICO.  119 

tate  de  victoria  Caesaris  fama  perferfcur,  nt,  cum  ab  hibernis 
Ciceronis  milia  passunm  abesset  circiter  lx,  eoqne  post  horam 
nonam  diei  Caesar  pervenisset,628  ante  mediam  noctem  ad  portas 
castrorum  clamor  orirettir,  quo  clamore629  significatio  victoriae 
gratulatioque  ab  Remis  Labieno  fieret.630  Hac  fama  ad  Treviros 
perlata  Indutiomarus,  qui  postero  die  castra  Labi  en  i  oppugnare 
decreverat,  noctu  profugit  copiasque  omnes  in  Treviros  reducit. 
Caesar  Fabium  cum  sua  legione631  remittit  in  hiberna,  ipse633 
cum  in  legionibus  circum  Samarobrivam  trinis633  hibernis634 
hiemare  constituit;  et  quod  tanti  motus  Ga]liae  exstiterant, 
totam  hiemem  ipse  ad  exercitum  manere  decrevit.  Xam  illo 
incommodo  de  Sabini  morte  perlato,  omnes635  fere  Galliae  civi- 
tates  de  bello  consultabant,  nuntios  legationesque  in  omnes 
partes  dimittebant,  et  quid  reliqui  consilii636  caperent637  atque 
unde  initio m  belli  fieret  explorabant,  nocturuaque  in  locis  de- 
sertis  concilia  habebant.  Xeque638  ullum  fere  totius  hiemis 
tempus  sine  sollicitudine  Caesaris  intercessit.  quin639  aliquem 
de  consiliis  ac  motu  Gallorum  nuntium  acciperet.  In  his  ab 
Lucio  Roscio  legato,  quern  legioni640  xiii  praefecerat,  certior 
factus  est  magnas  Gallorum  copias  earum  civitatum,641  quae 
Aremoricae  appellantur,642  oppugnandi  sui643  causa  convenisse, 
neque  longius  milia644  passuum  viii  ab  hibernis  suis  afuisse; 

628  Cum  abesset  eoque  pervenis-  the  deliberative  subjunctive.  G. 
set :  C.  xviii.,  246.     G.  588.  258. 

629  Quo  clamore:  C.  ii.,  40.  G.  63B  Neque  ullum:  So  regularly 
617.  and  not  et  nullum,  c.  vii.,  129.     G. 

630  Fieret:  C.  i.,  26.     G.  632.  482,  R.  3. 

631Cum  sua  legione:  Sua,  sc.  Fabii.  639Quin:  Quin = ut  eo  non,  is  only 

The  context   shows  that   it  is  not  used  after  negative  sentences.  Hence 

Caesar's.     G.  295,  R.  1.  the  positive  sense  of  the  combina- 

Bn  Ipse— ipse  :  C.  ii.,  45.     G.  297.  tion  and  the  use  of  aliquem.    G.  556, 

63  a  Trinis    hibernis  :     The     form  302,  R. 

trini  is  used  with  pluralia  tantum.  wo  Quern  legioni  praefecerat :   C. 

G.  95,  R.  2.  ii.,  36.     G.  346. 

634  Hibernis  :  On  the  simple  abla-  641  Earum  civitatum  depends  on 
tive    see   c.  xix.,  249  (manner).     G.  Gallorum. 

387.  642  Quae    appellantur :    Indicative 

635  Omnes  fere  :  Regular  position  clause  in  the  midst  of  O.  O.,  c.  xi., 
of  fere,  661.     G.  679,  R.  1.  181.     G.  630,  R.  1. 

636  Quid  consilii:  C.  ii.,  44.  G.  fl43  Oppugnandi  sui  :  C.  xvii.,237. 
37  L.     Reliqui  is  nominative.  G.  429.    Sui,  sc.  Roscii,  the  real  agent 

837  Caperent  —  fieret:  The  first  of  the  leading  sentence.  G.  521,  R.  2. 
subjunctive  represents  the  indica-  644  Longius  milia  viii.:  C.  viii., 
tive.      G.  515,   R.  3.      The   second    146.     G.  311,  R.  4. 


120 


LATIN"    HEADER. 


sed  nuntio  allato  de  victoria  Caesaris  discessisse  adeo  ufc'fugae 
similis  discessus  videretur. 

LIV.  At845  Caesar  principibus  cirjusque  civitatis  ad  se  evoca- 
tis,  alias646  territando,047  cum  se  scire  quae  ii  ere  nt  denuntiaret, 
alias  cohortando,  mag  nam  partem  Galliae  in  officio  tenuit. 
Tamen648  Senones,  quae  est  civitas649  in  primis  firma  et  magnae 
inter  Gallos  auctoritatis,650  Cavarinnm  quern  Caesar  apud  eos 
regem  constituerat,  cujus  frater  Moritasgus  adventu651  in  Gal- 
liam652  Caesaris  cujusque653  majores  regnum  obtinuerant,  inter* 
ficere  publico  consilio  conati,  cum  ille  praesensisset  ac  profu- 
gisset,  usque  ad  fines  insecuti  regno  domoque654  expulerunt ;  et 
missis  ad  Caesarem  satisfaciendi  causa  legatis,  cum  is  omnem 
ad  se  senatum  venire  jussisset,  dicto656  audientes  non  fuerunt. 
Tan  turn  apud  homines  barbaros  valuit  esse656  aliquos657  repertos 
principes  inferendi  belli,658  tantamque  omnibus  voluntatum 
commutationem  attulit.  ut  praeter  Aeduos  et  Eemos  quos  prae- 
cipuo659  semper  honore  Caesar  habuit,  alteros660  pro  vetere  ac 
perpetua  erga  populum  Romauum  fide,  alteros  pro  recentibus 


LIV.  64&  At :  C.  iii.,  56.     G.  490. 

646  Alias — alias,  non — non  :  At  one 
time — at  another  (indefinite).  Con- 
trast alteros  —  alteros  below.  G. 
306. 

647  Territando — cohortando:  Ab- 
lative gerund  of  means.  G.  432.  Ob- 
serve the  variety  of  subordination  in 
the  sentence,  ablative  absolute,  ger- 
und, cum. 

648  Tamen  often  stands  at  the  head 
of  its  clause,  seldom  at  the  head  of 
the  whole  sentence.     G.  G81. 

649  Quae  est  civitas  =  civitas  quae 
est  (G.  618),  or  qui  sunt  civitas.  G. 
616,  3,  II. 

050  Magnae  inter  Gallos  auctori- 
tatis  :  C.  xi.,  183.     G.  365. 

651  Adventu  Caesaris  :  Time 
when,  not  as  often  cause  also.  G. 
3^-2. 

662  In  Galliam  :  The  terminal  ac- 
cusative  with  adventus  as  a  verbal 
noun.  G.  342.  Observe  also  the 
position.     G.  415. 

063  Cujus — cujusque :  Observe  the 


close  connection  of  these  two  rela- 
tives and  the  subordination  of  both 
to  quem.  Comp.  c.  xxiv.,  307.  G. 
639. 

e54  Regno  domoque  expulerunt: 
Ablative  of  separation,  without  a 
preposition.  Comp.  c.  xlviii.,  582. 
G.  388. 

655  Dicto  audientes  =  oboedientes: 
Dicto  as  it  were  personified :  audire, 
to  hearken  unto.  G.  345.  Observe 
the  long  period. 

650  Esse — belli  :  Subject  to  valuit. 
G.  195. 

657  Aliquos  :  Some,  with  a  shade  of 
contempt     G.  301. 

«68  principes  inferendi  belli — qui 
primi  inferrent  bellum,     G.  429. 

G5u  praecipuo  semper  honore 
habuit :  C.  xxvii.,  339.  G.  334,  R. 
385,  II.  After  the  analogy  of  habe- 
re loco,  numero.  Observe  the  em- 
phatic position  of  semper-.  G. 
679. 

000  Alteros— alteros  :  Of  two  defi- 
nite sets.     Comp.  676.     G.  306. 


DE   BELLO   GALLICO. 


121 


Gallici  belli  officiis,  nulla  fere661  civitas  fuerit662  non  snspecta 
nobis.  Idque  adeo*6"  baud  scio  minmaumne664  sit,  cum  com- 
pluribus  aliis  de  causis,  turn  maxime665  quod  ii  qui  virtute  belli 
omnibus  gentibiis  praeferebantur666  tantum  se  ejus  opinionis 
dcperdidisse"7  ub  a  populo  Romano  imperia  preferrent  gravis- 
sime  dolebant. 

LV.  Treviri  vero  atque  Iodutiomarus  totius  hiemis  nullum 
tempus  intermiserunt668  quin  trans  Rbenum  legates  mitterent, 
civitates  sollicitarent,  pecuuias  pollicerentur,  magna  parte  exer- 
citus  nostri  interfecta  multo  minorem  superesse  dicerent669  par- 
tem. Neque  tamen  ulli670  civitati671  Germanorum  persuaderi 
potuit  ut  Khenum  transiret,  cum  se  bis  expertos  dicerent  Ario- 
visti  bello672  et  Tencterornm  transitu;  non  esse  amplius  fortu- 
nam  temptaturos.  Hac  spe673  lapsus  Indutiomarus  nibilo 
minus  copias  cogere,  exercere,  a  finitimis  equos  parare,  exsule3 
damnatosque  tota  Gallia674  magnis  praemiis  ad  se  allicere  coepit. 
Ac  tantam  sibi  jam  bis  rebus  in  Gallia  auctoritatem  compara- 
Yerat  ut  undique  ad  eum  legationes  concurrerent,  gratiam  at- 
que amicitiam  publice  privatimque  peterent. 

LVL  Ubi  intellexit  ultro  ad  se  veniri,675  altera676  ex677  parte 
Senones  Oarnntesque  conscientia  facinoris  instigari,  altera  Ner- 

661  Nulla  fere  non  :  Almost  every,  runt   quin :    Quin   is,  so  to  speak 

Emphatic  use  of  opposing  negatives,  doubly  dependent    on   nullum   and 

G    448   R4      On  fere,  c.  liii.,  635.  intermitto.     Gr.  551,  bd5. 

'«"  Fuerit  •  Perfect  (aoristic)  sub-  66tf  Sollicitarent,  pollicerentur,  di- 

iunctive   after   an   liistorical    tense  cerent :  Lively  asyndeton.     Outside 

with  a  negative,  c. xv., 222.    G.513.  of  a  dependent  clause  it  would  be 

663  Adeo   belongs    to    mirandum.  liistorical  infinitive,     G.  *<o 

g  44Y;  °  6<°Neque  ulli :    C.  vii.,  129.      G, 

664  Haud    scio   mirandumne  :  -ne    482,  R.  3.  ■ 

here   inclines   to  the  negative.     G.        671  Civitati    persuaderi:    C.   vn., 

456  R  1.     An  would  be  affirmative,    133.     G.  204.  _ 

J£j'  R  «2  Bello— transitu  :    !Not    simply 

'^Cum- turn  maxime:  Civ.,  78.  time.     G.  393.     Comp.  651. 

q   -)89  673  Hac  spe:  C.xln.,512.     G. 388. 

""^Praeferebantur:   Not  praelati  61i  Tota   GaUia  :    C.  xxxiv.,  422. 

erant,  which  would  intimate  an  in-  G- 38$-       „     .._,...     _„       n 

terval.     Here  the  imperfect  denotes  LVL  •"  Venin  :  C.  vin.,  141.     G. 

a  continuance  up  to  the  time  of  the  199,  R.l. 

change      G  222  Altera  ex  parte— altera :    On 

•67°Se   deperdidisse  :    C.  iv.,   82.  altera,  c.  liv    660.     G.  306. 

^    533  677  Ex :    C.  xxiv.,  328.      G.  388, 

LV. 69<?  Nullum  tempus  intermise-  R.  2. 


122  LATIN   READER. 

vios  Aduatucosque  bellum  Eomanis  parare,  neque  sibi  volun- 
tariorum  copias  defore  si  ex  fmibus  suis  progredi  coepisset,'78 
armatum  concilium  indicit.  Hoc679  more680  Gallorum  est  initi- 
um  belli,  quo681  lege  commnni  omnes  puberes  armati  convenire 
consuerunt:  qui  ex  iis682  novissimiis683  convenit,684  in  couspectu 
multitudinis  omnibus  cruciatibus  adfectus885  necatur.  In  eo 
concilio  Cingetorigem,  alterius  principem  factionis,  generum 
SLium,  quern  supra  demonstravimus  Oaesaris  secutum  fidem  ab 
eo  non  discessisse,  hostem  judicat  bonaque  ejus  publicat.  His 
rebus  confectis  in  concilio  pronuntiat  arcessitum  se  a  Senonibus 
et  Carnutibus  aliisqne  compluribus  Galliae  civitatibus;  buc686 
iter  facturum  per  fines  Remorum,  eorumque  agros  populaturum, 
ac  prius  quam  id  faciat687  castra  Labieni  oppugnaturum.  Quae 
fieri  velit  praecipit. 

LVII.  Labienus  cum688  et  loci  natura  et  manu  munitissimis 
castris689  sese  teneret,  de  suo  ac  legionis  periculo  nihil690  timebat: 
ne  quam691  occasionem  rei  bene  gerendae  dimitteret  cogitabat. 
Itaqne  a  Cingetorige  atque  ejus  propinquis  oratione  Indutiomari 
cognita  quam  in  concilio  habuerat,  nuntios  mittit  ad  finitimas 
civitates  equitesque  undique  evocat:  his  certum  dien^conveni- 
endi  dicit.  Interim  prope  cotidie  cum  omni  equitatu  Indutio- 
marus  sub  castris  ejus  vagabatur,  alias692  ut  situm  castrorum 
cognosceret,  alias  colloquendi  aut  territandi  causa:  equites  ple- 
rumque  omnes  tela  intra  vallum  conjiciebant.  Labienus  suos 
intra  niunitionem  continebat  timorisqne  opinionem  quibuscum- 
que  poterat693  rebus  augebat. 

678  Si  coepisset:  C.  xl.,  493.  G.  686  Hue:  Regularly  illuc  in  O.  O. 
660,  4.  G.  663.   Hue  retained  by  Repraesen- 

679  Hoc   sc.   armatum  concilium,    tatio.     G.  657,  R. 

G.  290,  5.  68T  Priusquam  id  faciat :  In  0.  R. 

6bU  More,  according  to  the  custom  ;  priusquam  id  facio.     G.  577. 
also  de  more.     G   398.  LVII.    6H8    Cum    teneret  :     Cum 

6,1  Quo,  whither =&&  quod,  sc.  con-  causal,  c.  xxii.,  279.     G.  587. 
cilium.     G.  613,  R.  1.  689  Castris  :  C.  xxii.,  249.     G.387. 

683  Ex  iis  :  C.  iii.,  52.    G.  371,  R.  5.  Below  (c.  lviii.)  intra  castra. 

683  Novissimus  :     Predicative,   he        6y0  Nihil  :    Adverbial    accusative, 

who  is  the  last  to  make  his  appear-  c.  xxxiv. ,  436.     G.  443,  R.  2. 
ance  at  the  meeting.     G.  324,  R.  5.  691  Ne  quam:  C.  vii.,  118.     G.  543. 

e*4  Convenit :  Perfect  in  an  itera-        "- Alias— alias :    At  one  time — at 

tive  sentence,  c.  xiv.,  216.     G.  569.  another  (indefinite).     G.  306. 

686Affectus:    C.  xlviii.,  591.      G.        C93Poterat:    Indicative   in   a   ge 

403,  R.  2.  neric  relative  sentence.     G.  625. 


DE   BELLO    GALLICO.  123 

LYIII.  Cum  majore  in  dies  contemptione  Indutiomarus  ad 
castra694  accederet,  nocte   una   intromissis   eqnitibus  omnium 
finitimarum  civi latum  quos  arcessendos695  curaverat,  tanta  dili- 
gentia  omnes  suos  custodiis  intra  castra  continuit  ut  nulla  ra- 
tione  ea  res  enuntiari  aut696  ad  Treviros  perferri  posset.     In- 
terim   ex   consuetndine697   cotidiana    Indutiomarus   ad    castra 
accedit  atque  ibi  magnam  partem  diei  consumit;  equites  tela 
conjiciunt   et   magna  cum  contumelia  verborum   nostros   ad 
pugnam  evocant;  nullo  ab  nostris  dato  responso,  ubi  visum 
est698  sub  vesperum  dispersi  ac  dissipati  discedunt.     Subito  La- 
bienus  duabus  portis699  omnem  equitatum  emittit ;  praecipit  at- 
que interdicit,  perterritis  hostibus  atque  in  fugam  conjectis, 
quod  fore  sicut  accidit  videbat,  unum  omnes  peterent700'701'705 
Indutiomarum,  neu703  quis704  quem   prius  vulneret705  quam709 
ilium  interfectum  viderit,707  quod   mora   reliquorum  spatium 
nactum  ilium  effugere  nolebat:  magna  proponit  iis  qui  occide- 
rint797  praemia:  submittit  cohortes  equitibus  subsidio.     Com- 
probat  hominis  consilium  fortuna,  et  cum  unum  omnes  peterent, 
in  ipso708  fluminis  vado  deprehensus  Indutiomarus  interficitur, 
caputque  ejus  refertur  in  castra:  redeuntes  equites  quos  pos- 
siint   consectantur   atque  occidunt.      Hac   re   cognita   omnes 
Eburonum  et  Xerviorum  quae  convenerant  copiae  discedunt; 
pauloque  habuit  post  id  factum  Caesar  quietiorem  Galliam. 

LVIII.  C94  Ad   castra  accederet:  70a  On  the  tense,  c.  i.,  12.     G.  511, 

C.  xlviii.,  587.     G.  346,  R.  1.  R.  1.                                       , 

695  Arcessendos:  G  i.,10.    G.431.  7U3  Neu  quis   quem  vulneret  de- 

696  Aut  in  a  negative  sentence  :  C.  pends  on  interdixit.     G.  548. 
xvii.,  238.     G.  444.  704  On  quis  quem,  c.  xxxiv.,  423. 

«"Exconsuetudine  :  C.  lii.,  622.  G.  302. 

G.  398  R.  1.  705  ^n  vulneret,  c.  i.,  12.     G.  511 

698  Ubi  visum  est:  C.iii., 53.  G.563.  R.  1. 

699  Duabus   portis:    C.  xix.,  249.  706  Prius— quam:  Often  separated. 

G.  387.  G-  576>  R- 

700  Peterent  depends  on  praecipit.        707  Viderit  :  Perfect  subjunctive, 
q  g46  0.  O.  construction.     G.  578.     So  qui 

"wl  On  tlie  omission  of  ut,  c.  xlix.,    occiderint.     G.  GS'O. 
595.     G.546.R.3.  70(jIpso:   Very.    G.  297. 

3 


NOTES. 


DE   GESTIS  ALEXANDRI. 

DE  GESTIS  AIjEXANDRI  :  This  was  once  used  as  the  title  of  the 
work  of  Q.  Curtius  Rufus,  on  which  see  the  note  C.  8. 


C.  1.  Birth  of  Alexander  (Cic.  Div.  1,  47).  Letter  of  Philip 
to  Aristotle,  announcing  the  same  (A.  Gell.  9,  3). 

Olympiade  :  Daughter  of  Neoptolemus,  King  of  Epirus. 
"  Alexander  inherited  the  violent  temperament  and  headstrong 
will  of  his  furious  Epirotic  mother."  (Grote.)— Dianae  Ephesiae- 
Diana  of  Ephesus,  a  Goddess  of  Nature,  not  to  be  confounded 
with  the  sister  of  Apollo.— templum:  The  old  temple  was 
burned  bv  Herostratus  ;  the  remains  of  the  new  temple  have 
been  brought  to  light  of  late  years.— doctor  em  accivit:  Alex- 
ander was  thirteen  years  old  when  he  was  put  under  the  in- 
struction of  Aristotle,  and  remained  with  him  three  years. 

C.  2.  Promise  of  Alexander's  boyhood.  Anecdotes  showing 
his  high  spirit  and  his  lofty  ambition.  Story  of  his  horse  Bu- 
cephalus (Plut.  Vit.  Alex.).  Takes  part  in  the  decisive  battle 
of  Chaeronea. 

Bucephala  :  "  Oxhead."  Bucephalas  is  after  the  Macedonian 
f orm .__ Chaeroneam :  The  battle  of  Chaeronea  was  fatal  to  the 
liberties  of  Greece — "  that  dishonest  victory  at  Chaeronea,  fatal 
to  liberty."  (Milton.)— sacra  cohorte :  S.  C  is  a  translation  of 
the  Greek  iepoS  XoxoS  "  Sacred  Band,"  a  regiment  of  three 
hundred  men,  each  bound  to  the  comrade  at  his  side  by  solemn 
vows  of  friendship. 

C.  3.  Philip  having  been  murdered  at  Aegae,  Alexander  as- 
cends the  throne  of  Macedon,  and  punishes  the  assassins  of  his 
father.  The  Diet  of  the  Greek  States  at  Corinth  elect  him  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  Greek  forces  in  the  war  against  the  Per- 
sians (Justin,  11, 2).   Alexander  and  Diogenes  (Cic.  Tusc.  5,  92). 

necatus :  By  Pausanias,  who  was  immediately  slain.  Alex 
andro  Lyncestae  :  Son-in-law  of  Antipater  (C.  6). 

C.  4.  The  Athenians  and  Thebans  show  signs  of  disaffection. 
But  the  Athenians  soon  sue  for  peace,  which  is  granted. 


B.  C. 

356. 

Autumn. 


338. 


336. 


335. 

Autumn. 


126 


LATI^   HE  A  DEE. 


B.  O 

335. 


334. 
Spring. 


rex  cecidisset :  Grote  thinks  that  this  welcome  news  was 
not  fabricated,  but  only  too  hastily  credited  by  Demosthenes. 

C.  5.  The  Thebans  persist  and  are  crushed.  Thebes  is  de- 
stroyed (Justin,  9,  4).  The  house  of  Pindar  alone  is  spared 
(Plin.  7,  109). 

Phocenses  et  Plataeenses  :  Whoever  was  responsible  for  this 
destruction,  "  unparalleled  in  Grecian  history,"  Alexander  looked 
back  upon  it  with  shame  and  remorse. 

C.  6.  Alexander  crosses  the  Hellespont,  and  offers  funeral 
sacrifices  at  the  tomb  of  Achilles  (Jtjstin  ;  Cic.  pro  Arch.  34). 

bellum  Persicum  :  A  Persian  war  of  vengeance  for  the  inva- 
sion of  Xerxes,  of  liberation  for  the  Asiatic  Greeks,  had  long 
been  a  favorite  scheme  of  Greek  leaders. — Antipatro  :  Anti- 
'  pater  was  one  of  the  ablest  of  Philip's  generals,  and  held 
Greece  well  in  hand  during  Alexander's  career  of  victory. — 
Achillis  :  "Alexander  was  in  many  points  a  reproduction  of 
the  heroic  Greeks."    (Grote.) 

C.  7.  Brilliant  victory  over  the  Persians  at  the  crossing  of 
'  the  river  Granicus  in  Mysia.     Alexander's  life  saved  by  Clitus 
(Justin). 

ingens  caedes  :  The  loss  of  the  Persian  cavalry  was  not 
great,  but  the  slaughter  of  the  leading  Persians,  who  fought 
with  reckless  valor,  was  fearful.  The  infantry  was  utterly 
and  finally  broken  up. 


Autumn,  c.  8.  The  Greeks  of  Asia  Minor  liberated.  Miletus  and 
Halicarnassus  reduced.  Alexander  marches  on  Gordium. 
Story  of  the  Gordian  Knot  (Curt.  3,  1). 

The  previous  chapters  have  been  made  up  by  Professor  Latt- 
mann  of  extracts  from  various  authors.  The  rest  of  the  nar- 
rative is  taken  chiefly  from  the  work  of  Quintus  Curtius  Ruf us, 
a  rhetorical  historian,  who  is  supposed  to  have  lived  in  the 
first  half  of  the  first  century  after  Christ.  His  chief  authority 
was  Clitarchus,  the  author  of  a  popular  history  of  Alexander 
(about  300  B.C.);  his  great  model  of  composition  was  his  older 
contemporary  Livy.  It  is  true  that  Curtius  was  not  an  his- 
torian in  the  higher  sense ;  his  knowledge  of  politics  and  of 
the  art  of  war  was  slender,  and  he  had  little  appreciation  of 
the  great  work  of  fusing  East  and  West,  to  which  Alexander 
was  destined.  But  his  style  is  brilliant,  his  narrative  vivid, 
his  grouping  of  facts  effective,  his  analysis  of  character  and 
motive  subtle,  and  his  moral  tone  virginal.  A  purer  book  can 
hardly  be  put  into  the  hands  of  boys,  and  the  glow  of  his 
sympathy  with  all  that  is  manly  and  elevated  makes  the  read- 
-  ing  of  Curtius  as  wholesome  as  it  is  attractive.  In  common 
with  the  writers  of  the  Silver  Age,  Curtius  has  some  peculiari- 


NOTES — DE   GESTIS   ALEXANDRA  127 

ties  in  diction  and  construction,  which  are  not  in  strict  accord-  »• «. 
ance  with  the  standards  of  prose,  but  the  slight  poetical  tinge 
thus  imparted  to  his  style  will  hardly  injure  the  Latinity  of 
beginners.  Three-fourths  of  his  vocabulary  may  be  found  in 
Livy,  and  in  the  extracts  given  there  are  very  few  words  that 
would  strike  a  Latin  scholar  as  unusual  in  prose.  The  chief 
deviations  in  Syntax  have  been  indicated  by  reference  to  the 
Grammar  ;  and  other  peculiarities  are  mentioned  in  the  Notes, 
which  have  been  taken  largely  from  Prof.  Vogel's  school  edition 
(Berlin,  1870-72).  In  a  few  instances  the  language  has  been 
slightly  modified  by  Prof.  Lattmann  in  the  direction  of  the 
normal  standards. 

C.  9.  Darius  takes  command  in  person.     Review  at  Babylon.        333. 
Order  of  march  (Curt.  3,  2.  3). 

Xerxis  exemplo :  At  Doriscus.  "  Ten  thousand  men  were 
counted  and  packed  together  as  closely  as  possible  ;  a  line  was 
drawn,  and  a  wall  of  inclosure  built  around  the  space  which 
they  had  occupied,  into  which  all  the  army  was  directed  to 
enter  successively,  so  that  the  aggregate  number  of  divisions, 
comprising  10,000  each,  was  thus  ascertained."'  (Grote.)— imago 
solis  :  Probably  a  golden  ball  in  a  case  of  crystal. — ignis :  The 
Persians  were  fire- worshippers,  as  are  the  modern  Parsees.— 
equus  Solis  :  The  horse  was  sacred  to  Mithras,  the  sun  god  of 
the  Persians  and  son  of  Ahura  Mazda  (Ormuzd),  who  corre- 
sponds to  Jupiter. — Immortales — ad  decern  milia  :  Herodotus 
says  exactly  10,000,  any  vacancy  being  immediately  filled  ; 
hence  "The  Immortals."  Comp.  the  French  Academy.— sus- 
penderat=suspensum  habebat  :  Pluperf.  of  Resulting  Condi- 
tion.— cidarim  :  The  cidarls  [ridpa  6p$?})  was  a  kind  of  hat  or 
turban  of  conical  form  ;  only  the  king  was  allowed  to  wear  it 
perfectly  upright  (Xen.  Anab.  2,  5,  23).—  hastas— spicula: 
1 '  Shafts  "— "  points. "— conjunx  :  Statira.— lixarumque  :  -que 
"to  wind  up  with." — leviter  ariaati— milites  levis  armaturae. 

C.  10.  Alexander  enters  Cilicia  by  the  famous  pass  through 
the  Taurus,  the  Pylae.  Bathes  in  the  river  Cydnus.  Danger- 
ous sickness.  Alexander  and  his  physician  Philip  (Curt.  3, 
4-6). 

vinctum  ergo  se  tradi  :  Ergo  belongs  to  tradi,  the  so-called 
ergo  of  resignation. 

C  11.  Darius,  against  the  advice  of  his  Greek  mercenaries, 

advances  into  Cilicia. 

Fama  stare  :  Stare  takes  the  Abl.  like  niti,  and  in  the  same 
sense.     See  G.  403,  R.  3. 

C.  12-14.  Battle  of  Issus.  November; 

Eadem  nocte  :  "  At  the  same  time  that  the  Macedonians  were 
marching  southward  to  cross  Mount  Amanus  by  the  southern 


128  LATIN"   HEADER. 

B-  c.  pass,  and  attack  Darius  in  tlie  plain,  Darius  was  coming  over 
into  Cilicia  by  the  northern  pass,  to  drive  them  before  him 
back  into  Macedonia."  (Grote.) 

C.  15.  Alexander's  noble  bearing  toward  the  ladies  of  Darius's 
household  (Cgkt.  3,  12). 

veneratae  sunt :  "  Made  obeisance." — excusans  :  "  Alleging  as 
an  excuse  ;  "  "  giving  as  an  excuse  that  she  did  not  know  the 
king,  as  she  had  never  seen  him  before." 

332.  C.  16.  Darius's  flight  to  the  Euphrates.     Letter  from  Darius 

to  Alexander,  with   proposals   of   peace,   which  are   rejected 
(Curt.  4,  1). 

de  cetero= rov  Xontov  "  in  future,"  not  a  classic  use. 

End  of  July.  C.  17-20.  Siege  of  Tyre,  lasting  seven  months.  Desperate 
resistance  of  the  besieged,  and  final  reduction  of  the  city 
(Curt.  4,  2-4). 

C.  17.  Byblum:  Byblus=Qebal. — urbem  vetustate  inclitam . 
Canaan  begat  Sidon  his  first-born,  Gen.  10,  15. — Herculi  :  The 
Tyrian  Melkarth  was  popularly  identified  with  Hercules 
(HpanXiji).  M.  is  the  personification  of  the  sun  in  his  vic- 
torious course  from  East  to  West.  Comp.  "The  Pillars  of 
Hercules." — ab  iUo  deo :  The  Macedonian  kings  traced  their 
descent  from  Archelaus,  son  of  the  Heracleid  Temenus. — 
Oarthaginem :  Karthada=New-town. 

C.  18.  Tyro  vetere= Palaetyro  (C.  17). — rupit= dirupit.  The 
picturesque  language  of  the  Silver  Age  prefers  the  simple  to 
the  compound. 

C.  19.  adversum  ventum :  The  adverse  wind  was  the  south- 
west. 

C.  20.  coloniae  certe  :  Certe,  "  at  all  events,"  i.  e.,  whether 
the  other  statements  be  true  or  not. 

C.  21.  New  proposals  of  peace  from  Darius  ;  again  rejected 
by  Alexander  (Curt.  4,  5). 

ut  regi  :  See  C.  16. — Statirae :  By  others  called  BarsinS. 
Alexander  married  her  two  years  afterwards. — inde  :  ab  Haly. 

Winter.        c.  22.  Gaza  is  taken  after  a  siege  of  two  months  (Curt.  4,  6). 

linqui  =  relinqui. — submitti  genu:  Archaic  for  submitters 
genua. — lubricis  armis  :  Adversative  relation,  "although." 

881.  C  23.  The   Macedonians   advance  into   Egypt.      Alexander 

pring.     vigits  tke  oracie  0f  jUpiter  Amnion ;  founds  the  city  of  Alex- 


NOTES — DE   GESTIS  ALEXAXDKI.  129 


B.  C. 

331. 


andria,  and  then  takes  up  the  line  of  march  for  the  Euphrates 
(Curt.  4,  7.  8). 

quadriduum  absumptum  est :  The  oasis  Siwah  is  five  days' 
journey  from  the  coast. — effigiem:  A  figure  with  a  ram's  head, 
in  one  hand  a  wand,  in  the  other  a  key,  is  found  on  the  Egyp- 
tian monuments.  This  is  supposed  to  be  Amnion.  The  um- 
bilicus mentioned  in  the  text  has  been  explained  as  the  sacred 
discus  (quoit).—  filium  appellat :  "  Son  of  Amnion,"  was  a  title 
of  the  Egyptian  kings.— Pater  aeque  :  Others  read  Vatesque. 

C  24.  Darius  masses  his  troops  at  Babylon,  and  moves  thence 
northeast  beyond  the  Tigris  (Curt.  4,  6.  8.  9). 

summissae:  "turned  up."  —  demissae:  "turned  down." — 
Arbela :  Arbela  gave  its  name  to  the  great  battle  which  was 
fought  at  Gaugamela,  "  House  of  the  Camel,"  several  leagues 
off. 

C.  25.  Alexander   follows   Darius  by   forced  marches,  and    Summer, 
reaches  the  Euphrates  in  eleven  days,  the  Tigris  in  four  more 
(Curt.  4,  9). 

C.  26.  Death  of  the  wife  of  Darius.  Renewed  proposals  of 
peace ;  renewed  refusal  (Curt.  4,  10  ;  Justin,  11,  12). 

C.  27.  Preparations  for  battle.  Position  of  the  Macedonians 
(Curt.  4, 12. 13). 

dextra  :  A  dextra  would  be  more  elegant,  to  match  a  laeva. 

C.  28.  Battle  of  Arbela.      Darius  flees  into  the  interior  of  October  1. 

Media. 

laxatis  habenis  :  Laxatis,  poetic  for  remissis. — spe  posse : 
Spe  freely  used  as  in  Livy,  for  sperantes. — certe  vates :  See 
the  note  on  certe,  C.  20. — fodiebat  :  For  perfodiebat.— dato 
pugnae  spatio  :  "  Availing  himself  of  a  pause  in  the  fighting," 
seems  to  be  the  meaning  ;  dare  spatium  ordinarily  signifies 
"  to  give  an  opportunity."   Another  and  easier  reading  is  fugae. 

C.  29.  Alexander  advances  on  Babylon,  which  is  surrendered 
by  Mazaeus  (Curt.  5,  1). 

carmen  canentes  :  See  C.  9  (p.  40). 

C.  30.  Debauch  of  the  Macedonian  army  during  their  month's    Winter, 
stay  in  Babylon.     Reinforcements  from  Macedonia  (Curt.  5.  1). 

C.  31.  Entrance  of  Alexander  into  Susa.     Forces  his  way 
through  the  Susides  Pylae.     Interview  with  mutilated  Greek 
captives  (Curt.  5,  2-4). 
9 


130 


LATIN"  READER. 


B-  c.  c.  32.  Occupation  and  pillage  of  Persepolis  (Curt.  5,  6). 

Spring. 

C.  33.  Burning  of  Persepolis. 

C.  34.  On  the  way  from  Ecbatana  to  Bactra,  Darius  is  seized 
by  the  traitors  Bessus  and  Nabarzanes,  and  confined  in  a 
tumbrel  (Curt.  5,  10.  12). 

C.  35.  The  column  of  the  flying  foe  is  overtaken  and  dis- 
persed (Curt.  5, 13). 

C.  36.  The  tumbrel  is  found.  Darius  dies  of  the  wounds 
dealt  by  the  conspirators  (Curt.  5,  13  ;  Freinsheim). 

C  37.  Change  in  the  demeanor  of  Alexander.  March  into 
Parthiene.  Discontent  of  the  soldiers  at  Hecatompylos.  Alex- 
ander pacifies  them  by  a  personal  appeal.  Advance  into 
Hyrcania  (Curt.  6,  2-4). 

polliceri  obseqaium=:7niUtes  obsecuturos  esse. — curam  regis 
intenderat :  "Kept  the  king  racked  with  anxiety."  With 
intenderat  comp.  suspenderat,  C.  9. 


330. 
Autumn. 


Bucephalus  lost  (Curt. 


Winter. 


C  38.  Description  of  the  Mardi. 
6,5). 

velut  laquei :  In  Curtius  velut  serves  to  modify,  like  quasi. — 
virgulta  subire :  Subire,  "creep  under." — neminem  esse  vic- 
turum  :  '■'  That  no  one  will  be  suffered  to  live." — cum  ceteris 
donis  :  "With  gifts  besides,"  as  Bucephalus  was  not  a  gift. 
Perhaps  a  Grecism:  /.isrd  tgjv  aWoov  doopcav. 

C.  39.  Bessus  assumes  the  royal  title  as  Artaxerxes  III. 
Baggage  of  Alexander's  troops  burned.  The  revolted  satrap 
Satibarzanes  pursued.  The  Arii  quelled.  The  Drangae  in- 
vaded. The  conspiracy  of  Philotas  discovered.  The  con- 
spirators punished.  Parmenio  assassinated  by  Polydamas  un- 
der Alexander's  order  (Curt.  6,  6-11 ;  7,  2). 

C.  40.  Winter  campaign  of  the  Macedonians  in  the  high- 
lands of  the  Parapamisadae  (Curt.  7,  3). 

incoviditMTti=rude,  ferurn,  seldom  used  of  persons.  —  obruunt 
sc.  terra. — nix  discussa:  The  MSS.  have  simply  discussa  sc. 
hiems. — aperire  :  Comp.  Apr  Vis. — aliud  quam  \\t—quam  hoe  tit. 
The  demonstrative  is  implied,  and  the  tit  clause  is  equivalent 
to  an  infinitive. 

C.  41.  Alexander  founds  the  city  of  Alexandria  at  the  foot 
of  the  Caucasus  (Curt.  7,  3). 


NOTES — DE   GESTIS  ALEXAXDRI. 


131 


Oaucasum  :  Caucasus  is  originally  a  common  noun,  and 
means  "  Snow  mountain."  The  Parapamisus  is  the  Caucasus 
Indicus,  so  called  to  distinguish  it  from  the  Caucasus  proper, 
or  Caspian  Caucasus.  Curtius  seems  to  have  considered  them 
identical. — Promethea  :  According  to  the  myth,  Prometheus 
was  chained  to  the  Caspian  Caucasus. 

C.  42.  Bessus,  deserted  by  the  Bactrians,  flees  beyond  the 
Oxus.     Description  of  Bactria  (Curt.  7,  4). 

Bactrianae  terrae :  Bactria  lies  between  Parapamisus  and 
the  river  Oxus,  which  separates  it  from  Sogdiana.  The  de- 
scription is  said  to  be  very  accurate. 

C  43.  Toilsome  and  dangerous  march  through  Sogdiana  in  pur- 
suit of  Bessus.     Crossing  the  river  Oxus  on  skins  (Curt.  7,  5). 

Sogdianorum :  A  part  of  the  ancient  Sogdiana  (Bokhara)  is 
still  called  Sogd. 

C.  44.  Bessus  betrayed  into  the  hands  of  Alexander.  An- 
other Alexandria  founded  on  the  Jaxartes  (Curt.  7,  5.  6). 

C.  45.  The  Scythians  threaten  the  new  settlement.  The 
crossing  of  the  Jaxartes.  Flight  of  the  enemy.  The  Sacae 
submit  (Curt.  7,  9). 

suis  impositam  esse  cervicibus :  A  familiar  phrase  of  a 
troublesome  neighbor. 

C.  46.  Alexander's  visit  to  Bazaira.  Description  of  the  park. 
The  lion  of  Lysimachus  (Curt.  8,  1).  Alexander  slays  Clitus 
at  a  banquet  in  Maracanda.  His  repentance.  (Justin,  12,  6  ; 
Cic.  Verr.  2,  5,  9  ;  Tusc.  4,  37). 

greges   clausi  :    Clau8i=inclusi. —  nemora — silvas — saltum  : 

Nemora  "  groves,"  properly  of  artificial  parks  ;  silvae  and  saltus 
of  natural  forests.  But  in  this  passage  there  seems  to  be  no 
sharp  distinction.  The  Greek  name  (derived  from  the  Persian) 
is  7tapccdEi6o$. 

C.  47.  Oxyartes   surrenders  to   Alexander.      Alexander   es- 
pouses Roxane,  daughter  of  Oxyartes  (Curt.  8,  4). 
coeuntium  pignus  :  "  Symbol  of  wedlock." 

C.  48.  Preparations  for  the  Indian  campaign.  Alexander 
assumes  more  and  more  the  bearing  of  a  Persian  despot.  De- 
mands divine  honors  for  his  person.  Indignation  of  the  Mace- 
donians (Curt.  8,  5). 

Callisthenes  Olynthius  :  Callisthenes  of  Olynthius,  a  kins- 
man and  pupil  of  Aristotle,  especially  famous  for  his  History 
of  Macedon. 


b.  o. 
330. 


329. 
Spring 


Summer 


328. 

Summer. 


Winter 


132 


LATIJST   READER. 


B.C. 

328. 


327. 
Spring. 


C.  49.  Description  of  India  and  its  inhabitants  (Curt.  8,  9) 

quae  Austrum  accipiunt=gwae  Austro  maxime  exposita  sunt, 
a  poetical  turn  ;  "  which  have  a  southern  exposure." — omnium 
eximius :  As  if  eximius  were  a  superlative,  which  it  is  in  sense. 
— Rubro  mari  :  Used  loosely. — reverheratvir=:repercutitur. — 
arborum  :  Especially  the  bark  of  palm-trees. — zcves—psittaci, 
"  parrots." — nisi  invecta:  "  Except  as  imported." 

C.  50.  Luxury  of  the  Indian  kings.     The  Fakirs  (Curt.  8,  9). 

agreste  et  horridum  :  Horridum  in  a  good  sense  as  opposed 
to  the  perditi  mores  of  the  others.     (Comp.  Juv.  10,  298.) 


Winter. 
326. 


Summer. 


C.  51.  Alexander  crosses  the   border  of  India.     The  forces 
are  divided,  and  the  country  subjugated  in  detail.     Surrender 
Spring,     of  Omphis  (Taxiles).     (Curt.  8,  10.  12.) 

C.  52.  March  to  the  Hydaspes.  Porus  opposes  the  passage 
of  the  Hydaspes  (Curt.  8,  13). 

C.  53.  Great  battle  with  Porus,  and  victory  over  the  same. 
Porus  finds  favor  with  Alexander,  and  is  restored  to  his  throne 
and  his  dominion  enlarged  (Curt.  8,  13.  14). 

descendere=descensurum  esse,  "was  about  to  alight."- — 
amicorwm.=sraipGov,  "suite." 

C.  54.  Description  of  the  interior  of  India.  Advance  to  the 
Hyarotis  (Curt.  9,  1). 

caeli  tem$eries=natnra  caeli,  "climate." — fulgorem  redden  - 
tibus  :  Reddo,  "  repeat,"  in  the  sense  of  "  resemble  "  is  poetic. 
— praesens  :  "  Immediate." 

C.  55.  Alexander  reaches  the  border  of  the  kingdom  of  So- 
pithes.  Refusal  of  the  army  to  advance.  Alexander  yields, 
erects  twelve  altars  as  a  memorial  of  his  expedition,  and  re- 
turns to  the  Acesines,  where  he  founds  two  cities.  Goes  down 
the  river  (Curt.  9,  1-3). 

C.  56.  Heroic  defence  of  the  Sibi.  Invasion  of  the  land  of 
the  Oxydracae  and  Malli.  In  storming  a  city  of  the  Oxydra- 
cae,  Alexander  is  badly  wounded  (Justin  12,  9).  Anxious  sus- 
pense of  the  army  (Curt.  9,  5). 

Pelles — clavae  :  The  typical  attire  of  Heracles.  See  p.  16,  end. 

C.  57.  Craterus  conducts  the  army  along  the  banks.  Alex- 
ander continues  his  voyage.  Subjugation  of  the  Musicani. 
The  Sambi  and  their  poisoned  swords  (Curt.  9,  8).  Alex- 
ander's dream  (ClC.  Div.  2,  66, 135). 


325. 

Spring 


KOTES — DE   BELLO   GALLICO. 


133 


strenuae  mortis:  Strenuus,  "active,"  hence  "sudden. 


B.C. 

325. 


Winter. 


C.  58.  Dangerous  passage  out  of  the  Indus  into  the  ocean    Summer. 

(Curt.  9,  9). 

subibat :  "  Came  up,"  as  it  were,  to  meet  them  ;  "  met 
them." — evectus  os  :  Xot  for  in  os.  Evectus  is  construed  after 
the  analogy  of  egredior.     Comp.  Gr.  eceXSslv. 

C.  59.  Nearchus,  with  the  fleet,  follows  the  coast.     Alexan-    Autumn. 
der"  returns  up  stream  some  distance,  then  marches  into  the  re- 
gion of  the  Oritae.     Fearful  hardships  of  the  army.     Rest  in 
Gedrosia.     Advance  into  Carmania  (Curt.  9,  10). 

Nearchus  :  Nearchus  of  Crete,  a  special  favorite  of  Alexan- 
der, was  a  man  of  great  ability,  of  varied  and  thorough  at- 
tainments. He  wrote  a  famous  account  of  this  voyage  along 
the  coast  (7taptX7tAovS).— Onesicritus  :  Chief  pilot  of  the  fleet. 
A  good  sailor,  but  an  arch  liar. — maritimi :  The  so-called  Fish- 
eaters,  ^lx^voqidyoi. — Gedrosiae:  Gedrosia,  also  written  Ge- 
drosia, Beluchistan. — Hibero  :  Ebro. 

C.  61.  Alexander's  visit  to  Persagada  and  the  tomb  of  Cyrus 
(Curt.  10,  1).  A  part  of  the  Macedonian  troops  sent  home. 
Mutiny  of  the  others  (10,  2).  Alexander  announces  his  inten- 
tion to  confide  the  protection  of  his  person  to  his  Asiatic  troops 
alone  (10,  4). 

C.  62.  Repentance  of  the  Macedonians.  Reconciliation  (Curt. 
10,  4). 

C  63.  Alexander,  despite  warning,  enters  Babylon.  After 
the  mad  revel  of  a  night,  he  falls  sick  and  dies  (Curt.  10, 5). 


334. 


Jane  11, 
323. 


C.  JULII   CAESAEIS  DE  BELLO   GALLICO. 


LIBER  V. 

I.  Caesar  gives  orders  for  the  building  of  a  new  fleet,  and  the  refitting 
of  the  old.  Holds  assizes  in  Hither  Gaul.  Quells  trouble  in  Illyria. 
The  Pirustae. 

propter  crebras  commutationes  aestuum  :  An  erroneous  view.  The 
inferior  height  of  the  waves  is  said  to  be  due  to  the  shallowness  of  the 
channel.— actuarias  :  "  Light  galleys."  Comp.  agere  remis—ex  His- 
pania  :  Spain  was  rich  in  metals,  and  especially  in  spartum,  of  which 
cordage  was  made. 


134  LATIN  READER. 

II.  Caesar  returns  to  the  army.  Orders  a  rendezvous  at  Itius  Portus. 
Preparation  for  the  invasion  of  Britain.  Caesar  goes  in  person  to  the 
territory  of  the  Treveri. 

III.  Factions  among  the  Treveri.  The  rivals  Cingetorix  and  Indutio- 
marus.  Cingetorix  faithful  to  the  Romans.  Warlike  preparations  of 
Indutiomarus.     On  reflection  Indutiomarus  capitulates. 

ingenti  magnitudine  :  500  (Roman)  miles,  according  to  accounts. 

IV.  Indutiomarus  presents  himself  with  two  hundred  hostages ;  but 
the  preference  shown  to  Cingetorix  rankles. 

V.  Caesar  goes  to  Itius  Portus.  Determines  to  take  with  him  most  of 
the  Gallic  chieftains  as  hostages. 

Meldis  :  The  light  ships,  built  in  the  interior,  were  brought  down  the 
Seine. 

VI.  Dumnorix,  the  Aeduan,  an  enterprising  and  dangerous  man, 
begged  to  be  left  in  Gaul.  His  prayer  being  refused,  Dumnorix  tries  to 
form  a  league  against  Caesar. 

de  quo  ante  ab  nobis  dictum  est:  Characterized  (1,  18)  as  summa 
audacia,  magna  apud  plebem  propter  liberalitatem  gratia,  cupidus  rerum 
novarum. 

VII.  Caesar  watches  Dumnorix.  The  order  to  embark  is  given. 
Dumnorix,  with  the  Aeduan  cavalry,  sets  out  for  his  own  country.  A 
body  of  cavalry  is  sent  in  pursuit  of  Dumnorix.  Dumnorix  refuses  to 
return,  and  is  despatched.     The  Aeduans  obey. 

liberum  liberaeque  esse  civitatis  :  Observe  the  calmness  with  which 
Caesar  states  this  appeal  of  Dumnorix,  and  accepts  what  we  should  call 
the  odium  of  the  murder.  But  there  was  no  odium  in  his  eyes.  His 
policy  was  Roman  policy,  and  remorseless.  "  The  choice  lay  between 
hammer  and  anvil  "  (Mommsen).  The  anvil  has  no  rights  as  against  the 
hammer. 

VIII.  Labienus  left  in  charge.  Caesar  puts  out  at  sunset.  Arrives  in 
Britain  at  noon  the  following  day.     No  enemy  to  be  seen. 

earn  partem  insulae  :  Dover.  Others  suppose  that  the  army  landed  at 
Deal,  or  at  several  neighboring  points  at  once. 

IX.  Caesar  ascertains  the  position  of  the  enemy,  leaves  a  guard  for  the 
ships,  and  advances  into  the  interior.  The  enemy  routed.  No  pursuit 
for  sufficient  reasons. 

flumen  :  Supposed  to  be  the  Little  Stour. 

X.  Pursuit  in  three  columns  ordered.  The  fleet  shattered  by  a  storm. 
Caesar  returns  to  the  landing-place. 


NOTES — DE  BELLO  GALLICO.  135 

XI.  Ten  days  required  for  the  necessary  arrangements.  On  his  return 
to  the  army,  Caesar  finds  the  Britons  consolidated  under  the  command  of 
Cassivellaunus. 

XII.  Inhabitants  and  productions  of  Britain. 

XIII.  Geography  of  Britain. 

Insula,  etc.:  Caesar's  sojourn  on  the  island  was  so  short,  his  acquaint- 
ance  with  it  so  partial,  that  his  report  is  very  wide  of  the  truth.  How- 
ever, Tacitus,  one  hundred  and  fifty  years  afterwards,  was  no  better  in- 
formed. 

XIV.  Habits  and  customs  of  the  Britons.     Their  marriage  relations. 

deni  duodenique :  Not  an  uncommon  arrangement  among  primitive 
tribes — "  polyandry." 

XV.  Active  skirmishing  with  the  enemy.  Temporary  success  of  the 
Britons. 

XVI.  Novel  and  embarrassing  tactics  of  the  enemy, 

XVII.  The  enemy  emboldened  by  success.  The  Roman  cavalry  makes 
a  determined  attack,  and  drives  the  Britons  headlong.  No  further 
united  resistance  to  the  advance  of  the  Romans. 

XVIII.  Caesar  crosses  the  Thames  in  the  face  of  the  enemy.     The 

Britons  betake  themselves  to  flight. 

uno  omnino  loco  :  "  The  most  favorable  point  is  Sunbury  ;  but  there 
are  eight  or  nine  fordable  places  "  (Napoleon  III.). 

XIX.  Cassivellaunus  resorts  to  guerrilla  warfare 

XX.  The  Trinobants  surrender  to  Caesar,  and  put  themselves  under 

his  protection. 

legatos  mittunt :  "  More  from  hatred  of  Cassivellaunus  than  from  fear 
of  the  Romans  "  (Mommsen). 

XXI.  Other  British  tribes  surrender.    Cassi  vellaunus's  '  *  town  "  carried, 
oppidum  vocent  cum,  etc.:  The  town  was  "  an  abattis  on  a  large  scale." 

XXII.  Cassivellaunus  and  his  allies  attack  the  naval  camp.  The  at- 
tack  repelled  with  slaughter.     Cassivellaunus  comes  to  terms. 

"  Cassivellaunus  had  the  good  sense  not  to  press  the  dangerous  enemy," 
and  acceded  to  Caesar's  terms.  But  the  tribute  was  never  imposed  and 
never  paid,  and  the  other  conditions  were  doubtless  a  mere  parade. 
Caesar's  plan  of  subjugation  failed,  and  he  wisely  put  the  best  face  on  it 

XXIII.  Short  and  fair  passage  back  to  Gaul. 


136  LATIN"   READER. 

XXIV.  Distribution  of  the  legions. 

Quinto  Ciceroni :  Quintus  Cicero,  the  brother  of  Marcus  Tullius  Ci- 
cero, was  Caesar's  legate  from  54  to  52  B.  C.  The  orator  was  not  insen- 
sible of  Caesar's  considerate  treatment  of  his  brother,  and,  in  his  turn, 
Caesar  was  not  unwilling  to  conciliate  a  man  of  Cicero's  prominence. 
Aduatuca  :  "  More  than  fourteen  different  localities  have  been  proposed 
for  identification  with  Aduatuca  "  (Napoleon  III.). 

XXV.  Disturbances  among  the  Carnutes.  Tasgetius,  who  had  been 
made  king  by  Caesar,  murdered.     Plancus  sent  to  arrest  the  assassins. 

XXVI.  Ambiorix  and  Catuvolcus,  chieftains  of  the  Eburones,  attack 
the  winter  quarters  of  Sabinus  and  Cotta. 

XXVII.  Parley.  Speech  of  Ambiorix,  in  which  he  warns  the  Romans 
of  their  danger  from  the  united  Gauls  and  the  advancing  Germans,  and 
urges  them  to  withdraw. 

ex  Hispania  quidam  :  Similar  brief  expressions  are  found  elsewhere 
in  Caesar,  e.  g.,  C.  xiii.:  omnes  ex  Gallia  naves  ;  but  the  Latin  language, 
in  the  best  period,  is  chary  of  such  combinations. 

XXVIII.  Council  of  war.     Cotta  opposes  the  advice  of  Ambiorix. 

XXIX.  Titurius  favors  the  advice  of  Ambiorix. 

Ariovisti  mortem  :  It  would  appear  that  he  died  not  only  soon  after, 
but  in  consequence  of  his  unsuccessful  struggle  with  the  Romans  (1,  52). 

XXX.  In  the  heat  of  the  discussion,  Titurius  makes  an  indirect  appeal 
to  the  soldiers. 

XXXI.  The  council  is  prolonged  beyond  midnight.  Cotta  yields.  The 
Romans  prepare  to  evacuate  the  camp. 

Omnia  excogitantur :  Others  understand  :  "  All  arguments  are  devised 
(to  show)  why  there  is  no  remaining  without  danger." 

XXXII.  The  enemy  lies  in  wait  for  the  Romans,  and  attacks  them  at  a 
cruel  disadvantage. 

XXXIII.  Excitement  of  Titurius.  Admirable  bearing  of  Cotta.  The 
soldiers  are  disheartened  and  distracted. 

XXXIV.  The  attack  is  well  conducted.  The  Romans  show  their  old 
valor,  but  the  wily  tactics  of  the  enemy  prevail. 

XXXV.  The  fight  lasts  from  day- break  to  the  eighth  hour  (2  p.m.). 
Losses  of  the  Romans. 

XXXVI.  Ambiorix  consents  to  a  parley.  Titurius  accepts.  Cotta  de- 
clines. 


NOTES — DE  BELLO  GALLICO.  137 

XXXVII.  Titurius  and  liis  officers  hold  a  conference  with  Ambiorix, 
in  the  course  of  which  they  are  treacherously  assassinated.  The  Roman 
ranks  are  broken  ;  Cotta  and  most  of  his  men  are  slain.  The  rest  retreat 
to  the  camp.  Heroism  of  Petrosidius.  The  resistance  prolonged  until 
nightfall.  At  night  all  perish  by  their  own  hands.  The  news  is  carried 
to  Labienus  by  stragglers. 

XXXVIII.  Ambiorix  rallies  the  Aduatuci  and  the  Nervii  around  the 
standard  of  revolt.     Cicero's  winter-quarters  to  be  attacked. 

Ambiorix :  Caesar  never  forgave  Ambiorix  and  the  Eburones  for  this 
heavy  blow.  Suetonius  says  that  he  suffered  hair  and  beard  to  grow 
until  he  had  avenged  himself. 

XXXIX.  Messengers  are  sent  to  all  the  clients  of  the  Nervii,  and 
Cicero  is  suddenly  assailed  by  a  large  force  of  Gauls. 

Ciceronis  hiberna :  South  of  Brussels  towards  the  Sambre.  The  exact 
position  is  a  matter  of  dispute. 

XL.  Cicero's  messengers  are  intercepted.  The  enemy  busy  without. 
Cicero  indefatigable  within. 

XLI.  Colloquy  of  the  Nervii  and  Cicero.  Cicero  refuses  to  treat  with 
an  armed  foe. 

XLII.  The  Nervii  surround  the  camp  with  lines  of  circumvallation. 

XLIII.  The  barracks  fired  by  the  missiles  of  the  enemy.  Vigorous 
repulse  of  a  vigorous  assault. 

XLIV.  Episode  of  the  rival  centurions,  Pulio  and  Corenus. 

avertit  vaginam  :  Soldiers  wore  the  sword  on  the  right  side,  so  as  not 
to  interfere  with  the  shield.  Higher  officers  wore  it  on  the  left,  as  they 
carried  no  shield. — dejectum  :  By  his  own  impetuosity. 

XLV.  After  many  unsuccessful  attempts  a  letter  is  at  length  conveyed 

to  Caesar. 

unus  Nervius  :  "  One  man — a  Nervian." — in  jaculo  illigatas :  How  it  wag 
tied  on  does  not  appear.   Perhaps  it  was  hidden  under  the  movable  head. 

XLVI.  Caesar  summons  Crassus  and  Fabius ;  sends  a  conditional 
order  to  Labienus. 

XL VII.  Crassus  is  left  in  charge  of  Samarobriva.  Fabius's  forces  join 
Caesar's  column.  Labienus  is  detained  by  the  massing  of  the  Eburones 
near  his  camp. 

XLVIII.  Forced  march  of  Caesar.  A  letter  is  shot  into  Cicero's  camp 
promising  succor. 


138  LATIN"   READER. 

Graecis  litteris  :  "  In  Greek  characters,"  most  likely,  also,  in  the 
Greek  language.  Polyaenus  undertakes  to  give  the  words :  Oappeiv, 
^orj^EiOiv  TCpo6dexov. 

XLTX.  The  Gauls  raise  the  siege  and  turn  their  arms  against  Caesar. 
Caesar,  being  forewarned,  camps  and  reconnoitres.  The  camp  is  made  as 
small  as  possible  in  order  to  deceive  the  enemy. 

augustiis  viarum  :  The  ordinary  width  of  the  via  principalis  was  one 
hundred  feet,  of  others  fifty. 

L.   Caesar's  manoeuvres  to  draw  the  enemy  on. 

in  speciem  :  So  that  they  could  take  down  the  sod  readily,  when  they 
wished  to  make  a  sally. 

LI.  The  enemy  assail  the  camp  in  full  confidence,  and  are  utterly 
routed.  > 

LII.  Arrival  at  the  camp  of  Cicero.  The  heroic  garrison  and  their 
able  commander  lauded.     Speech  of  Caesar. 

LIU.  Rapid  spread  of  the  news  of  Caesar's  victory.  Restlessness  of 
the  Gauls.  Fabius  returns  to  his  winter-quarters  ;  Caesar  to  Samaro- 
briva.     Trouble  in  Aremorica. 

LIV.  Caesar,  by  various  means,  keeps  a  great  part  of  the  Gauls  to 
their  allegiance.     None  trusted  except  the  Aedui  and  the  Remi. 

haud  scio  mirandumne  :  "  Gaul  paid  forty  millions  of  sesterces  yearly, 
and  was  forced  to  support  the  legions  summer  and  winter.  District  upon 
district  was  laid  waste.  The  masses  felt  the  bondage  ;  the  nobles  were 
imbittered  by  the  loss  of  their  revenues  and  of  their  influeuce."  (Dru- 
mann.)  "  And  to  think  that  a  nation  of  at  least  a  million  of  fighting  men 
should  have  been  subjugated  by  bare  fifty  thousand  !  "  (Monnnsen.) 

LV.  Indutiomarus  and  the  Treveri  fail  of  obtaining  help  from  Ger- 
many.    For  all  that,  Indutiomarus  perseveres  in  his  project. 

LVI.  An  armed  council  called  by  Indutiomarus.  Labienus  to  be  at- 
tacked. 

LVII.  Indutiomarus  parades  his  cavalry  under  the  fortifications  of 
Labienus.     Labienus  pretends  fear,  while  he  is  concentrating  his  cavalry. 

LVIII.  Labienus,  having  introduced  his  cavalry  under  cover  of  the 
night,  makes  a  sudden  charge  on  Indutiomarus.  In  the  rout  which  en- 
sues, Indutiomarus  is  singled  out  and  slain.  The  Eburones  and  Nervii 
disperse,  and  Gaul  becomes  a  little  more  quiet. 

hominis:  "Man"  is  distinguished  from  "  Fortune,"  who  is  a  deity, 
"God  disposed  as  man  proposed." 


VOCABULARY. 


In  this  Vocabulary  the  designation  of  the  regular  genders  and  the  numerals  are 
purposely  omitted ;  also,  sundry  proper  names  of  which  nothing  more  is  to  be  said,  than 
that  they  are  proper  names. 


A,  ab,  abs,  off,  from,  on  ;  ab  ea  parte, 
on  that  side  ;  ab  latere  aperto,  on 
the  exposed  flunk ;  at  a  distance 
from,  a  milibus  passuum  duobus, 
two  miles  off. 

abavus,  i,  great-great-grandfather. 

abdo,  3.  didi,  ditum,  put  away,  hide. 

abducO,  3.  duxi,  ductum,  lead  away. 

abeO,  4.  ii,  itum,  go  away. 

abhorred,  2.  ui  —  (bristle  off),  differ 
from. 

abies,  etis,  f.  fir. 

abigd,  3.  egl,  actum,  drive  away. 

abjicid  (abicio),  3.  jeci,  jectum,  throw 
away. 

ablud,  3.  lul,  lutum,  wish  off. 

abripid,  3.  ripui,  reptum,  snatch 
away. 

absconds,  3.  condi  (didi),  ditum, 
hide  {away). 

absens,  ntis,  absent. 

absistd,  3.  stiti,  keep  back. 

absorbed,  2.  sorbui  (sorpsi),  suck  up, 
swallow  up. 

absterged,  2.  tersl,  tersum,  wipe 
away. 

abstined,  2.  tinui,  tentum,  hold  off, 
keep  from,  abstain  from. 

abstrahd,  3.  traxi,  tractum,  drag 
'away. 

absum,  abesse,  afui,  be  absent,  away, 
off,  gone  ;  non  multum  ab  eo  abest 
quin,  little  is  lacking  to  make,  &c. 

absumS,  3.  sumpsl,  sumptum,  con- 
sume. 

abundd,  1.  (flow  off),  abound ;  abun- 
dans  multitudine,  icith  overwhelm- 
ingly superior  numbers. 

ac,  atque,  and  (too);  as. 

acanthis,  idis,  f.  goldfinch. 

accedd,  3.  cessi,  cessum,  approach  ; 


accedit  hue,  there  is  added  to  thi» 

(followed  by),  quod,  the  fact  that ; 

ut,  that. 
accendo,  3.  dl,  censum,  3.  set  on  fire 

fire,  light,  rouse  to  fury. 
acceptus,  a,  um,  acceptable,  welcome. 
accido,  3.  cidi  (fall),  befall,  chance, 

happen,  turn  out. 
accio,  4.  send  for. 
accipio,  3.  cepi,  ceptum,  take,  accept, 

receive,  sustain,  be  exposed  to. 
accipiter,  tris,  m.  liawk. 
accola,  neighbor. 
accommodS,  1.  adapt. 
accuratus,  a,  um,  careful. 
accurrd,  3.  curri,  cursum,  run  up. 
accusO,  1.  accuse. 
acer,  cris,  ere,  sharp,  vigorous. 
acerbus,  a,  um,  bitter. 
Acesines,  is,  Chenab  (River). 
acies,  el.  f.  (line  of)  battle. 
acinaces,  is,  m.  sabre,  scimitar. 
acriter,  sharply,  hotly,  briskly. 
actuaria  navis,  light  transport. 
acutus,  a,  um,  pointed,  sharp. 
ad,  at,  to,  against,  in  addition  ;  to- 

wards,  by  ;  for  ;  to  the  number  of; 

af ter,adhunc modum ;  by, against, 

ad   certam    diem ;    till,    noctem  ; 

up  to,  ad  numerum ;  before  (of  a 

city). 
adaequo,  1.  equal ;  cursum  alicujus 

adaequare,  keep  up  with. 
adamanteus,    a,   um,    of   adamant, 

steel. 
addO,   3.  didi,  ditum  (put  to),  add , 

a.  (de  morte),  add  an  account. 
adduco,  3.  duxi,  ductum,  bring  up. 
adeO,  4.  ii,  itum,  go  to,  approach. 
adeo,  to  that  degree. 
adferO^  adferre,  attull,  allatum  (ad- 

latum),  bring  (up,  to). 


140 


VOCABULARY. 


adficio,  3.  feci,  fectum  {do  to),  treat, 
affect.  Often  to  be  translated  by  a 
verb  corresponding  to  its  ablative  ; 
laetitia  adficere,  gladden  ;  cruci- 
atu.  adf.,  torture. 

adflgd,  3.  fixi,  fixum,  fasten  to,  nail 
to  ;  cruel  adf.,  crucify. 

adfinitas,  atis,  f .  marriage  connection. 

adfirm6,  1.  asseverate,  affirm. 

adfiatus,  us,  breathing  on,  breeze, 
blast,  inspiration. 

adfligc,  3.  fiixi,  fiictum,  dash  against, 
shatter,  damage,  strike. 

adhaeresc6,  3.  haesi,  haesum,  stick 
to. 

adhibeS,  2.  apply,  call  in,  invite,  use, 
employ. 

adhortatiS,  encouragement,  exhorta- 
tion. 

adhortor,  1.  encourage,  exhort. 

adhuc,  hitherto,  still. 

adigo,  3.  egl,  actum  {drive  up),  push 
foricard,  move  up. 

adimO,  3.  emi,  emptum,  take  away. 

adipiscor,  3,  adeptus,  gain. 

aditus,  us,  access,  approach,  ways 
and  means,  occasion. 

adjaceS,  2.  {lie  by),  be  adjacent. 

adjicic,  3.  jeci,  jectum,  add. 

adjungo,  3.  junxi,  junctum,  join  to, 
attach,  add  ;  adjunctis  Germanis, 
with  the  Germans  besides. 

adjutor,  helper. 

adjuv6,  1.  juvi,  jutum,  help. 

adminislro,  1.  manage,  arrange,  con- 
duct. 

admirabilis,  e,  wonderful,  admirable. 

admlratiS,  wonder. 

admiror,  1.  wonder  at,  admire. 

admisceS,  2.  miscui,  mixtum,  mix 
in  ;  admixtis  sagittariis,  with  arch- 
ers among  them. 

admittS,  3.  misi,  missum  {let  to),  ad- 
mit. 

admodum,  to  a  degree,  fully,  quite. 

admonec,  2.  {bring  to  mind),  remind, 
admonish,  urge. 

admoved,  2.  movi,  motum,  move  up, 
apply. 

adnata,  1.  swim  up. 

adolescS,  3.  olevl,  ultum,  grow  up. 

adorior,  4.  ortus,  attack,  undertake, 
set  to  work. 


adorns,  1.  {fit  up),  adorn. 

ads. .  .  See  as  and  ass. 

adsto,  1 .  stitl,  staturus,  stand  by. 

adsum,  adesse,  adfui  (affui),  adfore, 
be  present,  at  hand. 

Aduatuci,  Gallic  tribe  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Meuse. 

adulatwi  grovelling),  flattery,  adula- 
tion ;  in  adulationem  compositus, 
with  studied  flattery. 

adulator,  flatterer. 

adulescens,  ntis,  youth. 

adulor,  1.  {grovel  to)  fawn  on,  flatter. 

adulter,  I,  paramour,  adulterer. 

adultus,  fr.  adolesco.  [freeze. 

adurQ,  3.  ussi,  ustum,  burn,  blister, 

advehd,  3.  vexi,  vectum,  bring  up. 

advena  {new-comer),  stranger. 

adveniS,  4.  veni,  ventum,  arrive. 

advento,  1.  approach. 

adventus,  us,  arrival,  approach,  com- 
ing. _ 

adversarius,  I,  opponent,  enemy. 

adversus,  prep,  towards,  against. 

adversus,  a,  um,  turned  towards,  in 
front,  contrary ;  adverso  amne, 
up  stream  ;  in  os  adversum,  full 
in  the  mouth,  face. 

adverts,  3.  ti,  sum,  turn  towards ; 
animum  adverto,  perceive. 

advocS,  1.  call  up. 

advolS,  1.  fly  at,  to;  hurry  to,  charge. 

advolvo,  3.  volvi,  volutum,  roll  up 
to ;  pedibus  alicujus  advolvi,  to 
fall  grovelling  at  one's  feet. 

aedes,  is,  temple  ;  pi.  house. 

aedificium,  I,  building. 

aedific6,  1.  build. 

Aedui,  drum,  Keltic  tribe  between 
the  Loire  (Liger)  and  the  Saone 
(Arar). 

Aegae,  arum,  city  in  Macedonia. 

aeger,  gra,  grum,  sick  {in  mind  or 
body) ;  aeger  animi,  heart-sick. 

aegre,  hardly,  with  difficulty. 

aegritude,  sickness,  hea?'t-sicknesst 
distress. 

aegrStus,  a,  um,  sick. 

Aegyptus,  f.  Egypt. 

aeque,  equally. 

aequinoctium,  equinox. 

j  aequc,  1.  make  equal,  equal,  come  up 

I      to. 


VOCABULARY. 


141 


aequor,  oris,  n.  {level),  sea. 

aequus,  a,  urn,  level,  even,  favora- 
ble. 

aequus  animus,  even  temper,  perfect 
balance,  equanimity. 

aer,  eris,  m.  air. 

aereus,  a,  urn,  of  bronze,  brazen. 

aeripes,  pedis,  brazen-footed. 

aerumna,  trouble  ;  toil,  labor. 

aes,  aeris,  n.  copper,  money. 

Aesopicus,  a,  um,  Aesopic,  after  the 
manner  of  Aesop. 

aestas,  atis,  f.  summer. 

aestimatid,  valuation,  estimation,  rep- 
utation. 

aestimO,  1.  value,  judge. 

aestivus,  a,  um,  summer — . 

aestus,  us  (seething),  heat,  tide. 

aetas,  atis,  age  ;  generation. 

aeternus,  a,  um,  eternal. 

aff . . . See  adf. 

Africus,  I,  South-west  icind. 

agasO,  groom,  ass-driver. 

ager,  gri,  field;  pi.  territory,  district. 

agger,  eris,  m.  mound,  rampart, 
dam,  line. 

aggredior,  3.  gressus,  attack. 

agito,  1.  drive  {violently). 

agmen,  inis,  line  (of  march),  column, 
train,  procession ;  agmine  quad- 
rato  (of  marching  in  a  rectangle 
so  as  to  be  ready  for  an  attack), 
in  battle  order. 

agnosco,  3.  agnovi,  agnitum,  recog- 
nize. 

ago,  3.  egi,  actum,  drive,  bring ; 
chase,  push  forward,  be  after; 
treat,  discuss;  act,  do;  spend _; 
causam  agere,  plead  a  case  ;  gra- 
tias  agere,  thank  ;  precibus  agere, 
try  entreaties. 

agrestis,  e,  country,  rural,  savage, 
rustic. 

Agriani,  orum,  a  Thracian  tribe. 

agricola,     )  tiller  of  the  soil,  farmer , 

agricultor, )      husbandman. 

ait  (fr.  ajo),  he  says. 

ala,  icing';  squadron. 

alacer,  eris,  ere,  lively,  alert. 

alacritas,  atis,  liveliness,  high  spirits, 
cheerfulness,  alacrity. 

ala  u  da,  lark. 

albed,  2. ,  be  white. 


albus,  a,  um,  white;   plumbum  al- 
bum, tin. 
alias,  at  other  times  ;  alias  —  alias, 

at  one  time  —  at  another  ;  now  — 

now. 
alibi,  elsewhere. 
alienus,  a,  um,  belonging  to  others, 

strange,  foreign. 
alimentum,  nourishment,  food,  pro- 
vision. 
alio,  adv.  in  another  direction. 
alioqui,  adv.  otherwise,  generally. 
abquamdiu,  for  a  while. 
aliquando,  one   day,  once,   at  some 

time. 
aliquantum,  somewhat ;  a.  itineris,  a 

considerable  distance. 
aliquis  (qui),  aliqua,  aliquid  (quod), 

some  one,  something  (or  other). 
aliquot,  some,  several. 
aliquoties,  several  times. 
aliter,  otherwise,  ac  than. 
aliunde,  from  elsewhere,  from  other 

quarters. 
alius,  a,  ud,  other  (different).    Alii 

—  alii,  some  —  others;  alii  —  alios, 

one  —  another.   G.  306. 
ailatrO,  1.  bark  at. 
allevO,  1.  lift  up,  raise. 
allicio,  3.  lexi,  lectum,  draw  on,  al- 
lure, entice. 
alloquor,  3.  locutus,  address. 
alo,  3.  alui,  altum,  alitum,  feed,  keep, 

rear,  produce. 
Alpes,  ium,  f.  Alps. 
altare,  is,  n.  altar. 
alter,  era,  erum,  other,  second,  one 

(of  two)  ;  alter  —  alter,  the  one  — 

the  other. 
altercor,  1.  wrangle. 
altitudd,  inis,  height. 
altus,  a,  um,  high,  deep. 
altum,  the  deep,  the  high  sea. 
alveus,  i,  bed  (of  a  river),  channel.^ 
Amanicae  pylae,  pass  between  Syria 

and  Cilicia. 

ambigO,  3. ,  be  doubtful. 

ambiguus,  a,  um,  doubtful,  irresolute, 

ambiguous. 
ambio,  4.  surround. 
Ambiorix,  igis,  chief  of  the  J^m  rones 
ambo,  ambae,  ambo,  both  (together). 
ambulo,  1.  walk,  go  off. 


142 


VOCABULARY. 


amburs,  3.  ussi,  ustum,  burn. 

amentia,  madness. 

amentum  (ammentum),  thong,  strap. 

amicitia,  friendship,  loyalty. 

amiculum,  upper  garment. 

amicus,  a,  urn,  friend  ;  loyal ;  ami- 
cus, subst.  a  friend. 

amitto,  3.  misi,  missum,  let  go,  let 
slip,  lose. 

amnis,  is,  m.  river  ;  amne  adverso, 
up  stream :  secundo,  down  stream. 

amo,  1.  love. 

amoenus,  a,  um,  pleasant,  charming. 

amor,  love. 

AmphitryS,  onis,  husband  of  Alc- 
mena. 

amplector,  3.  amplexus,  embrace. 

amplitude  {spaciousness),  greatness, 
high  position. 

amplius,  adv.  more,  further. 

amplus,  a,  um,  spacious,  ample,  on  a 
large  scale. 

amputo,  1, (clear  off), cut  off,  amputate. 

an,  or  ;  what  then? ;  whether. 

Anacharsis,  is  and  idis,  Scythian 
sage  in  the  time  of  Solon. 

Ancalites,  um,  British  tribe  near 
Oxford. 

anceps,  cipitis  (two-headed),  double, 
wavering. 

ancilla,  maid  (servant). 

ancora,  anchor. 

ango,  3.  anxi,  — ,  choke,  distress. 

angor,  anguish. 

anguis,  is,  c.  snake. 

angulus,  I,  corner,  angle. 

angustiae,  arum,  narrow  pass; 
straits  ;  a.  viarum,  narrow  streets. 

angustus,  a,  um,  narrow,  scanty,  close. 

anima,  breath,  soul. 

animadverts,  3.  verti,  versum,  ob- 
serve, notice,  perceive. 

animal,  alis,  n.  animal. 

animus,  I,  mind,  heart,  spirit,  dispo- 
sition, temper  ;  courage  ;  senses  ; 
animi  causa,  for  amusement;  ani- 
mi  motus,  excitement,  agitation ; 
animo  linqui,  faint  ;  animum  re- 
ciperare,  come  to.  A.  like  corpus, 
is  often  to  be  translated  by  a  pronoun. 

annecto,  3.  nexi,  nexum,  attach  ;  a. 
tintinnabulum,  bell. 

anniversarius,  a,  um,  annual. 


annotinus,  a,  um,  of  the  year  before. 

annuo,  3.  annul,  — ,  give  a  nod,  nod 
(assent). 

annus,  i,  year. 

anser,  eris,  m.  goose. 

ante,  prep,  before. 

antea  (ante),  adv.  before. 

antecedo,  3.  cessi,  cessum,  precede, 
get  the  start  of,  be  ahead  of,  excel. 

antecursores,  um,  advanced  guard. 

anteeO,  Ire,  Ivi,  itum,  go  before,  pre- 
cede. 

antefero,  ferre,  tuli,  latum,  prefer. 

anteponS,  3.  posui,  positum,  put  be- 
fore, prefer. 

antequam  (ante — quam),  conj.  be- 
fore. 

antesignanl,  5rum,  (before  the  stand- 
ard); picked  troops  of  the  van. 

Antipater,  tri,  one  of  Alexander's 
lieutenants. 

antlquitas,  atis,  antiquity. 

antiquus,  a,  um,  ancient ;  nihil  anti- 
quius  habere,  consider  nothing 
more  important,  make  it  one's  first 
business. 

anulus,  i,  ring. 

anus,  us,  old  woman. 

anxius,  a,  um,  anxious,  alarmed. 

apage,  begone,  get  you  gone. 

aper,  apri,  wild  boar. 

aperio,  4.  ui,  turn,  open,  disclose,  re- 
veal, expose. 

apertus,  a,  um,  open,  exposed. 

apparatus,  us,  preparation,  equip- 
ment, array,  splendor. 

appareo,  2.  appear,  be  evident. 

appello,  1.  call  on,  call,  appeal  to,  ad- 
dress. 

appello,  3.  pull,  pulsum  (push  to), 
push  ashore,  land;  pass,  make  for. 

appeto,  3.  petlvi,  petitum,  seek,  seize, 
draw  nigh,  attack. 

applicO,  1.  and  phcui,  plicitum,  ap- 
ply, bring  near,  lean ;  terrae  ap- 
plicari,  touch  land. 

appono,  3.  posui,  positum,  set  before 

apporto,  1.  bring,  fetch,  carry,  con 
vey. 

apprehendo,  3.  prehendi,  sum,  lay 
hold  of  seize. 

approbo,  1.  approve,  prove. 

appropinquO,  1.  approach. 


VOCABULARY. 


143 


aprlcor,  1.  sun  oneself,  bask. 

aptus,  a,  urn,  fit,  apt. 

apud,  prep,  by,  at,  before. 

aqua,   water;    mensurae   ex   aqua, 
water-clocks. 

aquila,  eagle  ;  standard. 

aquilifer,  feri,  eagle  (standard)  bearer. 

aquilS,  North  wind. 

ara,  altar. 

Arabitae,  a  people  in  Gedrosia. 

Arabs,  bis,  Arabian. 

Arachosii,  a  people  of  Persia  on  the 
Indus. 

Araxes,  is,  river  in  Persia,  Bend- 
amir. 

Arbela,  orum,  city  east  of  the  Tigris. 

arbiter,  tri,  umpire. 

arbitror,  1.  judge,  think,  believe. 

arbor,  oris,  f.  tree. 

arcanum,  secret. 

arcessS,  3.  ivi,  Itum,  send  for. 

arcus,  us,  bow. 

arde8,  2.  arsi,  arsum,  be  ablaze,  fired. 

ardor,  burning,  fire,  heat. 

arduus,  a,  um,  steep,  difficult. 

Arduenna  silva,  Forest  of  Ardennes 
(Arden). 

Aremoricae  civitates  (Kelt,  are  by, 
mor  sea),  communities  on  the  sea- 
coast  between  the  Loire  and  the 
Seine,  modern  Brittany  and  a 
part  of  Normandy. 

arena,  (better  harena),  sand. 

argenteus,  a,  um,  of  silver. 

argentum,  silver. 

argilla,  clay. 

Argo,  us,  f.  fabulous  vessel,  the 
crew  being  called  Argonautae,  Ar- 
gonauts. 

argu6,  3.  ui,  — ,  accuse. 

Argyraspides  {men  of  the  silver 
shield),  a  picked  corps. 

aridus,  a,  um,  dry. 

aries,  etis,  ram. 

Aril,  orum,  a  people  on  the  Parapa- 
misus. 

Ariovistus,  King  of  the  Suevi. 

Aristoteles,  is,  Aristotle,  a  famous 

philosopher. 
arma,  orum  {equipments),  arms  ;  in 
armis  esse,  be  under  arms  ;  ab  ar- 
mis  discedere,  lay  down  arms. 
armamaxa,  close  carriage. 


armatura,  armor ;  levis  armatura, 

light-armed  troops. 
armiger,  geri,  armorbearer. 
armentum,  head  (of  large  cattle). 
arms,  1.  equip,  arm. 
aro,  1 .  plough. 

arrepd,  3.  repsi,  reptum,  crawl  up. 
arrigS,   3.   rexi,   rectum,   raise  up, 

prick  up. 
arripiS,  3.  ripui,  reptum,  snatch. 
arrogS,  1.  claim  for  oneself,  arrogate. 
ars,  artis,  art,  accomplishment ;  qual- 
ity. 
artifex,  ficis,   artist,  artificer,  per- 

former. 
artus,  us,  limb. 

artus,  a,  um,  narrow,  cramped. 
arvum,  i,  field. 
arx,  arcis,  citadel. 
ascendS,  3.  di,  sum,  climb  up,  mount, 

ascend. 
ascensus,  us,  mounting,  ascent. 
ascribo,   3.  scrips!,  scriptum,  write 

in  addition,  add  (in  writing). 
asellus,  I,  donkey,  Dobbin. 
asinus,  i,  ass. 

aspectus,  us,  sight,  aspect,   appear- 
ance. 
asper,  a,  um,  rough,  rugged,  tough, 

hard. 
asperitas,  atis,  roughness,  ruggedness. 
aspernor,  1.  spurn,  scout. 
aspicio,  3.  spexi,  spectum,  behold. 
asporto,  1.  carry  off. 
assentior,  4.  sensus,  agree  with,  sec 

ond. 
assentor,  1.  echo,  flatter. 
assequor,   3.   secutus,  attain,  catch 

up  with. 
asser,  eris,  m.  pole,  beam 
asservQ,  1.  watch,  guard. 
assideS,  2.  sedi,  sessum,  sit  by,  take 

a  seat  by. 
assuetus,  a,  um,  accustomed,  used. 
assumd,  3.   sumpsi,   sumptum,  take 

up,  assume,  be  reinforced  by. 
astringS,  3.  strinxi,  strictum,  draw 

up,  draw    tight,    tie    tight,    bind, 

cramp. 
at,  but  (on  the  other  hand) ;  si — at,  if 

—yet,  for  all  that,  at  least. 
Athenae,  arum,  Athens. 
Athenienses,  ium,  Athenians. 


IVSX 


144 


VOCABULARY. 


Atlas,  antis,  King  and  mountain  in 
Mauritania. 

atque,  ac,  and  also,  and  too,  and ; 
as,  simul  ac,  as  soon  as. 

Atrebates,  um,  Belgian  tribe  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Artois. 

atrox,  ocis,  savage,  fierce. 

attamen,  nevertheless. 

attends,  3.  di,  turn,  stretch  {tight), 
drain,  bend. 

attentus,  a,  um,  attentive. 

attexd,  3.  texui,  textum,  plait  to, 
plait  and  attach  to. 

attine6,  2.  tinul,  tentum,  pertain. 

attingS,  3.  tigl,  tactum,  touch,  reach. 

attribuS,  3.  ul,  utum,  assign. 

auctor,  5ris,  originator,  adviser,  abet- 
tor, author ;  auctore  aliquo,  at 
some  one's  instance ;  auctorem 
esse,  approve,  authorize, put  up  (to), 
instigate. 

auctdritas,  influence,  authority. 

audacia,  boldness. 

audacter  (super! .  audacissime),  bold- 
ly, daringly. 

audax,  acis,  bold,  daring. 

aude6,  2.  ausus,  dare,  venture. 

audio,  4.  hear;  dicto  audientem  esse, 
be  obedient  to  orders. 

auferS,  3.  auferre,  abstuli,  ablatum, 
carry  away. 

aufugio,  3.  fugl,  fugitum,  flee,  run 
away,  escape. 

auged,  2.  auxi,  auctum,  increase,  swell. 

Augias,  ae,  King  of  Elis. 

augur,  uris,  augur,  soothsayer. 

auguror,  1.  augur,  foretell. 

Aulis,  idis,  harbor  in  Boeotia. 

aura,  breath,  breeze,  smell. 

auratus,  a,  um,  gilded. 

aureus,  a,  um,  golden. 

auricula,  tip  of  the  ear,  ear. 

auriga,  driver,  charioteer. 

auris,  is,  ear. 

aurum,  gold. 

anspicium,  augury,  presage. 

auscultS,  1.  listen. 

Auster,  tri,  South  wind. 

aut,  or  ;  aut  —  aut,  either  —  or. 

autem,  but,  moreover  (postpositive). 

auxilium,  aid;  auxilio  venire,  come 
to  the  aid;  auxilia,  orum,  rein- 
forcements. 


avarus,  a,  um,  avaricious,  grasping , 

adv.  avare. 
avelld,  3.  velli,  vulsum,  pluck,  tea? 

away. 
aversor,  1.  reject. 
averto,  3.  verti,  versum,  turn  aside, 

displace,  draw  off,  divert. 
avia,  grandmother. 
aviditas,  atis,  greediness. 
avidus,  a,  um,  greedy,  eager. 
avis,  is,  f.  bird. 
avitus,  a,  um,  ancestral. 
aviusj  a,  um  (off  the  road),  remote. 
avolo,  1.  fly  away. 
avunculus,  i,  uncle  (mother's  brother) 
avus,  I,  grandfather. 
axis,  is,  m.  axle,  axis,  pole. 


B. 


Bacillum,  stick,  staff. 

ballista,  ballista  (hurling  machine). 

balneae,  arum,  baths. 

balteus,  i,  baldric,  belt,  girdle. 

barba,  beard. 

barbarus,  a,  um    (outlandish),  for 

eigner,  barbaric,  barbarian,  barba 

rous. 
beatus,  a,  um,  blessed,  happy. 
Belgae,  arum,  Belgians. 
Belgium,  Belgium. 
belle,  finely. 

bellicosus,  a,  um,  warlike. 
bellicus,  a,  um,  pertaining  to  war  , 

res  bellicae,  war. 
bellS,  1.  carry  on  war. 
Bellovaci,  orum,  Belgian  tribe  be- 
tween the  Seine,  the  Som/me  and 

the  Oise. 
bellum  (=  duellum,  duel),  war. 
belua,  (//  age)  beast. 
bene,  adv.  fr.  bonus,  well. 
beneficentia,  beneficence. 
beneficium,  kindness,  benefit,  favor. 
benevolentia,  good  will,  loyalty. 
benignus,  a,  um  (goodnatured),  kind, 

kindly;     benigne,    kindly,    in    a 

spirit  of  kindness. 
bestia,  beast,  animal. 
bestiola,  little  (poor  little)  beast,  crea 

tore. 
Bias,   antis,   one  of  the  Seven  Wise 

Men  of  Greece. 


VOCABULARY. 


145 


bibS,  3.  bibi,  — ,  drink. 
Bibroci,  orum,  tribe  in  8.  E.  Britain. 
biceps,  cipitis,  two-headed. 
biformis,  e,  with  two  forms. 
biduum,  {space  of)  two  days. 
bipartlto,  in  two  division*. 
bipennis,  two-edged  (axe),  pole-axe. 
bis  (for  duis),  twice. 
bitumen,  inis,  n.  bitumen. 
blandimentum,  flattery,  caress. 
blandior,  4.  flatter,  caress. 
blanditia,  flattery,  caress,  blandish- 
ment. 
blandus,  a,  um,  insinuating,  coaxing, 

cajoling,  smirking. 
Boeotia,  canton  of  Greece,    N.  of 

Attica. 
bonus,    a,    um  (comp.   melior,   sup. 

optimus),  good  ;  bona,  goods,  prop- 

f  rty. 
bos,  bovis,  c.  ox,  cow  ;  pi.  oxen,  kine. 
bovlle,  is  (cow-house),  stall. 
bracchium  (brachium),  arm. 
brevis,  e,  short;  brevi,  in  a  short 

time. 
brevitas,  atis,  shortness,  brevity. 
Britanni,  orum,  Britons. 
Britannia,  Britain. 
Britannicus,  British. 
bruma    (  =    brevissima     sc.   dies,) 

shortest  day,  w inter  (solstice). 
bubulcus,  I,  (neat)  herd. 
Bucephalas,  ae,  Bucephalus. 
bucina,  /torn,  trumpet. 


C  =  Gajus  (the  letter  O  originally 
■standing  for  G  as  well). 

cadaver,  eris,  n.  dead  body,  corpse. 

Cadmus,  I,  founder  of  Thebes. 

cad 6,  3.  cecidi,  casum,  fall. 

caeco,  1.  blind. 

caedes,  is  (cutting  down),  slaughter, 
murder,  massacre. 

caedQ,  3.  cecidi,  caesum,  fell,  hew. 

caelebs,  ibis,  unmarried. 

caelestis,  e,  heavenly,  divine. 

caelo,  1.  carve. 

caelum,  heaven,  sky,  skies,  climate. 

caenum,  mud,  mire. 

caeruleus,  a,  um,  greenish  blue,  sky- 
blue. 

Caesar   (C.   Julius),  gen.  Caesaris. 


Born  100  B.  G,  forms  the  first  tri- 
umvirate in  60  B.  G  icith  Pompcy 
and  Crass/As,  commands  in  Gaul 
from  58-50 B.  G;  Caesar,  Emperor. 

caespes,  itis,  m.  god,  turf. 

calamitas,  atis,  disaster,  calamity. 

calcar,  aris,  n.  spur ;  subdere  cal- 
caria,  put  spur  to  one's  horse. 

calculus,  i,  stone,  piece  (at  draughts), 
man. 

calidus,  a,  um,  warm,  hot,  heated. 

caligS,  inis,  darkness. 

callidus,  a,  um  cunning,  sly. 

calo,  onis,  camp  servant. 

calor,  warmth. 

calx,  calcis,  heel. 

camelus,  i,  camel. 

campester,  tris,  tre,  through  level 
ountry. 

campus,  i,  field,  plain. 

candidus,  a,  um,  (dazzling)  white. 

canis,  is,  c.  dog,  hound. 

canities,  ei,  gray  hair. 

can6,  3.  cecini,  cantum,  sing. 

Cantium,  Kent. 

canto,  1.  sing. 

cantus,  us,  song. 

capax,  acis,  holding,  capable,  able  to 
contain. 

capella,  kid,  (she)  goat. 

capessS,  3.  capessivi,  Itum,  take 
hold  of,  undertake,  betake  oneself  to. 

capillus,  i,  hair  (of  the  head). 

capiS,  3.  cepi,  captum,  catch,  seize, 
take,  take  up,  occupy,  hold,  contain; 
consilium  capere,  form  a  plan  ; 
paenam  capere,  take  satisfaction, 
wreak  vengeance. 

capitalis,  e,  capital,  mortal. 

captivitas,  atis,  captivity. 

captlvus,  a,  um,  captive. 

capto,  1.  snap,  catch  at,  try  to  catch. 

caput,  itis,  n.  head,  person,  life,  cap- 
ital ;  capitis  damnare,  condemn 
to  death. 

carbasus, I,  f.  fine  linen;  pi.  carbasa, 
orum. 

career,  eris,  prison,  jail ;  pi.  barriers 
(starting,  post). 

careS,  2.  be,  do,  icithout. 

carmen,  inis,  song. 

Carnutes,  um,  powerful  tribe  on  both 
sides  of  the  Loire. 


146 


YOCA.BULAEY. 


car5,  carnis,  f.  flesh,  meat. 

Carthago,  Carthage. 

carus,  a,  urn,  clear  ;  carum  habere, 
hold  dear,  value. 

casa,  cottage,  hut,  barracks. 

Cassi,  6 rum,  tribe  in  S.  Britain. 

castigo,  1.  chastise,  rebuke. 

Castor,  oris,  one  of  the  Dioscuri) 
brother  of  Pollux. 

castra,  orum,  camp  ;  day's  march. 

casus,  us,  chance,  case,  fortune,  fate; 
disaster,  death. 

catena,  chain. 

catulus,  I,  puppy,  whelp. 

Caucasus,  I,  mountain  between  Black 
Sea  and  Caspian. 

cauda,  tail. 

caupo,  onis,  inn-keeper. 

causa,  cause,  ground,  case,  suit  (at 
law),  source;  causa  amicitiae, 
friendly  relations  ;  causa,  for  the 
sake  of 

cautus,  a,  um,  cautious,  wary  ;  adv. 
caute. 

cavea,  cage. 

caveS,  2.  cavi,  cautum,  beware. 

cavillor,  1.  tease,  rally,  criticise. 

cedo,  3.  cessl,  cessum,  give  way, 
yield. 

cedrus,  I,  f.  cedar. 

celeber,  bris,  bre,  frequented,  cele- 
brated. 

celebro,  1.  celebrate. 

celer,  celeiis,  celere,  quick. 

celeritas,  atis,  speed,  quickness. 

celenter,  quickly. 

celo,  1.  hide,  conceal. 

cena,  dinner. 

Cenimagni,  orum,  British  tribe  in 
Suffolk  (?) 

ceno,  1.  dine. 

c§nse5,  2.  censul,  censum,  think,  de- 
termine. 

censor,  oris,  censor. 

centurio,  onis,  centurion,  captain. 

cera,  wax. 

cernd,  3.  (crevi)  (cretum),  perceive, 
test. 

certamen,  inis,  contest,  struggle,  ri- 
valry. 

certe,  certainly,  at  least,  at  any 
rate. 

certo,  1.  contend. 


certus,  a,  um,  fixed,  certain,  definite 

sure  ;   certiorem  facere,  inform  } 

res  certa,  a  certainty. 
cerva,  doe. 
cervix,  icis,  neck. 
cervus,  i,  stag. 
cess6,  1.  loiter,  dally. 
ceteri,   ae,   a,   the  rest;   every  one 

(thing)  else. 
ceterum  (for  the  rest),  but. 
Ceutrones,  um,  Belgian  tribe  in  the, 

neighborhood  of  Courtray. 
Chaldaei,   orum,    Chaldeans,   sooth- 
sayers and  astrologers. 
charta,  paper. 

Chersonesus  Taurica,  Crimea. 
chlamys,  ydis,  f.  cloak. 
Chorasmii,  orum,  tribe  on  the  Oxus. 
cibaria,  orum,  provisions. 
cibus,  i,  food. 
cicatrix,  icis,  scar. 
CicerO,  onis,  Quintus  Tullius,  brotJi- 

er  of  the  orator  Marcus, 
ciconia,  stork. 
cidaris,  is,  headdress  of  Persian  king; 

turban. 
cie6,  2.  civi,  citum,  stir  up,  urge  on. 
Cingetorix,  igis,  1.  chieftain  of  the 

Treveri  ;  2.  British  chieftain. 
cingo,  3.  cinxi,  cinctum,  gird,  sur- 
round. 
cinis,  eris,  ashes. 
circa,  around,  about. 
circiter,  about. 

circuitus,  us,  circuit,  circumference. 
circulus,  i,  circle,  gathering. 
circum,  round  about. 
circumdo,    dare,   dedi,   datum,  put 

around,  surround. 
circumcido,  3.  cidi,  cisum,  cut  round, 

cut  out. 
circumduct,  3.  duxi,  ductum,  lead 

around,  round  and  round. 
circumeo,  4.  ivi,  itum,  go  round,  go 

the  rounds  of,  inspect. 
circumferd,  ferre,  tuli,  latum,  carry 

round. 
circumfundS,     fudi,     fusum,    pour 

around,  surround. 
circumlinO.  3.  levi,  litum,  besmear 

coat. 
circummittS,  3.  misi,  missum,  send, 

around,  all  round. 


VOCABULARY. 


147 


circumnavige,  I.  sail  around. 
circumpendee,  2.  hang  about. 
circumsiste,  3.  steti,  press  around, 
surround. 

circumspicie,  3.  spexi,  spectum,  look 

round,  over. 
circumvehor,  3.  ride  round. 
circumvenie,  4.  veni,  ventum,  sur- 
round. 
circus,  i,  ring,  circle,  course,  circus. 
citerior,  ius,  hither  (from  Italy). 
citharista,  player  an  cithern. 
cito,  quickly,  soon. 
cits,    1.    quicken,    summon;    citato 

gradu,  at  quick  step. 
citra,  this  side  of. 
civis,  is,  c.  citizen,  fellow-citizen. 
civitas,  atis,  community,  state. 
clades,  is,  disaster,  defeat. 
clam,  secretly. 
clamits,  1.  cry  out  {often). 
clams,  1.  cry  aloud. 
clamor,  oris,  outcry,  yell,  clamor. 
clarus,  a,  um,  clear,  loud,  renowned, 

bright. 
classis,  is,  fleet. 
Claudius,  i,  consul  B.  C.  54. 
claude,  3.  clausi,  clausum,  shut,  close; 

clausum  in  pectore,  at  the  bottom 

of  the  heart. 
clava,  club. 

clavus,  i,  nail ;  c.  rotae,  Unc7i-pin. 
clem  ens,  ntis,  mild. 
dementia,  mildness,  clemency. 
cliens,  ntis,  defendant. 
climax,  acis,  climax. 
clipeatus,  a,  um,  {furnished)  with  a 

shield. 
clipeus,  i,  shield. 
clitellae,  arum,  pack-saddle. 
coactu,  by  compulsion,  constraint. 
coagmentS,  1.  fasten  together. 
coctus,  a,  um,  cooked,  burnt. 
coeS,  ire,  ivi,  itum,  come  together, 

unite. 
coepi,  coepisse,  def.  begin. 
coerces,    2.    restrain,    keep    within 

bounds,  put  under  restraint. 
cogitS,  1.  (bring  toget/ier  in  mind), 

think. 
cognatus,  a,  um,  related,  akin. 
cognitis,  knowledge. 
cognomen,  inis,  surname. 


cognosce,  3.  gnovi,  gnitum,  find  out, 
know,  learn. 

cog6,3.  coegi.coactum,  bring  togeth- 
er, gather,  collect;  bring  to  if.  compel; 
cogere  agmen,  bring  up  the  rear. 

cohaered,  2.  (cohaerescd,  3.)  haesi, 
haesum,  stick  together. 

cohors,  tis,  cohort,  tenth  part  of  a 
Horn  an  legion. 

cohortatio,  exlwrtation. 

cohortor,  1.  (comfort)  encourage. 

Colchi,  orum,  country  and  city  on 
the  Black  Sea. 

collauds,  1.  praise  up,  extol. 

collega,  colleague. 

collide,  3.  lisi,  lisum,  dash  together, 
come  into  collision. 

collige,  1.  bind  up. 

colligO,  3.  legi,  lectum,  gather,  col- 
lect;  se  colligere,  rally,  become 
collected. 

collis,  m.  hill. 

collocS,  1 .  post,  quarter. 

colloquium,  parley,  conference. 

colloquor,  3.  locutus,  parley,  confer 

collum,  neck. 

cold,  3.  colui,  cultum,  till,  cultivate  ; 
inhabit;  deck,  dress  up  ;  reverence 
worship. 

colonus,  I,  colonist,  settler. 

color,  color. 

colubra,  sneike. 

columba,  (lore,  pigeon. 

columna,  pillar,  column. 

coma,  hair. 

combure,  3.  combussi,  combustum, 
burn  (up). 

comes,  itis,  companion. 

comis,  is,  kind,  affable. 

c5missor,  1.  revel,  hold  high  revel. 

comitas,  atis,  affability,  kindness  [of 
manner),  courtesy. 

comitor,  1.  accompany,  attend. 

commeatus,  us,  (transportation)  trip; 
furlough;  provisions. 

commemorS,  1.  mention. 

commendatio,  1.  recommendation. 

commends,  I.  commit,  commend,  rec- 
ommend. 

commentarii,  orum,  note -book,  me- 
moir*. 

commercium,  trade,  traffic,  com- 
merce. 


143 


VOCABULARY. 


commigrs,  1.  remove. 

commllits,  fellow- soldier,  comrade. 

comminus,  hand  to  hand. 

committs,  3.  misi,  missum  {put  to- 
gether, wholly),  commit,  intrust; 
join,  begin. 

commodum,  convenience,  advantage, 
interest,  profit;  commodo  rei  pu- 
blicae,  consistently  with  public  in- 
terest. 

commodus,  a,  urn,  convenient. 

commoror,  1.  stay,  tarry. 

commoveQ,  2.  movi,  motum,  move, 
stir. 

communice,  1.  impart,  communicate. 

communis,  4.  fortify,  strengthen. 

communis,  e,  common,  in  common. 

communitas,  atis,  community. 

commutatio,  change. 

commute,  1.  change. 

compages,  is,  fastening. 

compare,  1.  get  up,  procure,  acquire, 
provide;  compare. 

compello,  3.  pull,  pulsum,  drive  up, 
drive. 

comperio,  4.  perl,  pertum,  find  out. 

compis,  pedis,  f.  fetter. 

complector,  3.  plexus,  embrace. 

compleo,  2.  plevi,  pletum,  fill  up. 

complures,  plura  (plurium),  several, 
a  good  many. 

compone,  3.  posul,  positum  {put  to- 
gether), settle,  arrange,  get  up. 

comporto,  1.  bring  together. 

compos,  otis  [having  the  mastery); 
animi  c,  in  one's  senses,  conscious  ; 
voti  c,  having  prayer  answered. 

comprehends,  3.  ndi,  nsum  {catch 
up),  seize,  arrest. 

comprobo,  1.  approve  {fully),  justify. 

concedo,  3.  cessi,  cessum,  withdraw, 
betake  oneself ;  grant  ;  concedere 
vitam,  spare  life. 

concha,  shell. 

concido,  3.  cidi,  — ,fall  {of  a  heap), 
tumble. 

concilio,  1.  gain  over. 

concilium,  council,  diet. 

concipie,  3.  cepl,  ceptum,  catch  up, 
conceive. 

concite,  1.  stir  up,  goad,  spur. 

conclamo,  1.  cry  aloud,  raise  a  cry, 
shout. 


concordia,  concord,  harmony. 
concors,  cordis,  of  one  mind,  liarmfr 

nious. 
concubia  nocte,  time  of  first,  deep 

sleep. 
concupisce,  3.  cuplvi,  cupltum,  de- 
sire, covet. 
concurre,  3.  currl  (cucurrl)  cursum, 
run  together,  make  a  rush,  attack. 
concursie,  concursus,  us,  rush,  col- 
lision, throng,  concourse. 
concurse,  1.  hurry  to  and  fro. 
condicio,  condition. 
con  die,  4.  pickle,  embalm. 
conditor,  founder. 
condo,    3.     didi,    ditum    {put    up), 

found  ;  hide. 
condone,  1.  present,  grant. 
conduce,  3.  duxl,  ductum,  bring  to- 
gether, hire. 
confero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  collatum,  bring 
together;  collato  pede,  foot  to  foot, 
man  to  man;  conferre  signa,  meet 
in  battle. 
confertus,  a,  um  (f  r.  confercie)  {stuff- 
ed together),  in  close  array,  thick. 
confessie,  confession. 
confestim,  immediately,  instantly. 
conficio,  3.  feci,  fectum  {do  up),  fin- 
ish, perform  ;  {use  up),  wear  out, 
exhaust ;  chew  {up). 
confide,  3.  f isus,  trust,  be  confident. 
conf ige,  3.  fixi,  fixum,  pierce. 
confinis,  e,  neighboring,  on  the  fron- 
tier. 
confinium,  frontier. 
confirme,  1.   strengthen ;  c.  animo, 
encourage ;   make  a  strong  state- 
ment, state  positively,  aver.     Pass. 
get  strong,  well. 
confiteor,  2.  fessus,  acknowledge,  con- 
fess. 
conflagro,  1.  burn  up. 
conflicte,  1.  {knock  up),  batter,  harass, 
conflige,  3.  fiixi,  flictum  [knock  to- 
gether), fall  afoul  of  one  another, 
fight. 
confluens,  ntis,  m.  confluence. 
conflue,  3.xi,xum,^(//c  togetJu r,meet. 
confodie,  3.  fodl,  fossum,  pierce,  stab, 

{to  the  heart),  kill. 
confringe,  3.  fregl,  fractum,  crust** 
snap. 


VOCABULARY. 


149 


confugio,  3.  fugi,  fugitum,  flee,  betake  1 

oneself  in  flight,  take  refuge. 
confundo,  3.  fudi,  fusum  {pour  to- 
gether), mix  wp, confuse,  confound. 
congerO,  3.  gessi,  gestum,  bring  to- 

g ether,  heap  up. 
conjecto,  1.  guess. 
conjicio  (conicio),  3.  conjeci,  conje- 

ctum,  throw,  hurl,  bring  together, 

bring;    gather  =  conjecture  ;  in 

fugam    c.    put    to-   flight;    se  in 

f  jgam  c.  betake  oneself  to  flight. 
conitor   (connitor),  8.  conisus,  co- 

nixus,  strain. 
conjugium,  wedlock. 
conjungO,    3.  junxl,  junctum,   join 

{together),  unite. 
conjunx  (conjux),  jugis,  c.   spouse, 

consort,  husband,  wife. 
conjuratiO,  conspiracy. 
conjuratus,  conspirator. 
conjuro,  conspire. 
conor,  1,  endeavor,  try. 
conqueror,  2.  questus,  complain  (bit- 

terly). 
conquiesco,  3.  quievi,  quietum,  get 

quiet,  calm. 
conquirO,  3.  quisivi,  quisitum,  hunt 

up. 
conscendo,      3.      scendi,     scensum, 

mount,  climb  ;  in  naves  conscen- 

dere,  embark. 
conscisco,  3.  scivi,  scitum  (procure); 

sibi  mortem  c.  (do  oneself  to  death), 

kill  oneself 
conscientia,  consciousness. 
conscius,  a,  um,  aware,   privy  to ; 

subst.  accomplice. 
conscribS,  3.  scrips!,  scriptum  {write 

up),  enrol,  levy. 
consecrO,  1.  consecrate. 
consector,  1.  follow  up,  pursue  (hot- 

ly)- 

consentio,  4.  sensi,  sensum  {be  of  one 

mind),  be  combined,  in  league  with. 
consequor,   3.    secutus,   follow    up, 

catch  up,  reach,  attain  ;  ensue. 
conseroj  3.  serui,  sertum,  join. 
consero,  3.  sevi,  situm,  sow,  set  out, 

plant. 
considers,  1.  consider. 
consido.  3.  sedi,  sessum,  settle,  take 

a  seat,  a  position,  encamp. 


consilium,  advice,  counsel,  plan,  de- 
sign ;  wisdom ;  eo  consilio  ut, 
with  the  design  of;  ipsorum  est 
consilium,  they  themselves  must  de- 
cide ;  consilium  capere,  to  take 
measures. 

consimilis,  e  (quite)  like. 

consists,  3.  stiti,  stop),  halt,  take  po- 
sition, make  a  stand  ;  in  orbem  c. 
form  a  circle  {corresponding  to  our 
1  hollow  square '). 

consolor,  1.  comfort. 

conspectus,  us,  sight,  view  ;  in  con- 
spectum  dare,  display. 

conspiciO,  3.  spexi,  spectum,  behold, 
see,  spy. 

conspicor,  1.  catch  sight  of,  descry. 

consplcuus,  a,  um,  conspicuous. 

constans,  ntis,  constant. 

constantia,  constancy,  firmness,  per- 
sistency, self-command. 

consterno,  3.  stravi,  stratum,  strew. 

constlpo,  1.  {stuff),  crowd,  pack  to- 
gether. 

constituo,  3.  ui,  utum,  establish,  fix, 
settle,  post,  appoint. 

consto,  1.  stiti,  — ,  stand  fast;  con- 
sist ;  constat,  it  is  agreed  on  all 
hands,  well  known. 

constringo,  3.  strinxi,  strictum,  bind 
{together),  tie  tight. 

consuescO,  3.  suevi,  suetum,  become 
accustomed  :  perf.  be  accustomed, 
wont. 

consuetudo,  custom,  practice,  inter- 
course. 

consul,  sulis,  consul. 

consularis  (vir),  ex-consul. 

consulo,  3.  consult;  take  measures ; 
with  dat.  study  the  interest  of. 

consulto,  1.  take  counsel. 

consulto,  on  purpose. 

consumo,  3.  sumpsl,  sumptum,  take 
up,  spend,  destroy,  consume. 

consurgo,  3.  surrexi,  surrectum,  rise 
{together,  in  a  body). 

contabulo,  1.  (plank  up),  floor,  fur- 
nish with  floors,  stories. 

contegO,  3.  texi,  tectum,  cover  (up). 

contemnd,  3.  tempsi,  temptum,  de- 
spise. 

contemplor,  1.  gaze  at,  contemplate. 

contemptiS,  contempt. 


150 


VOCABULARY. 


contends,  3.  tendi,  tentum  (stretcJi 
to  the  full),  strain,  tug,  push  for- 
ward, urge,  fight,  struggle,  contend. 

contenti5.  struggle,  exertion,  conten- 
tion. 

contentus,  a,  urn,  satisfied,  contented. 

conterreO,  2.  frighten. 

continens,  nti»,  unbroken,  continu- 
ous ;  adjacent ;  continens  (sc.  ter- 
ra), mainland,  continent. 

continentia,  continence,  self-control. 

confined,  2.  keep  {together),  keep  close, 
hold,  bound,  contain. 

contingd,  3 .  tigi,  tactum,  touch,  abut 
upon  ;  happen,  fall  to  the  lot  of. 

continuus,  a,  urn,  successive,  un- 
broken. 

contiS  ( =  co[n]venti6),  assembly, 
speech  ;  contionem  habere,  make, 
deliver  a  speech. 

contra,  prep,  (over  against),  against, 
facing,  in  reply  to,  contrary  to ; 
adv.  on  the  other  hand,  on  the  op- 
posite side. 

contraho,  3.  traxi,  tractum,  draio 
(up),  collect,  concentrate,  narrow, 
contract. 

contrecto,  i.  paw. 

controversia,  dispute,  contention. 

contumelia,  affront,  indignity,  in- 
sult ;  c.  verborum,  insulting  lan- 
guage. 

conubium  (connubium),  intermar- 
riage ;  conubio  conjungi,  inter- 
marry. 

convalesce,  3.  valui,  — ,  get  well. 

convallis,  valley. 

convenae,  strangers  (raked  up  to 
found  a  city),  colonists. 

convenio,  4.  veni,  ventum,  come  to- 
gether, meet,  assemble  ;  suit;  con- 
venire  aliquem,  to  visit;  conve- 
nit,  it  is  agreed. 

conventus,  us,  meeting,  assembly,  as- 
sizes. 

converrS,  3.  verri,  versum,  sweep 
together,  up. 

converts,  3.  verti,  versum,  turn 
about,  direct,  translate ;  se  con- 
vertere,  betake  oneself ;  in  se  con- 
vertere,  attract. 

convlcior,  1.  berate. 

convicium,  reviling,  railing ;  con- 


vicia  dicere,  make  hard  speeches , 

convicio  agere,  try  coarse  banter. 
conviva,  guest. 
convlvalis,  of  a  banquet,  convivial^ 

festal. 
convivium,  banquet,  party. 
convoco,  call  together,  convoke. 
cooperio,  4.  perul,  pertum,  cover  (up). 
coorior,  4.  coortus,  spring  up,  rise. 
copia,  stores,  supply,  quantity,  mass  ; 

abundance,   plenty ;    opportunity, 

way  of  getting  ;  copiae,  forces. 
coquo,  3.  coxi,  coctum,  cook. 
cor,  cordis,  n.  heart. 
cdram  (face  to  face),  personally,  icith 

one's  own  eyes. 
corium,  hide. 

cornu,  us,  horn  ;  icing  (of  army). 
corona, garland,  wreath,  crown;  line 

of  works,    circumvallation ;    sub 

corona  vendere,  sell  as  slaves,  into 

slavery. 
cordnd,  wreathe,  crown. 
corpus,   oris,   n.  body,  person.     See 

animus, 
corripio,  3.  ripui,  reptum,  seize. 
corrumpo,  3.  rupl,  ruptum,  corrupt% 

bribe. 
Corus,  I,  N.  W.  wind. 
cotidianus,  a,  um  (better  than  quo- 

tidianus),  daily. 
coturnix,  icis,  quail. 
Oraneus  lucus,  grove  near  Corinth. 
Crassus,  i,  son  of  the  Triumvir. 
crates,  is,  hurdle,  fascine. 
creber,  bra,  brum,  frequent,  numer 

ous. 
crebro,  frequently. 
credo,   3.    didi,   ditum  (put  faith) 

trust,  believe. 
cremO,  1,  burn. 
creO,  1.  create. 
cresco,  3.  crevi,  cretum,  grow,  in, 

crease. 
crimen,  inis,  n.  charge,  crime. 
crinis,  is,  m.  hair. 
OrotSniatae,   arum,  inhabitants    of 

Crotona,  in  lower  Italy. 
cruciatus,  us,  torture. 
crucio,  1.  torture. 
crudalis,  e,  cruel. 
crudelitas,  atis,  cruelty. 
cruentus,  a,  um,  bloody,  gory. 


VOCABULARY. 


151 


cruor,  blood,  gore. 

crus,  cruris,  n.  leg. 

crux,  crucis,  cross. 

crystallum,  crystal. 

cubitalis,  e,  a  cubit  long,  high. 

cub5,  1.  cubul,  cubitum,  lie  down. 

cuculus,  I,  cuckoo. 

culex,  icis,  m.  gnat. 

culpa,  fault,  blame. 

cultus,  us,  attire,  garb,  array,  style, 
manner  of  life,  cultivation. 

cum,  pre]),  with;  conj.  ichen,  as, 
since;  although,  whereas ;  cum  — 
turn,  both  —  and,  not  only,  but  also; 
cum  primum,  as  soon  as,  just  as. 

cumuls,  1.  heap  up. 

cumulus,  I,  heap. 

cunae,  arum,  cradle. 

cunctor,  1.  delay,  dally. 

cunctus,  a,  um,  all  {together). 

cuniculus,  I  (rabbit),  underground 
passage,  mine. 

cupiditas,  atis,  eagerness. 

cuplds,  desire. 

cupidus,  a,  um,  eager,  greedy,  desi- 
rous;  adv.  cupide. 

cupis,  3.  Ivi,  Itum,  desire. 

cur,  why. 

cura,  care. 

curatis,  treatment,  cure. 

curs,  1.  take  care,  care  for,  have 
(a  thing  done)  ;  treat,  nurse  ;  cor- 
pus curare,  recruit  oneself. 

curriculum,  course  ;  chariot. 

currS,  3.  cucurri,  cursum,  run. 

currus,  us,  chariot. 

cursus,  us,  run.  course ;  cursum 
tenere,  keep  a  straight  course. 

custodia,  guard,  jail;  c.  corporis, 
body-guard. 

custodio,  4.  guard. 

custo.s,  odis,  guard,  sentinel. 

cutis,  is,  skin. 

Cynicus,  I,  Cynic. 

D 

Dahae,  arum,  tribe  on  Caspian  sea. 
Damascus,  I,  f .  capit  d  of  Coele- Syria. 
damns,  1.  declare  guilty,  convict,  con- 
demn. 
damnum,  loss. 
Dareus,  I  (Oodomannus),  King  of 


Persia,    defeated   by   Alexander; 
Hystaspis  (filius),  father  of  Xerxes. 

de,  from;  during  (while  yet);  of 
(partitive)  ;  concerning,  about ; 
qua  de  causa,  for  which  reason. 

dea,  goddess. 

debes,  2.  (have  from),  owe,  ought, 
must  ;  pass,  be  owing,  due. 

debilis,  e,  disa'led,  weak. 

deceds,  3.  cessi,  cessum,  go  away,  get 
out  of  the  way,  withdraw,  retire  ; 
die. 

decerns,  3,  crevi,  cretum,  decide, 
determine  ;  acie  decernere,  fight 
a  pitched  battle. 

decet,  2.  decuit,  it  becomes,  is  becom- 
ing. 

decids,  3.  cidi,  fall  down. 

decipis,  3.  cepl,  ceptum  (take  in),  de- 
ceive. 

decoquS,  3.  coxl,  coctum,  boil  (doicn), 
boil  well. 

decor,  5ris  (comeliness),  grace,  beauty. 

decors,  1.  grace,  adorn. 

decorus,  a,  um,  becoming,  handsome. 

decurrS,  3.  curri  (cucurri),  cursum, 
run  (down),  run  one's  course. 

decus,  oris,  n.  ornament. 

dedecus,  oris,  n.  disgrace. 

dedicS,  1.  dedicate. 

deditis,  surrender. 

dedo,  3.  didi,  ditum,  surrender. 

deducS,  3.  duxi,  ductum,  bring  down; 
take  home  (marry);  launch;  march; 
in  periculum  summum  deducere, 
imperil  to  the  utmost. 

defatigs,  1.  wear  out. 

defectis,  revolt. 

defectus,  a,  um,  worn  out. 

defends,  3.  ndi,  nsum  {ward  off)  de- 
fend. 

defensor,  defender. 

defers,  ferre,  tuli,  latum,  carry 
down,  out  of  one's  course  ;  confer  ; 
report. 

deficiS,  3.  feci,  fectum,  fail,  be  lack- 
ing, give  way  ;  revolt. 

defigs,  3.  fixi,  fixum,  fix,  fasten, 
stupefy. 

defiagrs,  1.  bum  down  (to  the  ground) 

defiuo,  3.  fiuxi,  fiuctum  (flow),  float 
soil  down. 

defodis,  3.  fodl,  fossum,  bury. 


152 


VOCABULARY. 


deformitas,  atis,  ugliness,  uncomeli- 
n  ess. 

defungor,  3.  defunctus,  discharge; 
morte  defungi,  die. 

degS,  3.  degi,  — ,  spend  {time). 

dein,  deinde,  thereupon,  then. 

deinceps,  in  succession,  in  turn. 

dejicis  (deicio),  3.  cast,  hurl,  throw 
d<> ten,  force  down;  slay;  disap- 
point, balk. 

delabor,  3.  fall  down,  slip  down. 

delect6,  1.  delight. 

deles,  2.  evi,  etum,  blot  out,  destroy, 
annihilate. 

deliberS,  1.  weigh,  deliberate. 

deligS,  1.  {tie  to),  fasten;  ad  ancoram 
deligare,  anchor. 

deligo,  3.  legi,  lectum,  choose,  pick. 

delitescS,  3.  litui,  — ,  skulk,  lurk. 

demerge,  3.  mersi,  mersum,  plunge. 

demigratis,  emigration. 

demigrs,  1.  emigrate  ;  quit  one's  post. 

demitts,  3.  misl,  missum,  let  down; 
se  demittere,  descend,  stoop. 

demS,  3.  dempsl,  demptum,  take 
down,  take  away,  take  off. 

demonstrS,  1.  point  out,  show,  de- 
clare, state,  describe. 

demulces,  2.  mulsi,  mulsum,  stroke, 
caress,  lick. 

demum,  at  length,  not  —  until. 

denarius,  I,  denarius,  a  Roman  coin 
used  as  a  rough  equivalent  of  the 
Greek  drachma  {Fr.  franc). 

denique,  finally,  in  fine. 

dens,  ntis,  m.  tooth,  tusk. 

densus,  a,  urn,  thick,  dense. 

denuntiatis,  announcement,  threat. 

denuntis,  1.  send  word,  give  notice. 

depended,  2.  — ,  — ,  hang  down. 

deperds,  3.  didi,  ditum,  lose  (utterly). 

depereo,  4.  ii,  iturus,  be  lost  {utterly). 

deplorS,  1.  bewail,  deplore. 

deponS,  3.  posul,  positum,  lay  down, 
lay  aside,  give  up,  deposit. 

deporto,  1.  carry  away. 

deprecor,  1.  {beg  off),  petition 
against,  deprecate,  beseech. 

deprehendo,  3.  catch,  seize. 

dirides, 2.  risi,  ilsum,  jet  r  at.  deride. 

deripis,  3.  ripul,  reptum,  tear  down, 
off. 

derisor,  mocker. 


descends,  3.  ndi,  nsum,  come  downx 

descend  ;  resort  to. 
describs,  3.  scripsl,  scriptum,  drait 

off,  divide. 
deserS,   3.    serui,   sertum,   forsake, 

abandon,  leave  in  the  lurch,  desert. 
desertus,  a,  um,  forsaken,  desolate, 

deserted,  desert. 
deslderium,  longing. 
desiderS,  1.  want,  long  for,  miss,  lose. 
designs,  1.  designate. 
desilis,  4.  silui,  (sultum),  leap  down. 
desinS,  3.  desii,  desitum,  leave  off, 

cease. 
desists,  3.  stiti,  stitum,  leave  off,  de- 
sist. 
desperatis,  hopelessness,  despair. 
desperS,  1.  give  up  hope,  despair  {of), 

give  up  in  despair  ;  part,  despera- 

tus,  desperate. 
destins,    1.  fix,  destine,  determine ; 

destinatum,  purpose. 
destitus,  3.  desert,  deprive. 
desum,    deesse,    defui,   be  wanting, 

fail,  fail  to  further. 
detegs,    3.   texi,   tectum,    uncover, 

take  off. 
deterges,  2.  (3.)  tersi,  tersum,  wipe 

off.      „ 
deterreo,  2.  scare  off,  deter. 
detrahs,  3.  traxi,  tractum,  draw  off, 

take  off.  out,  remove. 
detrimentum,  loss. 
deturbs,  1.  dislodge. 
deus,  i,  god.  deity. 
devehs,    3.    vexi,    vectum,    bring 

down,  convey ;  devehor,  ride,  sail 

down. 
de verts,  3.  verti,  versum,  turn  in, 

take  lodging. 
devincS,  3.  vici,  victum,  vanquish 

{utterly). 
devols,  1.  fiy  down,  swoop  down. 
devors,  1.  devour. 
devoveS,  3.  vovi,  votum,  devote. 
dexter,  tera,  terum,  and  tra,  trum, 

right ;      dextra     (manus),     right 

(hand).  \daughter  of  Latona. 

Diana,    goddess,     sister    of    Apollo% 
(dicio),  Sinn/. 
dies,  3.     dixi,  dictum,  say;   name, 

appoint;  veil e  die eje,  mean. 
diets,  1.     dictate. 


VOCABULARY. 


153 


dictum,  saying,  speech,  word ;  dicto 
audiens,  obedient. 

dies,  el,  m.  and  f.  (pi.  m.)  day ;  in 
dies,  from  day  to  day  (progressive 
change)  ;  appointed  day  (gene- 
rally f.) ;  ad  diem,  to  the  day. 

differo,  ferre,  disluli,  dilatum  (bear 
apart),  spread;  differ;  put  off, 
postpone. 

difficiiis,  e,  hard  to  do,  difficult. 

diffldo,  3.  fisus,  distrust,  doubt. 

diffunde,  3.  fudi,  fusum  {pour  out), 
scatter,  extend. 

digitus,  I,  finger. 

dignitas,  atis,  position,  weight,  dig- 
nity, honor. 

dignus,  a,  um,  worthy. 

dijudicS,  1.  decide. 

dilabor,  3.  lapsus,  slip  away,  straggle 
opart,  scatter. 

dilacerS,  1.  tear  in  pieces. 

dilani6,  1.  mangle. 

dilatiS,  putting  off,  postponement. 

diligens,  ntis,  careful,  diligent. 

diligenter,  carefully,  diligently ; 
comp.  ius,  sup.  issime. 

diligentia,  care,  zeal. 

diligS,  3.  lexi,  lectum,  love,  like. 

dimic6,  1.  fight. 

dlmidius,  a,  um,  half ;  dimidio,  by 
haZf.^ 

dimittB,  3.  misi,  missum,  send  apart, 
in  different  directions  ;  let  slip,  let 
go,  drop,  dismiss,  lose,  abandon. 

dimovea,  2.  movi,  motum,  put  aside. 

Diogenes  Cynicus,  D.  the  Cynic  phi- 
losopher. 

dirigo,  3.  rexi,  rectum,  direct,  guide. 

dirimS,  3.  emi,  emptum  (sunder),  sep- 
arate. 

diripiB,  3.  ripui,  reptum  (tear  apart), 
plunder. 

diru6,  3.  rui,  rutum  (tumble  apart), 
destroy. 

discedS,  3.  go  (apart)  abroad,  depart, 
withdraw,  disband;  ab  armis  dis- 
cedere,  lay  down  arms. 

discessus,  us,  departure. 

discidium,  dissension. 

discindS,  3.  scidi,  scissum,  3.  tear 
open,  cut  apart,  open,  cleave. 

disciplina,  training,  discipline. 

disco,  3.  didici,  — ,  learn. 


discordia,  disagreement,  discord. 

discors,  rdis,  at  variance,  discordant 

discrlmen,  inis,  difference,  decision 
crisis,  struggle,  danger. 

discurro,  3.  curri,  cursum,  run, 
hasten  in  different  directions,  hither 
and  thither. 

discutio,  3.  cussi,  cussum,  knock 
apart,  melt. 

dispar,  paris,  unequal. 

dispergo,  3.  spersi,  spersum  (scatter 
eibroad),  disperse. 

dispone,  3.  posui,  positum  (set  at 
different  points),  arrange,  post. 

disputatie,  discussion. 

dispute,  1.  discuss,  maintain,  dis- 
pute, argue;  in  utramque 'par- 
tem disputare,  argue  for  and 
against,  debate. 

dissensid,  difference  of  opinion,  dis- 
pute, dissension. 

dissentie,  4.  sensi,  sensum,  differ  (in 
opinion). 

dissimul5,  1.  (make  believe  that  a 
thing  is  not  so),  conceal,  disguise, 
dissemble. 

dissipS,  1.  scatter. 

distingue,  3.  (meirk  off),  pick  out, 
trim,  embroider,  ornament,  adorn. 

distribue,  3.  ui,  utum,  distribute, 
quarter. 

diu,  long  ;  comp.  diutius. 

diurnus,  a,  um,  by  day. 

diutinus,  a,  um,    )  7        ,       ,.        ■* 

diuturnus7a,  um,  \  lon9  ^tmued). 

diversus,  a,  um,  different. 

dives,  itis,  rich. 

divide,  3  visi,  visum,  divide. 

divinatie,  divinatujn,  gift  of  divina- 
tion, second  sight. 

divinitas,  atis,  divinity ,  divine  power. 

divinus,  a,  um,  divine. 

divitiae,  arum,  riches. 

do,  dare,  dedi,  datum,  give,  put,  ap- 
point; operam  dare,  endeeivor,  take 
pains  ;  manus  dare,  give  up ;  in 
fugam  dare,  put  to  flight. 

docee,  2.  docui,  doctum,  teeich,  in- 
struct; inform;  state,  explain. 

docilis,  e,  easily  taught,  trained. 

doleo,  2.  feel  pain  ;  be  grieved,  cha* 
grined;  resent. 

dolium,  ^'ar,  cask. 


154 


VOCAB  CJLARY. 


dolor,   pain,    vexation,    resentment, 

grief. 
dolus,  tricky  wile. 
domesticus,   a,  urn,  home,  at  home, 

domestic. 
dominus,  I,  master,  owner. 
Domitius   (L.  Ahenobarbus),  Con- 
sul, B.  G.  54. 
domitS,  1.  tame,  break,  subdue. 
dom6,   1.    domui,    domitum,    tame, 

subdue. 
domus,  us,  f .  house  ;  doml,  at  home  ; 

domum,  home. 
donee,  lohile,  until. 
donS,  1.  present. 
donum,  present. 
dormid,  4.  sleep. 
dorsum,  back,  ridge. 
doryphoroe  (dopvcpopoi),  lancers. 
dos,  dotis,  dowry. 
dracS,  dragon. 
Drangae,  arum,  people  of  Persia,  W. 

of  Arachosia,  S.  of  Oedrosia. 
dromas,  adis  (camelus),  dromedary. 
dubitatid,  doubt,  hesitation. 
dubit6,  1.  doubt,  hesitate. 
dubius,  a,  um,  doubtful,  undecided ; 

sine  dubio,  without  doubt. 
duc6\  3.  duxi,  ductum,  lead,  bring, 

take,  march  ;  take  home  {marry)  ; 

protract,  deem. 
dum,  whilst,  so  long  as,  until. 
dummodo,  provided  only. 
Dumnorix,  igis,  chief  of  the  Aedui. 
dumtaxat  {to  be  exact),  only;  at  least. 
duplies,  1.  double. 

dure,  1.  harden  ;  dry  ;  last,  hold  out. 
durus,  a,  um,  hard,  difficult;  nihil  du- 

rius,  no  especial  pressure,  difficulty. 
dux,  ducis,  guide,  leader,  general. 

E 

E,  see  ex. 

ea,  that  way,  there. 

ebrius,  a,  um,  drunken. 

ebur,  oris,  n.  ivory. 

eburneus,  a,  um,  of  ivory. 

Eburones,  um,  Belgian  tribe  between 

the  Meuse  and  the  Rhine. 
Ecbatana,  orum,  capital  of  Media, 

summer  residence  of  the  Kings  of 

Persia. 


ecce,  behold. 

edic8,  3.  dixi,  dictum,  issue  an  edict, 

editus,  a,  um,  elevated,  lofty. 

edo,  3.  edidi,  editum,  put  forth,  ut- 
ter, perform,  perpetrate,  exhibit; 
pugnam  edere,  fight. 

ed5,  3.  edi,  esum,  eat. 

edoces,  2.  cui,  ctum,  teadi,  train. 

educd,  3.  duxi,  ductum,  lead,  take, 
march  out. 

educp,  1.  bring  up,  educate. 

efferS,  efferre,  extuli,  elatum,  bear 
out,  carry  out,  bury ;  elate,  lift  up. 

effer6, 1.  make  wild,  savage,  frantic. 

effici6,  3.  feci,  fectum,  bring  about, 
produce,  make,  accomplish. 

effigies,  el,  effigy,  image,  figure. 

effie,  1.  breathe  out. 

effodiS,  3.  fodi,  fossum,  dig  out, 
gouge  out. 

effugiS,  3.  fugi,  fugitum,  escape. 

effund6,  3.  fudi,  fusum,  pour  out, 
empty;  hurl;  se  effundere,  stream 
forth;  habenas  effundere,  let  reins 
go;  ruga  effusa,  wild  flight ;  in 
amorem  effundi,  fall  madly  in  love. 

eger8,  3.  egessi,  egestum,  bring  out 
(in  heaps). 

ego,  I. 

egredior,  3.  gressus,  go  out,  march 
out,  pass. 

egregie,  admirably. 

egregius,  a,  um  (out  of  the  common 
run),  signal,  marked,  excellent,  no- 
ble ;  fine,  nice. 

egressus,  us,  landing. 

eheu,  alas!^ 

ejicio  (eiciS),  3.  ejeci,  ejectum,  cast 
out;  see.)  rush  at;  in  litore  ejici, 
be  stranded. 

ejulatus,  us,  wailing. 

ejulo,  1.  wail. 

ejusmodi,  of  that  kind,  such. 

elephas,  ntis,  m.  elephantus,  i,  ele 
pliant. 

elici5,  3.  licui,  licitum,  lure  out,  en- 
tice, draw  out. 

elido,  3.  lisi,  lisum  (dash  out),  crush. 

eligO,  3.  legi,  lectum,  choose,  pick, 

eloquor,  3.  elocutus,  speak  (out,  hold 
forth).  _ 

eluvios,  ei,  wash,  gully. 

emergd,  3.  mersi,  mersum,  emerge. 


VOCABULARY. 


155 


emeritus,  a,  um,  having  served  one's 
time,  exempt. 

emetior,  4.  mensus,  measure,  trav- 
erse. 

emineS,  2.  ui,  stick,  stand  out,  rise  out. 

eminus,  from  afar,  a  distance. 

emitto,   3.   send  out,  forth,   let  go, 
shoot,  start. 

em6,  3.  emi,  emptum,  buy. 

en,  to  ! 

enarrS,  1.  recount. 

enascor,  3.  natus,  grow  up,  out. 

enim,  for  (postpositive). 

enuntie,  1.  declare,  tell,  reveal,  blab. 

eo,   thither;    on   that   account;    eo 
magis,  minus,  the  more,  the  less. 

e6,  Ire,  Ivi  (il),  itum,  go,  march. 

eodem,  to  the  same  place. 

Ephesius,  a,  um,  of  Ephesus. 

epilogus,  i,  close,  epilogue. 

epistula  (epistola),  letter. 

epulor,  1.  feast,  banquet. 

epulum,  I ;  epulae,  arum,  banquet. 

equa,  mare. 

eques,  itis,  horseman,  rider,  knight, 
cavalry. 

equester,  tris,  tre,  cavalry. 

equidem,  the  fact  is  (I),  indeed. 

equitatus,  us,  cavalry. 

equus,  i,  horse. 

erga,  towards. 

ergo,  therefore. 

erigS,  3.  rexl,  rectum  (lift  right  up), 
rear,  erect,  build,  construct. 

eripiS,  3.  ripul,  reptum,  snatch  from, 
wrest. 

Eris,  idis,  goddess  of  Discord. 

err6,  1 .  go  wrong,  wander  about,  err, 
be  astray,  be  mistaken. 

error,  mistake,  error. 

erubescS,  3.  rubui,  — ,  blush. 

erudio,  4.  instruct. 

eruditus,  a,  um,  learned,  accom- 
plished. 

erumpd,  3.  rupi,  ruptum,  burst  out, 
break  out,  forth. 

eruS,  3.  rul,  rutum,  drag,  pluck  out, 
tea/r  out,  destroy. 

eruptiS  (bursting  forth),  sally. 

Erythrus,  I  {Bed,  Rufus),  fabulous 
king,  said  to  have  given  his  name 
to  the  Red  Sea  (Mare  Erythrae- 
um). 


essedarius,  i,  chariot  -fighter,  esse- 

dory. 
essedum,    I,    war-chariot    (on    two 

wheels. 
Esubii,  Keltic  tribe  near  Essey  in 

Normandy. 
et,  and  ;  et  —  et,  (both)  —  and. 
etiam,  even,  still ;  also,  too. 
etsi  (even  if),  although. 
Euphrates,  is,  river  of  Mesopotamia. 
Eurystheus,   el,   son    of   Sthenelos, 

grandson  of  Perseus,  King  of  My- 
cenae. 
evade,  3.  vasi,  vasum,  come  fort7i> 

escape,  turn  out. 
evanesce,  3.  vanui,  vanish  (away). 
evehor,  3.  vectus,  ride,  sail  out. 
evelle,  3.  velli,  vulsum,  pluck,  take 

out. 
evenie,  4.  veni,  ventum,  happen,  be 

the  upshot. 
eventum,_i,  >    .  ft> 

eventus,  us, )  ' 

evertd,  3.  verti,  vers  am,  overturn^ 

destroy. 
evite,  1.  get  out  of  the  way  of,  avoid. 
evoce,  1.  call  out. 

evolve,  3.  volvi,  volutum,  roll  (out). 
ex  (before  vowels  and  consonants), 

e  (before  consonants),  out  of ,  from 

out  of,  on  the  side  of,  of,  in  conse- 
quence of;  in  accordance  with  ;  ex 

usu,  useful. 
exaestuO,  1.  boil  up,  mount. 
examine,  1.  weigh,  examine. 
exanimo,  1.  take  breath  away,  kill; 

pass,  lose  breath. 
exardesce,  3.  arsL  arsum,  be  kindled, 

break  out;  be  incensed. 
exaudie,  1.  hear. 
excede,  3.  cessi,  cessum,  leave,  quit, 

depart  (lift). 
excello,  3.  — .  — .  excel. 
excelsus,  a,  um,   h igh ,  lofty,  elevated. 
excido,   3.   excidi,  — ,fdl  out,  drop 

from. 
excidium  (razing),  destruction. 
excipio,   3.   cepl.   ceptum,  take  out, 

up,    except;     receive;    receive   the 

charge  of,  catch  ;  relieve. 
excite,  1.  rouse,  stir  up,  excite,  awakef 

/■tiii  up. 
exclame,  1.  cry  out. 


156 


VOCABULARY. 


excludo,  3.  clusi,  clusum,  shut  out, 
cut  of\ 

excdgito,  1.  think  out,  contrive,  im- 
agine. 

excurrO,  3.  curri  (cucurri),  cursum, 
run  out. 

excusS,  1.  excuse;  urge  in  excuse ; 
valetudinem  excusare,  plead  sick- 
ness. 

excutio,  3.  cussi,  cussum,  knock  out, 
shake  out,  get  out,  hurl,  shoot. 

exemplum,  example. 

exeO,  Ire,  ii,  itum,  go  out,  march  off. 

exsrceO,  2.  practise,  exercise,  drill, 
train. 

exercitatio,  practice,  exercise,  drill, 
training. 

exercitus,  us,  army. 

exhaurio,  4.  hausi,  haustum  (bale 
out),  exhaust;  scoop  up  and  re- 
move, Caks.  (c.  xlii.)  applies  more 
particularly  to  manibus  j  comp. 
Gr.  (390.  _ 

exigS,  3.  egl,  actum,  drive  out,  ex- 
pel, execute,  exact,  spend. 

exiguus,  a,  urn,  scant,  small. 

eximius,  a,  urn,  exceptional,  extraor- 
dinary, rare,  splendid,  fine. 

exim5,  3.  emi,  emptum,  take  away, 
remote,  relieve  of. 

existimatiS,  opinion, 

exist.iniO,  1.  think,  consider. 

exit  turn,  destruction. 

exitus,  us,  going  forth,  issue. 

exonor,  oriri,  ortus,  rise. 

exornS,  1.  adorn,  bedeck. 

expeditio,  expedition. 

expedltu3,  a,  um  (unencumbered), 
clear,  open  ;  pi.  troops  without  bag- 
gage, light  troops. 

expeild,  3.  pull,  pulsum,  drive  out, 
banish. 

expergiscor,  3.  perrectus  (rouse  one- 
self), wake. 

experior,  4.  expertus,  make  trial  of, 
try,  put  to  the  test. 

expers,  rtis,  without  part,  taking  no 
part,  unacquainted  with. 

expetS,  3.  petivl,  petitum,  seek. 

expi6,  1.  expiate,  atone  for. 

explico,  1.  and  plicul,  plicitum,  un- 
fold, develop,  deploy. 

explorator,  scout. 


exploratus,  a,  um,  decided  beyond  a 
doubt. 

explorO,  1.  bring  out,  spy  out,  ascer- 
tain definitely. 

exponS,  3.  posui,  positum,  put  out, 
land,  expose. 

exprimO,  3.  press!,  pressum,  ex- 
press, fashion,  form. 

exprobro,  1.  cast  up  to,  reproach 
with. 

expugnS,  1.  take  by  storm,  conquer \ 
reduce. 

exqulsitus,  a,  um  (sought  out),  care- 

■   ful-ty  chosen,  exquisite. 

exscensio,  landing. 

exsecror,  1.  curse. 

exsequiae,  funeral  (procession),  ob- 
sequies. 

exsequor,  3.  secutus,  carry  out,  fol- 
low out,  perform,  execute. 

exsilium,  exile. 

exsisto,  3.  stiti,  rise,  take  rise,  exist, 
show  itself,  prove. 

exsorbeo,  2.  ui,  suck  out,  wash  off. 

exspectatio,  expectation. 

exspecto,  1.  look  out  for,  wait  for, 
await,  wait  to  see. 

exsplro,  1.  breathe  one's  last,  expire. 

exstinguo,  3.  stinxl,  stinctum,  put 
out,  extinguish,  kill;  pass,  ex- 
pire. 

exsto,  1.  stiti,  stand  out,  be  extant  ; 
capite  solo  exstare,  have  only  the 
head  above. 

exstruo,  3.  struxi,  structum,  rear, 
build. 

exsul,  ulis,  exile. 

exsulto,  1.  leap  for  joy,  exult. 

extends,  3.  tendi,  tensum  (tentum), 
stretch  out,  extend. 

externus,  a,  um  (outside),  foreign, 
alien. 

exterreo,  2.  frighten  (out  of  one's 

Wits). 

extimescS,  3.  ui,  — ,  be  frightened. 

extollo,  3.  — ,  — ,  extol,  exalt. 

extra,  outside,  icithout,  beyond ;  ex- 
tra jactum  teli,  out  of  reach  of 
missiles,  out  of  range. 

extrahS,  3.  traxi,  tractum  (drag 
out),  draw  out,  get  out,  extract, 
dawdle  away. 

extremus,  a,  um,  utmost,  outermost. 


VOCABULARY. 


157 


at  the    end  '(tail),  last,  hindmost, 

rear. 
exuo,  3.  ui,  utum,  strip. 
exur6,  3.  ussi,  ustum,  burn. 


Faber,  brl,  handicraftsman,  carpen- 
ter ;   pi.  sappers,  pioneers,  engi- : 
neers. 

fabricator,  builder. 

fabula,  faMe,  legend,  story,  play. 

facetiae,  arum,  fun,  joke. 

facies,  ei,  face. 

facilis,  e,  easy  ;  adv.  facile  (facilius, 
facillime),  easily,  readily. 

facinus,  oris,  n.  deed,  crime. 

facie,  3.  feci,  factum,  do,  make ;  fi- 
dem  facere,  inspire  confidence; 
potestatem  facere,  grant  permis- 
sion ;  vim  f.,  employ  force ;  iter 
f.,  march;  finem  f.,  put  an  end  to, 
cease, 

factio,  party. 

factum,  deed,  action,  transaction. 

facultas,  atis,  opportunity,  chance. 

facundus,  a,  urn,  possessing  the  gift 
of  speech;  vir  f.,  a  ready  speaker. 

fagus,  i,  f.  beech  (more  accurately  a 
kind  of  oak). 

falcatus,  a,  urn,  furnished  with 
scythes,  scythe-bearing,  scythed. 

fallax,  acis,  deceitful. 

fallo,  3.  fefelli,  falsum,  deceive,  dis- 
appoint;  pass,  be  mistaken. 

falx,  cis,  sickle,  hook  (like  a  sickle). 

fama,  fame,  report,  public  opinion, 
renown. 

fames,  is,  hunger,  famine. 

familiaris,  e,  familiar ;  subst.  (fa- 
miliar), intimate  friend ;  res  fa- 
miliaiis,  property. 

familiaritas,  atis,  intimacy,  friend- 
ship. 

famulus,  i,  servant. 

fanum,  sanctuary,  fane. 

fas,  indecl.  allowable,  lawful,  right. 

fascia,  band,  ribbon,  fillet, 

fasciculus,  i,  little  bundle,  fagot. 

fascis,  is,  m.  bundle,  fagot. 

fastidid,  4.  loathe,  despise. 

fasti gium,  top,  summit;  in  altius 
fastigium  excedere,  reach  a  great- 
er elevation,  Maker  level. 


fatalis,  e,  fateful,  fatal. 

fatigO,  1.  break  down,  fatigue. 

fatum,  fate. 

fatuu3,  a,  um,  silly,  simpleton,  jool. 

faux,  usually  fauces,  ium,  jaws,  de- 
file, narrows. 

fax,  facis,  touch. 

fel,  fellis,  n.  gall. 

feles,  is,  f.  cat. 

felix,  icis,  lucky,  happy. 

femina,  woman,  female. 

femur,  oris,  thigh. 

fenestra,  window. 

fera,  wild  beast. 

ferax,  acis,  productive,  fruitful, 

fere,  almost,  about. 

ferinus,  a,  um,  of  wild  beasts. 

ferme,  about. 

fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latum,  bear ;  (bear 
tales),  say,  report  ;  graviter  ferre, 
be  annoyed,  take  ill,  amiss ;  sub- 
sidium  f.,  bring  help ;  opinio  fert, 
opinion  goes,  has  it. 

ferocia,  fierceness,  wildness,  savage- 
ry. 

ferox,  ocis,  fierce,  mettlesome. 

ferramentum  (iron)  tool. 

ferreus,  a,  um,  iron,  of  iron. 

ferrum,  iron,  sword. 

f ertOis ,  e,  fru itful,  fertile. 

ferus,  a,  um,  wild,  savage. 

fervefacis,  3.  feci,  factum,  make 
(boPing),  fiery,  red  hot. 

ferveO,  2.  fervi  (bui),  — ,be  hot. 

fervidus,  a,  um,  boiling,  healed 

fessus,  a,  um,  weary. 

festinanter,  hastily. 

festinO,  1.  hasten,  make  haste. 

fideUs,  e,  faithful. 

fides,  ei  (good)  faith,  faithfulness, 
loyalty,  credit,  trust,  promise, 
pledf/ed  word,  pledge,  honor,  pro- 
tection, alliance  ;  fidem  praestare, 
show  oneself  faithful ;  fidem  se- 
qui,  trust  oneself  to  any  one, pledge 
oneself  to  any  one,  espouse  one's 
cause  ;  f.  interponere,  pledge  one's 
honor ;  i.  implorare,  implore  pro- 
tection ;  se  potestati  fideique  per- 
mittere,  to  surrender  to  one's  au- 
thority and  honor,  =  make  an  un- 
conditional surrender ;  in  fidem 
accipere,  receive  the  surrender  of. 


158 


VOCABULARY. 


fides,  is,  string ;  pi.  cithern,  tyre. 

fido,  3.  fisus,  trust. 

fiducia,  confidence. 

f Idus,  a,  urn,  faithful. 

fige,  3,  fixl,  fixum,  fix,  fasten,  pierce. 

filia,  daughter. 

filius,  son. 

f IniO,  4.  finish. 

finis,  is,  m.  (more  rarely  f.),  end, 
limit,  boundary,  border  ;  plu.v.  bor- 
der, territory. 

finitimus,  a,  um,  neighboring,  bor- 
dering ;  subst.  neighbor. 

fio,  fieri,  factus  (pass,  of  facxS),  be 
made  or  done,  become,  rise,  happen, 
take  place ;  fit  ut,  it  so  happens 
that,  it  is  that ;  certiorem  fieri,  be 
informed. 

firmS,  1.  strengthen,  encourage  ;  fir- 
mare  invicem  fidem,  give  mutual 
assurance  of  fidelity. 

f  irmus,  a,  um,  strong. 

flagito,  1.  demand. 

flagr6,  1.  bum. 

fiamma,  flame,  fire. 

fleets,  3.  flexl,  flexum,  bend,  prevail 
on. 

fleo,  2.  flevi,  fletum,  weep. 

fletus,  us,  weeping. 

flo,  1.  blow. 

floreS,  2.  ui,  — ,  flourish. 

fids,  floris,  flower,  bloom. 

fluctuo,  1.  (biUow),  waver. 

fluctus,  us,  flood,  icave. 

flumen,  inis,  river. 

flu5,  3.  fluxi,  — ,  flow,  droop,  be  re- 
laxed. 

fluvius,  i,  river. 

fodia,  3.  fodi,  fossum,  dig,  pierce. 

foedo,  1.  befoul,  pollute,  tarnish. 

foedus,  a,  um,  foul. 

foedus,  eris,  n.  league,  treaty. 

fons,  ntis,  m.  fountain,  spring. 

foramen,  inis,  hole,  orifice. 

fore,  fat.  inf.  of  sum  and  fl5. 

fores,  ium,  door. 

forma,  shape,  mould,  form,  appear- 
ance. 

formids,  fear. 

formO,  1.  mould,  form. 

formosus,  a,  um,  shapely,  beautiful. 

fora,  tis,  chance. 

forte,  by  chance;  si  forte,  if  perhaps. 


fortis,  e,  brave,  courageous,  gallant ; 

adv.  fortiter,  fortius,  fortissime. 
fortitudd,  bravery,  courage. 
fortuna,  fortune,  fate,   chance;  pi. 

property,  goods  and  chattels. 
fortunatus.  a,  um,  fortunate. 
forum,  market-place. 
fossa,  ditch,  fosse. 
foved,  2.  fovi,  f5tum,  warm,  hug. 
frang6,    3.    fregi,    fr actum,    breakt 

crush  ;  pass,  feel,  crush. 
frater,  tris,  brother. 
frau3,  fraudis,  fraud. 
fremitus,  us,  roar,  noise,  hubbub. 
fremo,  3.  ui,  itum,  roar,  make  a  noise, 

a  hubbub. 
frenatus,  a,  um,  bridled. 
frendo  (eS),  3.  (2.)  — ,  fresum,  gnash 

the  teeth. 
frenum,  curb,  bit,  bridle. 
frequens,  ntis,  crowded,  thronged. 
f return,  frith,  straits. 
frigus,  oris,  cold,  frost ;  pi.  cold  seo> 

sons,  spells. 
frons,  frondis,  leafage,  foliage. 
frons,  frontis,  brow,  forehead,  front; 

recta  fronte,  with  its  full  front. 
fructus,  us,  fruit. 
fruges,  um,  fruits  of  the  field. 
frumentarius,  a,  um,  pertaining  to 

com, grain;  res  frumentaria,  com, 

commissary   department ;   inopia 

frumentaria,  short  supply,  scarcity 

of  corn. 
frumentum,  com,  grain. 
fruor,  3.  fruitus,  fructus  (get  fruit), 

get  enjoyment,  enjoy. 
frustra,  in  vain. 
frustum,  bit,  scrap. 
frutex,  icis,  shrub. 
fuga,  flight ;  in  fugam  dare,  conji- 

cere,  put  to  flight. 
fugio,  3.  fugi,  fugitum,  flee,  fly,  run, 

i  scape. 
fugitivus,  a,  um,  run  away,  fugitive. 
fugd,  1.  put  to  flight. 
fulgeo,  2.  fulsi,  — ,  glitter,  shine. 
fulgor,  glitter. 
fume,  1.  smoke. 
fumus,  i,   smoke;    pi.   columns    of 

smoke. 
funda,  sling. 
funditor,  dinger. 


VOCABULARY. 


159 


funds,  3.  fudi,  fusum,  pour,  spread, 

scatter,  rout. 
funis,  is,  m.  rope. 
Furiae,  arum,  the  Furies. 
(furo),  3.  — ,  rage,  rave,  be  mad,  rabid. 
furor,  rage,  fury. 
fusilis,  e  (molten),  moulded. 
fustis,  is,  m.  cudgel. 
futurus,  a,  urn,  future. 

G 

Gades,  ium,  Cadiz. 

galea,  helmet. 

Gallia,  Gaul,  1.  Gallia  citerior,  Cis- 
alpina,  togata,  the  region  of  the 
Po,inN.  Italy  ;  2.  Gallia  Transal- 
pina,  France,  Netherlands  W.  of 
Germany,  Switzerland. 

Gallicus,  a,  um,  Gcdlic. 

galllna,  hen,  poultry. 

gallus,  I,  cock. 

gaudeo,  2.  gavisus,  rejoice,  delight. 

gaudium,  joy. 

Gaza,  ae,  Gaza  of  the  Bible,  Sam- 
son's Gaza. 

Gedrosia,  Beluchistan. 

Geidumni,  drum,  dependants  of  the 
Nervii. 

gelidus,  a,  um,  cold. 

gelu,  us,  cold. 

gemini,  5rum,  twins. 

gemitus,  us,  groan,  moan. 

gemma,  gem, precious  stone. 

gener,  eri,  son-in-law. 

generdsus,  a,  um,  noble,  generous, 
gentlemanly. 

gens,  gentis,  race,  tribe,  clan,  people. 

genu,  us,  knee;  in  genu  procumbere, 
kneel  down. 

genus,  eris,  kind,  class,  sort,  race ; 
genus  ducere,  derive  origin,  trace 
descent. 

German!,  orum,  Germans. 

ger6,  3.  gessi,  gestum,  carry,  man- 
age, do;  bellum  gerere,  wage, 
carry  on  war  ;  res  gestae,  exploits, 
transactions,  what  has  been  done  ; 
rem  gerere,  carry  on  the  business, 
fight ;  rem  bene  gerere,  make  a 
successful  stroke. 

gesta,  orum,  deeds,  exploits. 

gest6,  1.  carry,  wear. 


gignQ,  3.  genui,  genitum,  beget;  pass. 
be  bom. 

gladius,  I,  sword. 

glans,  ndis  (acorn),  ball. 

gloria,  fame,  renown,  glory. 

glorior,  1.  (take  glory  to  oneself  \ 
boast,  brag. 

gracilis,  e,  slender. 

gracilitas,  atis,  slenderness. 

graculus,  i,  jackdaw. 

gradus,  us,  step. 

Granicus,  river  of  Mysia. 

grassor,  1.  proceed  (to  extremities), 
rage,  riot. 

gratia,  favor,  influence,  gratitude ; 
gratiam  habere,  feel  thankful ; 
gratiam  referre,  return  favor, 
make  return  for,  requite,  repay  ; 
gratias  agere,  return  thanks, 
thank;  gratiam  inire,  gain  popu- 
larity, favor  (with)  ;  in  gratiam  re- 
dire,  make  friends  (again);  gratia, 
for  the  sake. 

gratulor,  1.  congratulate. 

gratulabundus,  a,  um,  congratula- 
ting, offering  congratulations. 

gratulatie,  congratulation. 

gratus,  a,  um,  grateful,  acceptable. 

gravis,  e,  heavy,  iceighty,  of  weight, 
severe,  serious. 

gra vitas,  atis,  weight. 

graviter  (gravius,  gravissime),  heav- 
ily, seriously  ;  g.  permotus,  great- 
ly embittered ;  g.  dolere,  ferre, 
resent  bitterly,  be  sore  at. 

grav6,  1.  weigh  down,  be  heavy  for, 
make  uncomfortable. 

gremium,  lap. 

grex,  gregis,  flock,  herd. 

Grudii,  orum,  Belgic  tribe  subject  to 
the  Nervii. 

grus,  gruis,  crane. 

gubernator,  pilot. 

gusto,  1.  tade. 

guttur,  uris,  n.  throat. 

H 
Habenae,  arum  (holders),  reins. 
habeo,  2.  ui,  itum,  have,  hold,  possessL 
keep,  regard;  orationem   habere 
make  a  speech. 
habitS,  1.  dwell,  inhabit. 
1  habitus,  us,  bearing,  attire. 


1G0 


VOCABULARY. 


haeree,  2.  haesi,  haesum,  stick  ;  in 

medio  haerere,  be  hemmed  in  from 

all  sides  ;  haggle,  hesitate. 
Halicarnassus,  i,  f.  a   city   in  Asia 

Minor. 
Halys,  yos,  river  of  Asia  Minor, 

Kisil-Irmak,  a  noted  boundary. 
Haramon  (AmmSn),  a  god  in  Libya 

with  ram's  horns,  identified  with 

Jupiter. 
hamus,  I,  hook. 
Harpyiae,  Harpies,  half  virgins,  half 

birds. 
haruspex,  icis,  haruspex. 
hasta,  spear. 

hastaU,  orum,  spearmen. 
haud,  jiot. 
haurio,  4.   hausi,  haustum    (scoop), 

draw  (water  &c), drain. 
Hellespontus,    Hellespont,     Darda- 
nelles. 
Heracieota,  of  Heraclea  in  Lower 

Italy. 
herba,  grass. 

hercule,  mehercule,  By  Hercules. 
heroicus,  a,  urn,  heroic. 
heros,  ois,  hero. 
herus  (erus),  I,  master. 
heus,  ho! 

hiberna,  5rum,  winter  quarters. 
liic,  haec,  hoc,  this;  abl.  hoc,  on  this 

account. 
hie,  here,  at  this  point. 
hiemalis,  e,  of  winter. 
hiemO,  1.  winter. 
hiems,  hiemis,  winter. 
hinc,  hence,  on  this  side. 
hirsutus,  a,  um,  rough. 
Hispania,  Spain. 
Hispanus,  a,  um,  Spanish. 
home,  inis,  human  being,  fellow;  plu. 

people. 
honestus,  a,  um,  honoi*able,  virtuous. 
honor  (honos),  ho nor,  dignity,  esteem, 

regard. 
hora,  hour  (twelfth  part  of  daylight 

or  night,  the  first  hour  being,  say, 

6  A.  M.  or  P.  M.) 
horrendus,  a,  um,  horrible. 
horridus,  a,  um  (bristly),  rough,  rug- 
ged, d  readful,  frightful. 
horror,  chill,  shudder. 
hortor  1.  exhort,  urge. 


hortus,  I,  garden. 

hospes,  itis,  stranger,  guest,  host, 
friend. 

hospitaliter,  hospitably. 

hospitium,  I,  friendship,  friend's 
house. 

hostia,  victim. 

hostilis,  e,  of  the,  an,  enemy,  hostile. 

hostis,  is,  c.  enemy ;  pi.  often  where 
ice  use  the  collective  singular. 

hue,  hither,  hereto,  to  this. 

humanus,  a,  um,  human,  cultivated, 
refined. 

humerus  (better  umerus),  shoulder. 

humilis,  e,  low,  weak. 

humilitas,  atis,  lowness,  low  build, 
weakness. 

hums,  1.  bury,  inter, 

humor  (umor),  moisture. 

humus,  I,  ground ;  humi,  on  the 
ground. 

Hyarotis,  idis,  m.  river,  affluent  of 
the  Acesines. 

Hydaspes,  is,  m.  river  in  India,  con- 
fluent of  the  Acesines. 

Hydra,  Hydra,  fabulous  water-snake. 

Hyrcania,  country  S.  E.  of  the  Cas- 
pian sea. 


Ibi,  there. 

ictus,  us,  blow,  thrust,  cast. 

idcirco,  therefore. 

idem,  eadem,  idem,  the  same. 

identidem,  again  and  again,  repeat' 
edly. 

ideo,  on  that  account. 

idoneus,  a,  um,  suitable,  convenient. 

igitur,  therefore. 

ignarus,  a,  um,  unknowing,  not  know- 
ing, ignorant,  unacquainted  with. 

ignis,  is,  m.  fire  ;  ignem  concipere, 
catch  fire  ;  i.  injicere,  set  on  fire. 

ignobilis,  e,  obscure,  mean,  insignifi- 
cant, ignoble. 

ignore,  1.  not  know,  be  unacquainted 
with. 

ignosce,  3.  ignovi,  ignotum,  forgive. 

Ignotus,  a,  um,  unknown. 

Ilia,  ium,  flanks. 

Ilias,  adis,  f.  Iliad. 

Ilium,  Troy. 

illacrime,  1.  weep  over. 


VOCABULARY. 


1C1 


illicio,  3.  lexi,  lectum,  entice. 

illldo,  3.  lisi,  llsum,  dash  against. 

illigs,  1.  bind,  tie  to. 

illino,  '■').  levi,  litum,  besmear,  anoint, 
perfume. 

ille,  ilia,  illud,  that ;  he,  she,  it. 

illustris,  e,  bright ;  dies  illustris, 
broad  day. 

Illyricum.  llhjria. 

imago,  inis,  likeness,  image,  picture. 

imber,  bris,  m.  shower. 

imitabilis,  e,  imitable. 

imitor,  1.  imitate. 

immanis,  e,  monstrous. 

immanitas,  atis,  enormity,  inhuman- 
ity. 

immemor,  oris,  unmindful,  forget- 
ful. 

immensus,  a,  um  {unmeasured),  im- 
measurable, immense. 

immergO,  3.  mersi,  mersum,  plunge 
in. 

immerit5,  undeservedly. 

immineo, 2.  — , — ,  overhang,  threaten, 
be  imminent. 

immisceO,  2.  miscul,  mixtum,  mix 
in,  get  into,  get  in  among. 

immitis,  e,  rude,  rough. 

immitto,  3.  mlsi,  missum,  send  in, 
send  against^  turn  on,  hurl. 

immodestia,  irunt  of  moderation,  of 
self-control,  license. 

immodicus,  a,  um,  immoderate. 

immolo,  1.  sacrifice. 

immortalis,  e,  undying,  immortal. 

impedlmentum,  hindrance  ;  pi.  bag- 
gage  heavy  baggage. 

impedid,  4.  (shackle),  hinder, obstruct, 
embarrass,  engage,  preoccupy. 

impello,  8  pull,  pulsum,  push  on, 
shove  on,  instigate. 

impended,  2.  — ,  — ,  hang  over,  be 
impending. 

impense,  earnestly,  energetically. 

imperator,  commander,  general;  em- 
[ii  /'"/'. 

imperitus,  a,  um,  unpractised,  un- 
skilled, ignorant. 

Lmparium,  dominion,  sway,  rule;  pi. 
rights  as  a  ruler. 

impero,  \,give  commands,  command, 
order,  impose,  levy,  make  a  levy  of, 
order  to  furnish ;  govern. 


impetrO,  1.  obtain  {what  one  wishes), 
get. 

impetus,  us,  onset,  onslaught,  assault, 
cJiarge,  violence. 

impigre,  energ/ tically. 

impleO,  2.  plevi,  pletum,  fill. 

implico,  1.  aAd  plicul,  plicitum,  en- 
tangle,  involve,  knot. 

imploro,  1.  beseech,  implore,  appeal  to. 

imp5n6,  3.  posui,  positum,  put  in, 
2)ut  on,  on  board,  impose. 

import5,  1 .  bring  in  ;  import. 

importunus,  a,  um,  pressing,  impor- 
tunate, impertinent,  churlish. 

impiimis  (in  piimis),  amongst  the 
chief, chiefly,  especiedly  ;  if  possible. 

imprimO,  3.  pressi,  pressum,  press 
upon,  impress. 

improbo,  1.  disapprove. 

improbus,  a,  um,  naughty,  wicked, 
■remorseless,  ruthless ;  knave. 

improviso  (de  improviso),  unfore- 
seen, unexpectedly . 

imprudens,  not  foreseeing,  off  one's 
guard,  imprudent,  unicittingily). 

imprudentia,  want  of  foresight. 

impudens,  ntis,  shameless,  impudent. 

impulsu,  at  the  suggestion,-  impulse. 

impune,  without  punishment,  with 
impunity,  scot-free. 

in,  1.  with  ace.  into,  to,  towards,  for; 
in  longitudinem,  lengthwise,  in 
length ;  in  utramque  partem,  in 
either  case ;  in  speciem,  for  a 
blind,  make-believe.  2.  with  abl. 
in,  amongst,  in  the  case  of,  on  ;  in 
summa  inopia,  in  spite  of  extreme 
destitution;  in  praesentia,  at 
present. 

inanis,  e,  empty. 

incalesco,  3.  calui,  — ,  grow  warm. 

incautus,  a,  um,  unwary,  heedless, 
incautious ;  adv.  incaute. 

incedo,  3.  cessi,  cessum,  walk  in, 
enter. 

incendium,  fire,  conflagration. 

incendd,  3.  ndi,  nsum,  set  on  fire, 
fire. 

incertus,  a,  um,  uncertain,  doubtful. 

incessO,  3.  cessi  vi  (cessi),  attack. 

incido,  3.  cidi,  casum,  fall  into, 
chance  upon. 

incipio,  3.  cepi,  ceptum,  begin. 


1G2 


VOCABULARY. 


inclitus,  a,  urn,  renowned. 

include,  3.  clusl,  clusum,  shut  in, 
surround. 

incognitus,  a,  um,  unknown. 

incohd  (incho6),  1.  begin. 

incola,  inhabitant. 

incold,  3.  colui,  cultum,  dwell  in, 
live  in,  inhabit. 

incolumis,  e,  unhurt,  unharmed, 
without  hurt,  without  loss,  safe. 

incommodus,  a,  um  (uncomfortable), 
disastrous;  incommoda  valetudo, 
bad,  ill  health ;  adv.  incommode. 

incommodum,  disaster. 

inconditus,  a,  um  (unorganized),  con- 
fused, uncultivated,  rude,  wild. 

incredibilis,  e  (passing  belief),  extra- 
ordinary. 

increpB,  1.  ui,  itum,  chide,  take  to 
task,  inveigh  against. 

incubs,  1.  ui,  itum,  lie  upon. 

incurro,  3.  currl  (cucurri),  cursum, 
run  (upon),  charge,  come  running 
(upon). 

incursie,  incursion,  raid. 

incusS,  1.  find  fault  with,  censure. 

inde,  thence,  therefore. 

indecore,  unbecomingly. 

indicium,  token,  indication. 

indies,  1.  point  out,  announce,  betray. 

indicS,  3.  dixl,  dictum,  proclaim, 
appoint,  fix. 

In  die  us,  a,  um,  of,  in  India. 

indies,  daily  (progressive  change). 

indigne  ferre,  be  indignant  at. 

indignor,  1.  be  indignant. 

indignus,  a,  um,  unworthy. 

indo,  3.  didi,  ditum,  give. 

indoles,  is,  temper,  talent. 

indued,  3.  duxi,  due  turn,  lead,  draw 
on;  plate. 

indulgentia,  indulgence. 

indulged,  2.  dulsl,  dultum,  indulge. 

induS,  3.  ui,  utum,  put  on,  dress,  ar- 
ray. 

industria,  energy,  industry ;  de  in- 
dustria,  purposely. 

Indus,  i,  river  ;  Indian. 

Indutiomarus,  i,  chief  of  the  Treveri. 

ine6,  ire,  ii,  itum,  enter  upon,  engage 
in;  gratiam  inire,  gain  favor, 
popularity  ;  consilium  inire,  form 
a  plan. 


ineptus,  a,  um,  unsuitable,  silly. 

inermis,  e,  unarmed. 

inexpertus,  a,  um,  untried. 

inexplicabilis,  e,  unknottable. 

infamia,  infamy. 

infans,  ntis,  infant,  babe,  minor, 
youthful. 

infelix,  icis,  unhappy. 

infensus,  a,  um,  hostile,  embittered 
against. 

inferi,  orum,  the  gods  below,  the 
lower  world. 

inferior,  ius,  lower,  inferior. 

inferd,  ferre,  tuli,  illatum,  bear  in, 
bring  in,  upon,  inflict;  bellum 
inferre,  wage  ivar  ;  pedem  inferre 
(put  one's  foot  in),  attack;  peri- 
culum  inferre,  cause  danger. 

inficid,  3.  feci,  fectum,  stain,  paint. 

infinitus,  a,  um,  without  end,  bound- 
less, enormous,  infinite. 

infula,  fillet. 

infuscS,  1.  obscure,  tarnish. 

ingemum,  genius,  character,  disposi- 
tion. 

ingens,  ntis,  gigantic,  huge,  vast, 
great, 

ingere,  3.  gessi,  gestum  (carry  in, 
pile  in),  hurl  upon,  shower  upon. 

ingratus,  a,  um,  ungrateful,  unpleas- 
ant, thankless. 

ingravesco,  3.  — ,  — ,  get  more  seri- 
ous, worse. 

ingredior,  3.  gressus  (step  in),  enter. 

inhaerescS,  3.  haesl,  haesum,  stick 
in. 

inhibeS,  2.  check,  stop. 

inhumatus,  a,  um,  unburied. 

inimicitia  (unfriendlituss),  enmity. 

inimlcus,  a,  um,  unfriendly,  ill-dis- 
posed ;  animo  inimico,  ill-affected. 
iSiibst.  enemy,  adversary. 

iniquus,  a,  um,  unfair,  unjust,  un- 
favorable, adverse. 

initium,  beginning. 

injiciS,  3.  ieci,  iectum,  throw  into, 
on,  put  into;  inspire;  furorem 
injicere.  madden,  enrage;  rixam 
injicere,  start  a  quarrel. 

injuria,  wrong,  outrage,  injury. 

injussu,  without  orders. 

innitor,  3.  nixus  (nisus),  stay  oneself 
on,  lean  on. 


VOCABULARY. 


163 


innocens,  ntis,  innocent. 

innumerabilis,  e,  countless,  innu- 
merable. 

inopia,  want,  scarcity,  neecliness,  in- 
digence. 

inops,  opis  (wWiout  resource),  needy, 
poor  in  ;  inops  consilii,  at  one's 
icit's  end,  at  a  loss  what  to  do. 

inprimis.     See  imprimis. 

inquam,  quoth  I,  I  say. 

Insanabilis,  e,  incurable. 

insciens,  ntis,  not  knowing;  insciente 
Oaesare,  without  the  knowledge  of 
Caesar. 

inscribe,  3.  scrips!,  scriptum,  write 
on,  inscribe. 

insequor,  3.  secutus,  follow  up,  pur- 
sue. 

insert,  3.  serui,  sertum,  insert. 

inserd,  3.  sevi,  situm,  plant  in. 

insideo, 2.  sedi,  sessum,  sit  on,occupy. 

insidiae,  ambuscade. 

insigne,  badge,  ensign. 

insignis,  e,  marked,  remarkable. 

insiliS,  4.  ui,  — ,  leap  upon,  hop  up 
upon. 

insimulS,  1.  charge. 

insolentia  {extraordinary  conduct), 
insolence. 

insolitus,  a,  vim,  unaccustomed,  un- 
familiar. 

insomnis,  e,  sleepless. 

insons,  ntis,  guiltless. 

insperatus,  a,  um,  unexpected. 

instigo,  1.  egg  on,  urge  on,  set  on. 

instinguO,  3.  stinxi,  stinctum,  prick, 
goad  on. 

instituO,  3.  ui,  utum,  set  up,  get  up, 
set  on  foot,  erect,  build,  form,  be- 
gin, open,  prepare,  train. 

instS,  1.  stiti,  — ,  press  on,  press 
hard. 

instrumentum,  furniture,  appliance, 
implement,  tool. 

instruS,  3.  struxi,  structum,  draw 
up,  organize,  furnish,  prepare ; 
part,  instructus,  in  battle  array, 
ready. 
insuetus,  a,  um,  unaccustomed,  un- 
used. 
insula,     islet  n  d ;    insulam     capere, 

make  the  island. 
insum,  esse,  fui,  be  in. 


intactus,  a,  um,  untouched,   undis- 
turbed. 

integer,  gra,  grum  (not  tampered 
tcith),  entire,  fresh. 

intellego,  3.  lexi,  lectum,  under- 
stand, see  clearly. 

intends,  3.  tendi,  tentum  (tensum), 
strain,  stretch  (every  nerve) ;  fu- 
gam  intendere,  speed  flight ;  ocu- 
los  intendere,  look  intently ; _  cu- 
ram  intendere,  rack  with  anxiety; 
dolum  intendere,  lay  a  trap. 

intentus,  a,  um,  intent. 

inter,  between,  among;  inter  se, 
among  themselves,  with  one  another. 

intercede,  3.  cessi,  cessum,  come  be- 
tween, intervene,  exist  between. 

intercipiS,  3.  cepi,  ceptum,  cut  off, 
intercept. 

interdict,  3.  dixi,  dictum,  interdict, 
forbid  ;  praecipit  et  interdicit,  he 
strictly  enjoins. 

interea,  meanwhile. 

intereS,  ire,  ii,  itum,  perish, 

interficio,  3.  feci,  fectum,  slay,  kill. 

intern1  uS,  3.  fluxi,  flow  between. 

interim,  meanwhile. 

interims,  3.  emi,  emptum,  make 
away  with,  kill,  slay. 

interior,  us,  inner;  subst.  interiores, 
those  living  inland,  in  the  inteHor; 
interiora,  the  interior. 

interitus,  us,  destruction,  perdition, 
death. 

intermittS,  3.  misi,  missum  (leave  a 
gap),  let  pass,  lose  ;  intermit,  put 
a  stop  to;  ventus  intermittitur, 
the  wind  abates,  lulls  ;  flamma  i., 
the  iire  slacks. 

interniteo,  2.  ui,  — ,  shine  from  be- 
tween. 

interponO,  3.  posui,  positum,  inter- 
pose ;  fidem  interponere,  pledge 
one's  honor. 

interpres,  etis,  interpreter. 

interrogo,  1.  ask;  interrogatum, 
question. 

intersum,  esse,  fui,  be  present,  take 
part  in;  interest,  it  is  of  impor- 
tance. 

intervallum,  interval,  distance. 
interveniS,  4.    veni,  ventum,    com« 
in  between,  intervene. 


164 


VOCABULARY. 


intexS,  3.  texul,  textum,  weave  in. 

intimus,  a,  urn,  inmost,  intimate. 

intonsus,  a,  um, '  unshorn,  unsha- 
ven. 

intortus,  a,  um,  matted,  tangled. 

intra,  within. 

intrd,  1.  enter. 

introduce,  3.  duxi,  ductum,  intro- 
duce. 

intrdeo,  4.  Ivi,  (ii)  itum,  go  in,  enter. 

introgredior,  3.  gressus,  step  in, enter. 

introitus,  us,  entrance. 

intromitt6,  3.  misi,  missum,  let  in. 

introrumpo,  3.  rupi,  ruptum,  burst 
in. 

intumescS,  3.  tumui,  swell. 

intus,  within. 

inultus,  a,  um,  unavenged. 

inurd,  3.  ussl,  ustum,  bum  in;  no- 
tam  inurere,  brand. 

inusitatus,  a,  um,  unusual. 

inutilis,  e,  useless,  good  for  nothing. 

invadd,  3.  vasl,  vasum,  go  in.  attack, 
come  over,  invade. 

invehS,  3,  vexi,  vectum,  bring  in, 
import ;  invehor,  get  in,  come  in, 
press  in;  penetrate,  charge,  pour 
in,  inveigh. 

invenis,  4.  venl,  ventum,  come  upon, 
find. 

inveterasco,  3.  avl  (grow  old),  become 
fixed,  establisJied ;  inveteratus, 
rooted,  inveterate,  veteran. 

invicem,  in  turn,  mutually. 

invidia,  envy. 

invlsitatus,  unseen,  unfamiliar,  un- 
known. 

invlsus,  a,  um,  hated. 

invltatis,  invitation. 

invltd,  1.  invite. 

invitus,  a,  um,  unwilling. 

invius,  a,  um,  pathless. 

invoc6,  1.  call  on,  invoke. 

ipse,  a,  um,  self,  very, 

Ira,  anger. 

Iratus,  a,  um,  angry. 

irrldeS,  2,  risi,  rlsum,  lauqh  at. 

irrito,  1.  rouse,  excite,  irritate. 

irritus  (=in  +  ratus),  not  valid,  of 
no  avail. 

irrump5,  3.  rupi,  ruptum,  burst  into, 
come  down  upon,  make  in  roar  /is. 

is,  ea,  id,  he,  she,  it;  that;  is  qui  ter- 


rear,  a  man  to  be  scared;  eo  minus 
the  less  ;  ea,  that  way. 

Issus,  i,  f.   city  of  Cilicia. 

iste,  ista,  istud,  that  (of  yours). 

isthmus,  I,  isthmus  (of  Corinth). 

ita,  so,  in  the  following  manner  ;  non 
ita,  not  so,  not  so  very;  not  quite, 
no  indeed. 

itaque,  and  so,  consequently,  there- 
fore. 

iter,  itineris,  n.  journey,  march, 
route,  road,  way ;  ex  itinere,  on 
the  march  ;  aliquantum  itineris,  a 
considerable  distance ;  magnum 
iter,  forced  march. 

iterum,  again. 

Itius  portus,  Wissant  (f) 


JaceS,  2.  ul,  lie  (prostrate). 

jaci6,  3.  jeel,  jactum,  hurl,  throw, 

jactd,  1.  toss,  bandy,  brag  of. 

jactus,  us,  throw,  cast. 

jaculum,  javelin. 

jam,  already,  now,  by  this  time,  anon. 
flgp  The  translation  of  jam  is  of- 
ten unnatural  in  English.  Jam 
ante,  before,  even  before. 

janitor,  gate-keeper. 

janua,  gate. 

Jaxartes,  is,  river  emptying  into  the 
Sea  of  Aral. 

jocus,  i,  jest,  joke  ;  jocus  familiaris, 
joke  between  friends. 

jube6,  2.  jussi,  jussum,  bid,  order. 

jucundus,  a,  um,  pleasant,  sweet, 
amusing. 

judex,  icis,  judge,  juryman. 

judicium,  sentence,  judgment,  court, 
trial;  judicio,  purposely. 

judicS,  judge,  think,  decide,  pro- 
nounce. 

juguld,  1.  cut  the  throat  of,  murder. 

jugum,  yoke,  chain  (of  mountains). 

jumentum,  beast  of  burden. 

jung5,  3.  junxi,  junctum,  join,  form, 
pontibus  jungere,  bridge. 

junior,  5ris,  younger, 

Jund,  onis,  goddess,  consort  of  Jupi- 
ter. 

Juppiter  (=  Jovipiter),  Jo  vis,  Jupi- 
ter, Gr.  ZevS,  the  supreme  God. 


VOCABULARY. 


165 


jus,  juris,  n.  right,  justice,  authority; 

jura  reddere,  administer  justice, ; 

jura  belli,  lain  of  tear  ;  in  j.  am 

bulare,  go  to  court,  law;  j.  juran- 

dum,  oath. 
jussu,  by  order,  by  command, 
justitia,  justice. 
juvenis,  is,  youth. 
juventus,  ntis,  youth. 

L 

L  =  Lucius, 
labor,  toil,  labor. 

labor,  3.  lapsus,  dip  up,  away  ;  make 
a  slip,  fall  away  ;  escape  ;  spe  labi, 
be  disappointed. 
labors,    1.   toil,   strain,  work  hard, 
suffer;  be  in  distress,  embarrass- 
ment, want. 
labrum,  lip. 
lac,  lactis.  n.  milk. 
lacere,  1.  tear  in  ribbons,  in  pieces. 
lacertus,  i,  tipper  arm,  arm. 
lacessO,  3.  ivi,  itum,  assail,  provoke, 

la  trass. 
LacO,  onis,  Lacedaemonian. 
lacrima,  tear. 

lacrimS,  1.  shed  tears,  weep. 
laedo,  3.  laesi,  laesum,  icound,  insult. 
laetatio  (a  rare  word),  jubilation. 
laetitia,  gladness ;  laetitia  adficere, 

fill  with  gladness,  joy,  gladden. 
laetor,  1.  be  glad. 

laetus,  a,  urn,  glad,  joyful;  flourish- 
ing. 
laevus,  a,um,  left;  laeva(sc.  manus), 

left  hand. 
Iamb6,  3.  Iambi,  lick. 
lamentor,  1.  make  lamentation. 
lamina  (lammina),  plate  {of  metal) ; 
argenteis  laminis  inductus,  plated 
with  silver. 
languide,  languidly,  feebly. 
languor,  fatigue,  lassitude. 
laniatus,  us,  mangling. 
lanio,  1.  mangle. 
lapillus,  pebble,  gem. 
lapis,  idis,  stone. 
lapsus,  us  {slipping),  course. 
laqueus,  i,  noose,  snare,  toils. 
largus,  a,  um,  free,  liberal,  abundant, 
copious,  lavish;   adv.   large,   ius, 
issime. 


lassitude,  faintness,  lassitude. 
late,  widely;  latius,  too  far.' 
latebra,  hiding-place. 
latebrosus,   a,    um,   full  of  hiding- 

places. 
lated,  2.  ui,  lie  hid. 
later,  eris,  brick. 
latibulum,  hiding-place,  covert,  den, 

lair. 
latitude,  breadth,  width. 
Latona,  goddess,  mother  of  Apollo  and 

Diana. 
latratus,  us,  barking. 
latro,  highwayman. 
latrocinium,  robbery  on  Hie  highway, 

freebootery,  raiding. 
latrunculus,    i,    diminut.    of    latro, 

robber,  piece,  man  {at  draughts). 
latus,  a,  um,  broad,  wide. 
latus,  eris,  side,  flank. 
laudo,  1.  praise. 

laureus,  a,  um,  of  laurel,  laurel. 
laus,  laudis,  praise,  glory. 
Iax6,  1.  slack,  abate  ;  laxatus,  a,  um, 

loose. 
lectica,  litter,  palanquin. 
lectus,  a,  um,  picked. 
legatio,  embassy. 

legatus,  i,  ambassador,  envoy,  lieu- 
tenant. 
legie,  legion  {at  the  time  of  Caesar 
consisting  of  10  cohorts,  of  from 
300  to  3(30  men  each,  each  cohort 
divided  into  three  maniples — 100  to 
120  men  each — each  maniple   into 
two  centuries;  in  all  from  3,000  to 
3,000  men). 
legionarii,  legionaries. 
lego,   3.  legi,   lectum,  pick,  choose, 

gather  ;  read  ;  coast  along. 
lenis,  is,  gentle,  mild,  'placid. 
leniter,  gently  ;  couip.  lenius,  with 

less  vigor. 
Ie6,  lion. 
leonina societas  (lions  partnership), 

lion's  share. 
lepus,  oris,  m.  hare. 
Lerna,  swamp  in  Argolis. 
Levaci,  a  Belgic  tribe  near  Ghent. 
levis,  e,  light,  weak,  slight,  insignifi- 
cant, thoughtless;  adv.  leviter. 
levitas,  atis,  lightness. 
levd,  1.  lighten,  alleviate,  relieve,  lift. 


1GG 


VOCABULARY. 


lex,  legis  (that  which  is  laid  down), 
laic,  condition. 

Libanus,  I,  Lebanon. 

libenter,  willingly  ;  libenter  ludifi- 
cor,  1  like  to  fool. 

liber,  bri  (inner)  bark ;  book. 

liber,  a,  waif  free;  adv.  libere  ;  couip. 
liberius,  more  freely ;  too  freely, 
with  too  much  freedom. 

Liber,  eri,  God  of  wine,  identified 
with  Bacchus. 

liberi,  orum,  children. 

libero,  1.  free,  set  free. 

libertas,  atis,  freedom. 

libet,  libuit  (libitum  est),  it  pleases, 
one  would  like. 

libs,  1.  taste. 

Libya,  Libya,  Africa. 

licet,  licuit  (licitum  est),  it  is  left 
free,  one  may  :  si  per  te  liceret, 
if  you  allowed  it,  if  it  were  not  for 
you. 

lignatiS,  getting  wood. 

lignator,  wood  cutter  (getter). 

ligneus,  a,  um,  wooden. 

lignum,  wood,  log. 

Iig6,  Onis,  m.  mattock. 

limus,  i,  mud. 

lingua,  tongue,  language. 

Iinqu8,  3.  Hqui,  leave;  animo  lin- 
qui,  faint. 

linteum,  linen  cloth. 

linum,  flax. 

liquor,  liquid. 

lis,  litis,  suit  at  late,  damages. 

KtigO,  1.  contend,  wrangle. 

littera,  letter  (character  of  the  alpha- 
bet) ;  pi.  litterae,  letter,  epistle ; 
letter's,  studies  ;  litterae  publicae, 
public  documents. 

litus,  oris,  shore. 

lixa,  sutler. 

loco,  1.  place,  post,  station,  let,  rent. 

locupleto,  1.  enrich. 

locus,  I,  place,  position,  ground,  post, 
rank ;  locum  capere,  reach  desti- 
nation; loco,  in  the  stead  of,  as; 
opport  a  a  it  i/,  room;  family,  parent- 
age, position  ;  pi.  parts,  climate. 

longe,  far,  distant,  by  far ;  comp. 
longius,  too  far. 

longinquus,  a,  um,  long,  far,  distant, 
protracted. 


longitudo,  length. 

longus,  a,  um,  long ;   navis  longa, 

ship  of  war  ;  comp.  longior,  longer 

than  usual. 
loquor,  3.  loctitus,  speak,  talk. 
lorica,  corselet ;  parapet  (a  kind  of 

breastwork). 
lorum,  thong,  strap ;  loris  caedere, 

flog. 
lubricus,  a,  um,  slippery. 
lucerna,  lantern. 
lucrum,  gain,  profit. 
luctor,  1.  wrestle. 
luctus,  us,  mourning. 
lucus,  i,  sacred  grove. 
ludibrium,   mockery ;   1.  oculorum, 

optical  illusion. 
ludificor,  1 .  make  sport  of,  fool. 
ludo,  3.  lusi,  lusum,  play,  sporty  make 

sport,  game  (of),  mock. 
ltidus,  i,  play,  game,  gayety. 
lugeo,  2.  luxi,  — ,  be  in  mourning , 

mourn. 
Lugotorix,  igis,  a  Briton. 
lugubris,  e,  mournful. 
lunatus,  a,  um   (half)  moon-shaped, 

crescent-shaped. 
Iu6,  3.  lui,  — ,  pay  for,  atone  for, 

expiate. 
lupus,  i,  wolf. 
luscinia,  nightingale. 
lustratio,  review. 
lux,   lucis,   light,    daylight;   prima 

luce,  at  day  Weak ;  luce  clarissi- 

ma,  broad  day. 
luxuria,  debauchery ,  luxury. 
luxus,  us,  debauchery,  extravagance. 
Lycia,  in  Asia  Minor. 

M 

Macedo,  6nis,  a,  the  Macedonian. 

macto,  1.  slay,  sacrifice. 

maeror,  grief,  sadness. 

maestus,  a,  um,    sad. 

Magi,  orum,  Magi,  priestly  caste  in 

Persia. 
magis,  more,  rather ;  eo  magis,  aii 

the  more, 
magister,  trl,  teacher,  master. 
magistratus,  us,  magistracy,  official, 

government ;  magistratum  gerere, 

be  in  office. 


VOCABULARY. 


167 


magnificentia,  magnificence,  gran- 
de  u  r. 

magnificus,  a,  urn,  magnificent, 
grand. 

magnitude,  bigness,  greatness,  size  ; 
venti  magnitudo,  high  wind. 

magnopere,  greatly,  urgently. 

magnus  (major,  maximus),  great, 
large,  big,  loud, ;  magni  interesse, 
be  of  great  importance. 

majores,  um,  ancestors. 

male,  badly,  ill ;  male  habere,  be  ill. 

maledicO,  3.  dixi,  dictum,  speak  evil 
against,  slander,  curse. 

malum,  apple. 

malus,  a,  um,  bad,  wicked,  evil;  poor; 
subst.  malum,  an  evil. 

mamma,  breast,  pap. 

mandatum,  commission. 

mando,  1.  commit;  se  fugae  man- 
dare,  betake  oneself  to  flight. 

Mandubracius,  i,  chief  of  the  Trino- 
bants. 

mane  (in  good  time),  in  the  morning, 
early  in  the  morning. 

maneo,  2.  mansi,  mansum,  remain. 

manicatus,  a,  um,  with  (long)  sleeves. 

mano,  1.  flow. 

mansuetus,  a,  um  (used  to  the  hand), 
tame. 

manus,  us,  f.  hand;  trunk  (of  ele- 
phants) ;  band,  body  (of  men), 
force;  manus  dare,  surrender, 
yield,  give  way. 

Maracanda,  drum,  capital  of  Sog- 
diana. 

Mardi,  orum,  a  tribe  S.  of  the  Cas- 
pian Sea. 

mare,  is,  sett ;  mare  nostrum,  Medi- 
terranean. 

Mareotis,  idis,  bog  on  tlie  western 
mouth  of  the  Nile. 

margarita,  pearl. 

maritimus,  a,  um,  on  the  seaboard, 
sea,  maritime. 

Mars,  tis,  God  of  war. 

mas,  maris,  male. 

mater,  tris,  mother. 

materia  (stuff,  material),  timber. 

matrimonium,  marriage. 

matrona,  lady,  married  lady. 

maturus,  ripe,  in  good  time,  early ; 
adv.  mature. 


/ 


matutinus,  a,  um,  early  in  the  morn- 
ing, of  the  morning. 

maxime,  most,  especially,  very. 

maximopere,  greatly,  highly. 

maximus,  a,  um,  superl.  of  magnus. 

medeor,  2.  — ,  remedy. 

medela,  remedy,  cure. 

medicina,  medical  attendance,  nurs- 
ing. 

medicus,  I,  physician. 

mediocris,  e,  moderate,  insignificant. 

mediterraneus,  a,  um,  inland. 

medius,  a,  um,  middle,  intervening  ; 
media  nox,  midnight;  medii  fines, 
middle  of  territory. 

mehercule,  by  Hercul 

Meldi,  orum,  Keltic  tribe  between 
Meaux  and  Melun  on  the  Seine 
and  Marne. 

membrum,  limb,  member. 

memini,  isse,  remember. 

memor,  oris,  mindful. 

memorabilis,  memorable. 

memoria,  memory  ;  memoria  prodi- 
tum  est,  there  is  a  tradition. 

memorS,  1.  mention. 

mendax,  acis,  given  to  lying,  liar. 

mens,  ntis,  mind,  understanding. 

mensis,  is,  m.  month. 

mensura,  measure  ;  m.  ex  aqua,  wa- 
ter-clock (clepsydra). 

mentis,  mention. 

mentior,  4.  lie,  tell  a  lie,  lie  and  say. 

mercennarius,  a,  um  (on  wages), 
hired,  mercenary . 

Mercurius,  I,  Mercury,  God  of  gain, 
identified  with  Greek  Hermes. 

merg6,  3.  mersi,  mersum,  make  a 
plunge,  plunge  (under  water). 

meridianus,  a,  um,  midday ;  south- 
ern; meridianum  tempus,  mid- 
day, noonday. 

meridies,  ei,  midday,  south. 

meritum  (one's  share),  desert,  service  • 
merito,  deservedly  ;  pro  ejus  men- 
tis, as  he  deserved. 

meritus,  a,  um,  deserved. 

met  a  (winning)-post,  goal. 

metuo,  3.  ui,  — ,  fear. 

metus,  us,  fear  ;  hie  metus,  fear  of 
this. 

meus,  a,  um,  my,  mine,  my  own,  my 
dear. 

OF  TKr.  ^^\ 


168 


VOCABULARY. 


miles,  itis,  soldier,  soldiery,  foot-sol- 
dier, common  soldier. 

militaris,  e,  of  war,  military ;  res 
militaris,  art  of  war,  military 
science,  operations. 

militia  {military)  service. 

Miletus,  i,  f .  city  in  Ionia. 

mille,  thousand;  pi.  milia;  mille 
passuum,  a  thousand  paces,  a  (Ro- 
man) mile  (142  yards  less  than  our 
English  mile). 

minae,  arum,  threats. 

Minerva,  Goddess  of  Thought,  iden- 
tified with  Greek  Athena. 

minime,  by  no  means. 

minister,  tri,  servant,  attendant. 

ministerium,  service. 

ministrs,  1.  seme. 

minor,  us,  less,  smaller,  decreasing , 
younger ;  minus,  less;  nihilo  mi- 
nus, not  a  whit  the  less,  neverthe- 
less ;  eo  minus,  all  the  less  ;  minus 
magnus,  smaller. 

Minos,  ois,  King  of  Crete. 

minus,  3.  ui,  utum,  lessen. 

mirificus,  a,  um,  marvellous. 

miror,  1.  wonder  at. 

mirus,  a,  um,  strange,  marvellous, 
wonderful. 

miser,  era,  erum,  wretched,  misera- 
ble, sad. 

miserabilis,  e,  pitiable,  sad. 

miserandus,  a,  um,  pitiful. 

misereor,  2.  pity. 

misere,  pitifully,  sadly. 

miseria,  wretchedness,  misery. 

misericordia,  pity,  compassion. 

missile,  is,  missile. 

missis  (letting  go),  discharge. 

missu.  (at  the  sending),  by  commis- 

■    sion. 

mitigs,  1.  soothe,  soften,  assuage,  ap- 
pease. 

mitis,  e,  mild. 

mitts,  -'3.  misi,  missum,  send,  let  go, 
lose  ;  xram  mittere,  cease  to  be  an- 
!/>■>/■ 

moderatus,  a,  um,  moderate. 

moderor,  1.  manage. 

modicus,  a,  um,  moderate. 

modo,  only  ;  non  modo — sed  ne — 
quidem,  not  only,  but  not  even. 

modus,  i,  measure,  manner,  size; 


ad  hunc  modum,  after  this  fashion, 
thus;  modo,  after  the  manner,  like. 

moenia,  ium  (city)  icalls. 

m51es,  is,  mass  ;  dam,  mole. 

molior,  1.  set  in  motion,  set  about, 
take  the  pains,  purpose  ;  form. 

mollis,  e,  soft;  effeminate,  womanish; 
gently  sloping. 

momentum,  movement,  moment. 

Mona,  according  to  some  the  Isle  of 
Man,  according  to  others  Anglesea. 

mones,  2.  remind,  advise,  icarn. 

monitu,  at  the  instance. 

mons,  montis,  m., mountain. 

monstrS,  1.  show,  point  out. 

monumentum,  monument. 

mora,  delay  ;  mora  reliquorum,  de- 
lay caused  by  the  rest. 

morbus,  i,  sickness,  disease. 

mordeo,  2.  momordi,  morsum,  bite. 

moribundus,  a,  um,  dying. 

morior,  mori,  mortuus,  die. 

Morini,  orum,  Belgic  tribe  on  the 
coast  between  the  Scheldt  and  the 
Lys  in  Northern  Picardy. 

moror,  1.  delay,  tarry,  check. 

mors,  mortis,  death. 

morsus,  us,  bite. 

mortalis,  e,  mortal. 

mortifer,  era,  erum,  deadly,  fatal. 

mos,  moris,  custom,  way  ;  pi.  charac- 
ter, manners,  morals. 

Mosa,  Aleuse. 

motus,  us,  movement,  motion,  disturb- 
ance, revolt ;  animi  motus,  excite- 
ment.    See  animus. 

moves,  2.  move,  excite;  castra  mo- 
vere,  break  camp,  move  on;  se 
movere,  be  set  going,  start;  ne 
quid  moveretur,  that  there  might 
be  no  revolt,  to  guard  against  a  r. 

mox,  presently,  by-and-bye. 

mucrs,  sword. 

mules,  1.  maul. 

muliebris,  e,  womanish  ;  adv.  mulie- 
briter,  like  a  looman. 

mulier,  eris,  woman. 

multiplex,  icis,  manifold. 

multituds,  large  body,  crowd,  multi- 
tude, masses. 

multum,  much,  a  great  part ;  nroito, 
by  much,  much  the  — ;  plurimum, 
most. 


VOCABULARY. 


169 


mullus,  a,  um  (pluris,  plurimus), 
much. 

mulus,  I,  mule. 

mundus,  I,  world,  universe. 

munia,  ium,  offices,  duties. 

munio,  4.  fortify,  strengthen, protect. 

munimentum,  fortification. 

munltio,  fortifying,  materials  for 
fortifying ,  fortification. 

nvunitus,  a,  um,  fortified  ;  munitis- 
simus,  a,  um,  thoroughly  fortified. 

munus,  eris,  office,  service,  present, 
gift,  bestowment. 

murmur,  uris,  murmur. 

murmurs,  1.  murmur. 

muralis,  e,  used  from  walls,  mural. 

mums,  I,  watt. 

mus,  muris,  ni.  mouse. 

musca,  fiy. 

mutilS,  1.  maim,  mutilate,  clip. 

mute,  1.  change. 

mutuus,  a,  um,  mutual. 

Mycenae,  arum,  old  capital  of  Ar- 
golis. 

Myrmidones,  tribe  in  Thessaly,  vas- 
sals of  Achilles. 

Mysia,  in  Asia  Minor. 

N 

Nam,  namque,  for. 

nanciscor,  3.  nactus  (nanctus),  get, 

get  hold  of,  attain,  find,  gain. 
nares,  ium,  f.  nostrils,  nose. 
narratiuncula,  short  story,  anecdote. 
narro,  1.  tell. 
nascor,  3.  natus,  be  born,  produced ; 

ante  Christum  natum,  before  the 

birth  of  Christ ;  natus,  old  (so  and 

so  many  years) ;  son. 
nasus,  I,  nose. 
nat6,  1.  swim. 

natu,  in  age  ;  maximus  natu,  oldest. 
natura,  nature. 
naturalis,  e,  natural. 
naufragium,  shipwreck. 
nauta  (shipman,  skipper),  sailor. 
nauticus,   a,   um,   nautical,    naval; 

nautici,  sailors. 
navalis,  e,  naval. 
navigatiS,  sailing,  navigation. 
navigium,  (sailing)  vessel. 
navigS,  1.  sail. 


navis,  is,  ship;  n.  longa,  ship  of  war, 

-ne,  interrogative  particle  =  ? 

ne,  not,  that  not,  lest ;  ne  quis,  lest 

any  one,  that  no  one ;  ne  —  qui- 

dem,  n^t  even. 
nee,  nor.     See  neque. 
necdum,  and  not  yet. 
necessario,  of  necessity. 
necessarius,  a,  um,  necessary  ;  subst. 

kinsman. 
necesse,  necessary ;  quod  fieri  ne- 

cesse   erat,   what   was    inevitable, 

could  not  but  happen. 
necessitas,  atis,  necessity. 
nec6,  1.  put  to  death,  kill. 
nefas  (against  God's  word),  ungodly, 

impious,  wrong. 
neglegS,  3.  neglexl,  neglectum,  neg 

led,  disregard,  despise. 
nego,  1.  say  No,  not,  deny ;  refuse. 
negotium,  business,  affair,  difficulty, 

trouble. 
Nemeaeus,  a,  um,  of  Nemea  in  Ar- 

golis. 
nem6  (G.  nulllus),  nobody,  no  one. 
nemus,  oris,  grove,  wood. 
Neptunus,  i,  Neptune,  God  of  the 

Water. 
nequaquam,  in  no  wise,  by  no  man- 
ner of  means. 
neque  (nee),  nor,  and  not ;  neque 

—  neque,  neither  —  nor. 
Nervil,  Belgic  tribe  between  the  Sam- 

bre  and  the  Scheldt. 
Nessus,  a  Centaur,  half  man,  half 

horse. 
neuter  (tra,  trum,  G.  trius),  neither. 
neve  (neu),  or  (that)  not,  and  (that) 

not. 
nidus,  I,  nest. 

nihil,  nothing,  not  at  all,  not  a  whit. 
nihilo  minus,   setius   (secius),  none 

the  less,  nevertheless. 
Nilus,  i,  Nile. 
nimis,  too  much,  too. 
nimius,  a,  um,  too  great,  excessive. 
nisi,  unless,  except,  without,  if  not. 
nitor,  brilliancy,  glitter. 
nix,  nivis,  f .  snow. 
n5,  1.  swim. 

nobilis,  e,  noble,  highborn,  famous. 
nobilitas,  atis,  nobility,  nobles. 
noceO,  2.  do  harm. 


170 


VOCABULARY. 


noctu,  by  night. 

nocturnus,  a,  urn,  by  night,  night. 

nodus,  I,  knot. 

nolo,  nolle,  nolul,  be  unwilling,  not 
want. 

nomen,  inis,  name  ;  nomine,  in  the 
name;  by  name. 

nominatim,  by  name. 

nomino,  1.  name. 

non,  not. 

nondum,  not  yet. 

nonne,  not  ? 

nonnulli,  some. 

noscito,  1.  recognize. 

nosed,  3.  novi,  n5tum,  learn  to  know, 
become  acquainted  with. 

jiovl,  I  know. 

noster,  stra,  strum,  our. 

nota,  mark,  sign,  token. 

noto,  1.  mark,  make  conspicuous. 

notus,  a,  um,  known. 

noverca,  stepmother. 

novus,  a,  um,  new  ;  novae  res,  revo- 
lution; novissimus,  last;  novissi- 
mi,  rear. 

nox,  noctis,  night ;  nox  media,  mid- 
night. 

noxius,  a,  um,  hurtful,  injurious, 
guilty. 

nubes,  is,  cloud. 

nubo,  3.  nupsi,  nuptum,  marry  (of 
the  woman). 

nude,  1 .  strip  {naked),  bare. 

nudus,  a,  um,  naked,  stripped,  bare. 

nullus,  a,  um,  nullius,  none,  no; 
nullo  periculo,  without  any  dan- 
ger. 

num,  whether  —  ? 

numen,  inis,  divinity,  divine  will. 

numero,  1.  count,  account. 

numerus,  1,  number,  amount;  ad 
numerum,  to  the  amount  (re- 
quired). 

nummus,  I,  money,  coin. 

nunc,  now. 

nunquam,  never,  not  ever. 

nuntio,  1.  (bring  the  news  of),  an- 
nounce. 

nuntius,  i,  news,  message,  messen- 
ger. 

nuper  (newly),  lately. 

nuptiae,  arum,  wedding. 

nusquam,  nowhere. 


nutus,  us,  nod,  beck  ;  beckoning. 
Nympha,  nymph. 
Nysa,  ae,  town  in  India. 

0. 

Ob  (over  against),  for,  on  account  of; 
ob  earn  causam,  therefore. 

obducS,  3.  duxi,  ductum  (lead  op- 
posite), cover ;  cicatrice  obducta, 
scarred  over,  cicatrized. 

obeS,  ire,  ii,  itum  (r/o  to  meet),  per- 
form, attend  to  ;  obire  mortem,  die. 

obequitS,  1.  ride  up  to. 

oberrS,  1.  wander  up  and  down. 

objiciO  (obicio),  3.  jeci,  jectum,  put 
over  against,  oppose,  throw  in  tlie 
way  of;  nubem  objicere,  cloud 
over,  becloud  ;  venabulum  o.  point 
a  spear;  Part,  objectus,  a,  um,  op- 
posite, opposing ;  objectum  esse, 
bar,  dam. 

obliviscor,  3.  oblitus,  forget. 

obnixus,  a,  um,  urgent. 

oborior,  4.  ortus,  rise,  start. 

obruo,  3.  rui,  rutum,  overwhelm, 
cover,  bury. 

obscurus,  a,  um,  dark,  obscure. 

obsecrd,  1.  adjure. 

obsequium,  compliance,  obedience. 

obsero,  3.  sevi,  situm,  sow. 

obsero,  1.  bar  (against). 

observO,  1.  observe,  regard. 

obses,  sidis,  hostage. 

obsideo,  2.  sedi,  sessum,  beset,  be- 
siege, blockade. 

obsidio,  siege,  blockade. 

obstinate,  steadily,  persistently. 

obstrepS,  3.  ul,  itum  (din  against), 
drown  by  din. 

obstrud,  3.  struxi,  structum,  block 
up. 

obsum,  esse,  f  ui,  do  harm,  injure. 

obtego,  3.  texi,  tectum,  cover. 

obtendo,  3.  di,  turn,  stretch  before. 

obterO,  3.  trivl,  tritum,  trample, 
crush. 

obtestor,  1.  abjure,  conjure. 

obtineo,  2.  tinui,  tentum,  hold,  obtain. 

obtingO,  3.  tigi,  — fall  to. 

obviam  (in  the  way),  to  meet. 

obvius,  a,  um,  meeting. 

occasio,  opportunity,  chance. 


VOCABULARY. 


171 


occasus,  us,  setting. 

occido,  3.  cidi,  casum,  fall,  set ;  oc- 

cidens  (sc.  sol),  west. 
occid6,  3.  cidi,  cisum,/e^,  cut  down, 
sin)/,  km,  ran riler. 

occults,  1.  hide. 

occultus,  a,  urn,  hidden,  secret. 

occupo,  1.  take  up,  anticipate,  oc- 
cupy, engross. 

occurrd,  3.  curri,  cursum,  run,  has- 
ten to  meet,  meet,  encounter. 

oceanus,  i,  ocean. 

ocius,  swiftly,  promptly. 

oculus,  i,  eye  ;  oculorum  ludibrium, 
optical  illusion. 

odium,  hatred,  hate. 

odor,  smell,  perfume. 

offendo,  3.  di,  sum  {hit  upon,  stum- 
ble against),  offend. 

offero,  3.  offerre,  obtuli,  oblatum, 
bring,  offer,  expose. 

officio,  3.  feci,  fectum,  be  in  the  way, 
stand  in  the  light. 

officium,  duty,  office,  service,  atten- 
tion ;  in  officio  esse,  tenere,  ma- 
nere,  be,  keep,  remain  faithful  to 
duty,  true  to  fealty. 

offundo,  3.  fudi,  fusum,  pour  over; 
Pass,  spread  itself  over,  cover. 

Slim,  once  on  a  time. 

Olympias,  adis,  mother  of  Alexander 
the  Great. 

Olympia,  drum,  the  Olympic  games, 
celebrated  every  four  years  at 
Olympia,  in  El  is. 

omitto,  3.  let  go,  omit,  leave  out,  give 
up,  disregard. 

omnino,  in  all,  at  all,  generally,  whol- 
ly ;  uno  omnino  loco,  only  at  one 
point. 

omnis,  e,  all,  every. 

onerO,  1.  load,  lade,  overload,  burden, 
be  a  burden,  a  drawback;  vino 
oneratus  (having  too  much  wine 
on  board),  overcome  with  wine. 

onus,  eris,  burden,  freight,  load. 

onustus,  a,  urn,  loaded,  laden. 

opacus,  a,  um,  shady. 

opera,  work,  pains,  trouble;  execu- 
tion; help,  service,  agency ;  ope- 
ram  dare  (do  one's  endeavor),  ex- 
ert one's  self. 

operimentum,  covering. 


operio,  4.  ui,  opertum,  cover. 
opimus,    a,   um,   fat,    rich;    spolia 
opima,  spoils  taken  by  one  general 

from  another  in  actual  conflict. 

opinio,  opinion,  impression,  expecta- 
tion, repute. 

opinor,  1.  think,  be  of  opinion. 

oportet,  uit,  it  behooves,  one  must, 
ought,  is  to  be. 

opperior,  4.  pertus,  wait  for,  await, 
expect. 

oppeto,  3.  petivi,  petitum,  go  to 
in  ret,  meet. 

oppidani,  orum,  people  of  the  town, 
the  besieged. 

oppidum,  town. 

oppono,  3.  posui,  positum,  put  in 
the  way  of,  over  against,  oppose. 

opportunitas,  atis,  opportunity,  ad- 
vantage. 

opportunus,  a,  um,  convenient,  suit- 
able, timely. 

opprimo,  3.  pressi,  pressum,  meet 
and  crush,  crush,  surprise. 

oppugnatio,  assault,  attack. 

oppugno,  1.  assault,  attack,  storm. 

(ops)  opis,  power,  help,  riches,  re- 
sources. 

optimates,  ium  (um),  leading  men. 

optimus,  a,  um,  superl.  of  bonus, 
excellent. 

opto,  1.  icish. 

opulentia,  wealth. 

opulentus,  a,  um,  wealthy,  rich. 

opus,  eris,  work,  fortification,  art  / 
opus  est,  it  is  needful,  wanted. 

ora.  coast. 

oraculum,  oracle. 

oratio,  speech,  language,  plea;  ora- 
tionem  habere,  make  a  speech. 

5rator  (speech-make)'),  orator,  am- 
bassador. 

orbis,  is,  m.  circle;  orbis  (terrarum), 
wide  icorld,  world ;  in  orbtm  con- 
sistere,  form  a  circle;  orbis  rotae, 
felly  of  a  wheel,  wheel. 

Orchomenii,  orum,  Orchomenians, 
inhabitants  of  Orchomenus,  an  an- 
cient city  of  Boeotia. 

Orcus,  i,  abode  of  the  dead. 

ordior,  4.  orsus  (lay  a  warp,  Fr.  our- 
di)1),  begin. 

ordo,  inis,  m.  order,  rank,  row ;  pri- 


172 


VOCABULARY. 


mi  ordines  =  centuriones  primo- 
rum  ordinum. 

oriens  (sc.  sol),  rising  sun  =  East. 

orlgo,  inis,  rise,  origin. 

orior,  4.  ortus,  take  one's  rise,  rise. 

ornamentum,  ornament,  jewel. 

ornatus,  us,  attire,  adornment. 

ornS,  1.  dress,  deck,  adorn,  equip, 
furnish. 

dro,  1.  beg,  beseech,  entreat. 

ortus,  us,  rising. 

5s,  oris,  n.  mouth,  face. 

os.  ossis,  n.  bone. 

osculor,  1.  kiss. 

ostendS,  3.  dl,  turn  and  sum  (stretch 
over  against),  show,  point  out,  ex- 
plain. 

ostentatiS,  display,  bragging. 

ostento,  1.  make  a  show  of  display, 
parade,  brag. 

ostium,  door  ;  mouth  (of  a  river). 

otium,  ease. 

ovis,  is,  f .  sheep. 

ove, — rejoice,  be  in  triumphant  joy. 


Fabulator,  forager. 

pabulor,  1.  forage. 

pabulum,  forage. 

pacatus,  a,  um,  peaceful,  in  a  state  of 
peace. 

pactum,  bargain,  compact ;  manner. 

Padus,  I,  the  River  Po. 

paelex  (pellex),  concubine. 

paena,  punishment ;  paenas  dare,  be 
punished;  paenam  capere,  take 
satisfaction,  wreak  vengeance,  pun- 
ish. 

paene,  almost. 

paeninsula,  peninsula. 

paenitentia,  repentance. 

paenitet,  uit,  be  soi%ry  for,  repent, 
regret. 

Falaetyros,  I,  f.  Old  Tyre,  destroyed 
by  Nebuchadnezzar  586  B.  G. 

palam,  openly,  publicly. 

palla,  robe  (of  state). 

pallium,  cloak,  robe. 

palma,  palm. 

palor,  1.  roam  about,  straggle. 

palus,  udis,  swamp,  marsh. 

panis,  is,  m.  bread,  loaf  of  bread. 


panthera,  panther. 

Parapamisus,  I,  mountain  in  Asia, 

whence  flow  the  Oxus  and  the  Indus; 

Hindu  Kush. 
Parapamisadae,    arum,   inhabitants 

of  the  same  (Kabulistan). 
par,  paris,  like,  equal,  fit,  match. 
Paris,  idis,  son  of  Priam. 
paratus,  a,  um,  ready. 
pares,  3.  peperci,  parsurus,  spare. 
parens,  ntis,  parent;  pi.  parentis, 

um,  ium. 
parents,  1.  bring  funeral  sacrifices, 

do  homage  (to  the  dead). 
pare§,  2.  obey,  be  obedient. 
parerga  (itaoEpya),  odd  jobs,  minor 

feats. 
pario,  3.  peperi,  partum,  bring,  bear, 

beget,  get,  produce,  obtain. 
pariter,  alike,  equally. 
pare,  1.   make   ready,  prepare,  get 

ready  for,  procure  ;  ictum  p.  pre* 

pare  to  strike. 
parricida,  parricide,  foul  murderer, 

assassin. 
parricldium,  foul  murder. 
pars,  partis,  part,  portion,  side,  quar- 
ter, way ;   pi.  party,  faction;  o- 

mnibus  partibus,  at  all  points  ;  in 

utramque  partem,  in  either  case  ; 

either  way,  on  both  sides. 
ParthI,  drum,  Parthians. 
Parthiene,  es,  region  of  Asia  S.  of 

Hyrcania,  settled  by  Parthians. 
particeps,   cipis,   sharer,   partaker, 

partner,  accomplice. 
partim  (ace.  of  pars),  partly. 
partior,  4.  (make  into  parts),  share. 
parum,  but  little,  too  little. 
parumper,  a  little  while. 
parvulus,  a,  um,  small,  trifling. 
parvus,   a,   um    (minor,    minimus), 

small,  little. 
pascO,  3.  pavi,  pastum,  feed,  graze, 

tend  ;  pass,  eat,  feed  on. 
Pasitigris,  is,  river  in  Susiana,  "Lit- 
tle Tigris." 
passer,  eris,  sparrow. 
passus,   us,   pace;   mille  passuum, 

1.000  paces,  a  Roman  mile.     See 

mille. 
pastor,  herdsman,  shepherd. 
pastoralis,  e,  of  a  shepherd. 


VOCABULARY. 


173 


patefacio,  3.  feci,  factum,  open  (wide), 
disclose,  reveal. 

pateS,  2.  ul,  — ,  stand,  lie  open,  pre- 
sent an  opening,  extend. 

pater,  tris,  father. 

paternus,  a,  um,  of  a  father,  paternal. 

patior,  3.  passus,  suffer,  endure,  per- 
m  it. 

patria,  country,  natice  land. 

patrimonium,  inheritance,  patri- 
mony. 

patrius,  a,  um,  ancestral. 

patrS,  1.  perform. 

paucitas,  atis,  fewness,  small  number. 

paucus,  a,  um,  small;  pauci,  few, 
(but)  few. 

paulatim,  little  by  little,  gradually. 

paulisper,  a  little  while. 

paululum,  a  {very)  little. 

paulum,  a  little  ;  abl.  paulo. 

pauper,  eris,  poor,  in  narrow  cir- 
cumstances. 

pavefaciS,  3.  feci,  factum,  frighten. 

paves,  2.  pavi,  — ,  be  terror-struck, 
tremble,  be  frightened. 

pavidus,  a,  um,  terror-struck,  trem- 
bling. 

pavS,  peacock. 

pavor,  fear  and  trembling. 

pax,  pacis,  peace. 

peccatum,  error,  sin. 

pecco,  1.  do  wrong,  sin. 

pectc,  3.  pexi,  pexum,  comb. 

pectus,  oris,  breast. 

pecunia,  money,  sum  of  money. 

pecus,  oris,  cattle,  sheep. 

pecus,  udis,  head  of  cattle,  animal. 

pedes,  itis,  foot-soldier,  infantry. 

pedester,  tris,  tre,  on  foot,  by  land ; 
pedester  exercitus,  land  army. 

peditatus,  us,  infantry. 

Feleus,  el,  King  of  Phthia  in  Thes- 
saly,  father  of  A  chilles. 

pellis,  is,  skin,  fleece. 

pellc,  3.  pepuli,  pulsum,  push,  drive, 
drive  away,  banish. 

pelta,  target,  small  shield. 

Pelusium,  border  town  on  the  con- 
fines of  Egypt  and  Arabia. 

penates,  ium,  household  gods. 

pended,  2.  pepeadi,  — ,  hang  (in- 
transit.). 

pendS,  3.  hang,  weigh,  pay. 


penes,  with,  in  possession  of;  penes 
eum  victoria  stetit,  the  victory  'ay 
with,  depended  on  him,  was  deci- 
ded by  him. 

penetrd,  1.  penetrate. 

penitus,  thoroughly,  perfectly,  abso- 
lutely. 

penna,  feather,  pinion. 

per,  through,  by  means  of,  owing  to  ; 
per  se,  of  itself ;  per  me  licet,  you 
may  for  me,  so  far  as  I  am  con- 
cerned, for  all  I  care. 

perag6,  3.  egi,  actum,  perform,  hold, 
spend. 

peragrS,  1.  wander  over,  traverse. 

percellS,  3.  cull,  culsum,  smite,  dis- 
may, discourage;  perculsus,_pan2'c 
stricken. 

percipiS,  3.  cepi,  ceptum,  get,  re- 
ceive, hear. 

percontatiS,  inquiry. 

percrebrescO,  3.  brui,  —  (get  very 
frequent),  spread. 

percuro,  1.  heal  thoroughly. 

percussor,  murderer,  assassin. 

percutiC,  3.  cussi,  cussum,  striki 
(through),  stab,  smite,  punch,  JtUL 

Perdiccas,  ae,  one  of  Alexander's  offi- 
cers. 

perdifficilis,  e,  very  hard  to  do,  very 
difficult. 

perditus,  a,  um,  abandoned,  de- 
bauched, reprobate. 

perdS,  3.  didi,  ditum  (fordo),  undo, 
ruin,  lose. 

perdoms,  1.  ui,  itum,  (thoroughly) 
tame,  (thoroughly)  subdue. 

perduco,  3.  duxl,  ductum,  lead, 
bring  through,  over,  all  the  way ; 
protract. 

peregrinus,  a,  um,  from  abroad, 
foreign  ;  subst.  foreigner. 

perendinus,  a,  um,  after  to-morrow. 

perennis,  e,  from  year's  end  to 
year's  end,  perennial. 

pereO,  ire,  ii,  itum,  perish. 

perexiguus,  a,  um,  m  ry  small. 

perferS,  ferre,  tuli,  latum  (bear 
through),  get  through,  carry  (all 
the  icay),  convey,  deliver ;  endure 
(to  the  end). 

perficio,  3.  feci,  fectum  [get  thrrugh 
with),  complete,  accomplish . 


174 


TOCABULARY. 


perfidia,  bad  faith,  perfidy. 

perford,  1.  pierce  through,  transfix, 
skewer. 

perfrigidus,  a,  um,  {thoroughly)  cold, 
ice-cold. 

perfringS,  3.  fregi,  fractum,  break 
through. 

perfuga,  deserter. 

perfugid,  3.  fugi,  fugitum,  flee. 

perfund6,  3.  fudl,  fusum,  pour  over, 
cover  from  head  to  foot. 

perg5,  3.  perrexi,  perrectum  (go 
right  on),  proceed. 

periclitor,  1.  expose  oneself  to  dan- 
ger, be  in  jeopardy. 

periculum,  risk,  hazard,  danger; 
magni  periculi,  very  hazardous; 
periculum  sui  facere,  to  risk  (one's 
self),  risk  it,  make  the  experiment. 

perinde,  quite  as  well. 

peritus,  a,  um,  experienced,  skilled, 
well  acquainted  with,  familiar 
with.^ 

perlegS,  3.1egl,  lectum,  read  through. 

permagnus,  a,  um,  very  great. 

permaneS,  3.  mansi,  mansum,  abide 
(to  the  end),  hold  out,  continue,  re- 
main. 

permetior,  4.  mensus,  measure,  tra- 
verse. 

permitto,  2.  misi,  missum  (let 
through),  give  Oder,  intrust ;  per- 
mit, allow,  give  up;  se  potestati 
fideique  permittere,  make  an  ab- 
solute, unconditional  surrender. 
'  See  fides.  Part,  permissus,  lawful. 

permoveS,  2.  m5vi,  motum,  move 
(thoroughly),  affect,  rouse. 

permulceS,  2.  mulsl,  mulsum,  stroke, 
soothe,  calm,. 

pernicies,  el,  fatal  injury. 

perniciosus,  a,  um,  destructive,  inju- 
rious. 

perpauci,  ae,  a,  very  few. 

perpetuus,  a,  um,  continuous,  con- 
stant, unbroken,  without  a  break, 
permanent;  in  perpetuum,  for- 
ever. w 

perpote,  1.  keep  drinking,  drink 
on. 

perrumpQ,   3.    rupi,    ruptum,  burst 

through,  break  through. 
Persa,  Persian. 


Persagada,  orum,  old  capital  of 
Persia. 

Persepolis,  is,  capital  of  Persia. 

perscribs,  3.  scrips!,  scriptum,  re- 
port (in  writing). 

persequor,  3.  secutus,  follow  up, 
pursue,  visit;  bello  persequi,  make 
war  on. 

persevere,  1.  persevere,  insist. 

Persicus,  a,  um,  Persian. 

Persis,  idis,  Persia. 

perst5,  1.  stiti,  stand  fast,  continue 
standing. 

perspiciS,  3.  spexi,  spectum  (see 
through,  spy  thoroughly),  look  into, 
descry,  ascertain,  see. 

perstringO,  3.  strinxl,  strictum, 
graze,  skirt. 

persuades,  2.  suasi,  suasum  (make 
agreeable),  persuade,  convince. 

pertaedet,  pertaesum  est,  it  wearies, 
tires. 

perterre5,  2.  frighten  thoroughly. 

pertimescd,  2.  timui,  — ,  be  (thor- 
oughly) frightened  at,  afraid  of. 

pertinacia  (power  of  holding  on), 
obstinacy. 

pertineS,  2.  ui,  — ,  stretch,  extend, 
pertain,  concern,  involve,  be  of  im- 
portance. 

perturbo,  1.  throw  into  disorder,  con- 
fusion, discompose. 

perveniS,  4.  veni,  ventum,  come 
(through),  arrive,  reach;  perven- 
tum  est,  they  reached. 

pervicax,  acis  (forceful),  persistent. 

pes,  pedis,  m.foot;  pedibus,  on  foot. 

pessimus,  superl.  of  malus. 

pestilentia,  plague. 

pestis,  is,  plague,  destruction. 

peto,  3.  petivl,  il,  ltum,  make  for, 
aim  at,  go  after,  beg,  seek,  ask. 

petulans,  ntis,  saucy,  petulant. 

phalanx,  ngis,  phalanx.  The  ordi- 
nary depth  was  sixteen;  the  spears 
(sarisae)  were  some  2\-2±feet  long, 
and  those  of  the  fifth  rank  pro- 
jected three  feet  beyond  the  first. 
Those  further  back  rested  their 
spears  on  the  shoulders  of  those  in 
front  of  them. 

Pharus,  I,  island  near  Alexandria. 

phasianus,  I,  pheasant. 


VOCABULARY. 


175 


Phasis,  idis,  m.  river  of  Colchis. 
Philippus,  I,  King  of  Macedon,  fa- 
ll/* r  of  Alexander  the  Great. 
philosophus,  philosopher. 
philtrum,  phittre,  love  potion. 
Phdcenses,  ium,  Phorians,  inhabit- 
ants ofPhocis,  in  Central  Greece. 
Phoenlce,  es,  Phoenicia. 
pictor,  painter. 
pictura,  painting. 

pietas,  atis,  filial  duty,  affection,  pa- 
triotism, love  of  country. 
pignus,  oris  (eris),  pledge. 
pigritia,  slowness,  laziness. 
pilum,  javelin.     TJie  shaft  was  four 
feet  long ;  the  iron  head  was  long 
and  barbed. 
pilus,  I,  a   maniple  of  the   Triarii. 
The  T.  {third  rank  men)  were  the 
tried  veterans  who  formed  the  re- 
serve. 
Findarus,  I,  Pindar,  a  great    lyric 

poet. 
pingo,  3.  pinxi,  pictum,  embroider, 

paint. 
pinguis,  e,  fat. 
pinna,  battlement. 
Pirustae,  arum,  tribe  in  lllyria. 
Fisae,  arum,  city  in  Fit's. 
piscis,  is,  fish. 
Pisidae,  arum,  inhabitants  of  Pisidia 

in  S.  Asia  Minor. 
PisS,  Roman  consul,  accused  of  ex- 
tortion. 
pius,  a,  um,  dutiful,  pious,  loving. 
placed,  2.  please,  suit. 
placidus,  a,  um,  quiet,  calm  ;  adv. 

placide. 
placS,  1.  appease. 
plaga,  ae,  blow. 
plaga,  ae,  region. 
planities,  el,  plain,  level. 
planus,  a,  um,  level. 
Plataeenses,  ium,  Plataeans,  inhab- 
itants of  Plata ea  in  Boeotia,  old 
enemies  of  Thebes. 
platanus,  I,  f.  plane-tree. 
plaustrum,  waggon. 
plebs,  is,  common  people,  common- 
alty. 
plenus,  a,  um,  full. 
plerique,    aeque,   aque,    most,    the 
majority  ;  many. 


plerumque,   for    the  greater  part, 
gem  rally. 

Pleumoxii,    drum,    tribe    in    Fast 

Flanders. 
ploratus,  us,  weeping,  lamenting. 
plumbum,  lead;  p.  album,  tin. 
plures,  ium,  more,  majority;  many, 
several;  sup.  plurimi,  most.     See 
multus. 
plurimum,  see  multum;  plurimnm 
valere,  have  most,  very  great  pow- 
er, excel. 
PlutS,  God  of  the  lower  world. 
poculum,  {drinking)  cup. 
poeta,  poet. 

Poeni,   orum    (Punics),   Carthagin- 
ians. 
polliceor,  2.  (put  forth  a  bid),  prom- 
ise, volunteer. 
Pollux,  ucis,  Pollux,  brother  of  Cas- 
tor. 
Polydamas,  antis,  treacherous  friend 

of  Parmenio. 
Pompejus,  Pompei,  On.  (Gnaeus), 

an  interpreter. 
pdmum,  fruit,  apple. 
pondus,  *ris,  weight,  amount. 
p5n6,  3.  posul,  positum,  put,  place, 
post,  lay  down,  rest,  lay  aside,  dis- 
miss ;  castra  ponere,  pitch  camp  ; 
positum  esse,  depend. 
pons,  pontis,  m.  bridge. 
Pontus  Euxinus,  Euxine  {or  Black) 

Sea. 
popularis,  e,  {belonging  to  the  people;) 

fellow-countryman  ;  subject. 
populor,  1.  {peel),  despoil,  lay  waste, 

ravage. 
populus,  I,  people. 
porrigO,  3.  porrexi,  porrectum,  reach 

forth,  extend,  hand. 
porro,  moreover. 
porta,  gate. 

portentum,  portent,  miracle. 
portO,  1.  carry. 
poitus,  us,  harbor,  post. 
Porus,  l,  King  of  India  {Lahore). 
posco,  3.  poposcl,  — ,  demand,  claim. 
possum,  posse,  potui,  can,  be  able 

hart  power. 
post,  after,  behind  ;  adv.  afterwards. 
postea,  after  {that),  afterwards. 
poster!,  5rum,  posterity  ;  posterum, 


176 


VOCABULARY. 


future  ;  in  posterum,  for  the  fu- 
ture ;  postero  die,  on  the  next  day. 

posterior,  us,  after,  following  ;  pos- 
tremo,  ad  postremum,  finally. 

postp5no,  3.  posul,  positum,  defer. 

postquam,  posteaquam,  after. 

postridie,  next  day,  following  day, 
morrow;  postridie  ejus  diei,  next 
day.^ 

postulo,  1.  demand,  claim. 

potens,  litis,  powerful. 

potentia,  poicer. 

potestas,  atis,  poicer,  command,  op- 
portunity ;  potestatem  facere,  give 
opport u  nity,  p rivilege. 

Potidaea,  city  in  Chalcidice  on  the 
Thermaic  Gulf 

potior,  4.  possess  one's  self  make  one- 
self master. 

potissimum,  chiefly,  especially,  by 
preference,  if  possible. 

potius,  rather. 

prae,  before,  for,  in  comparison  with. 

praealtus,  a,  um,  very  high,  deep. 

praebeO,  2.  offer,  present,  show,  fur- 
nish, provide,  lend. 

praeceps,  cipitis  (head  foremost), 
headlong. 

praeceptum,  injunction,  order,  in- 
struction. 

praecido,  3.  cidi,  clsum,  cut,  hew  off. 

praecipio,  3.  cepl,  ceptum,  order, 
enjoin,  instruct,  give  instructions, 
prescribe. 

praecipito,  1.  plunge  headlong. 

praecipuus,  a,  urn,  special;  adv. 
praecipue. 

praeclarus,  a,  van,  famous, illustrious. 

praecludo,  3.  clusl,  clusum,  bar  (be- 
fore), close. 

praeco  (crier),  herald. 

praeda,  booty,  prey. 

praedicO,  1.  boast,  extol,  cry  up. 

praedicO,  3.  dixi,  dictum,  foretell, 
prescribe,  direct. 

prae  do,  robber. 

praedor,  1 .  (make  booty  of),  pillage. 

praefectus,  I,  commander,  satrap, 
prefect. 

praeferO,  ferre,  tull,  latum,  carry 
before,  in  front,  set  above,  prefer. 

praeficio,  3.  feci,  fectum,  put  over, 
put  in  command. 


praef  ig5,  3.  fixi,  fixum,  drive  down 
in  front ;  praefixus,  shod,  pointed. 

praefor,  1.  say  before,  first ;  praefa- 
tus,  after  saying. 

praemitto,  3.  misl,  missum,  send 
ahead,  forward,  on  in  advance. 

praemium,  reward. 

praeparO,  1.  prepare. 

praeruptus,  a,  um,  broken,  steep,  pre- 
cipitous. 

praesens,  ntis,  present;  animus  prae- 
sens,  presence  of  mind. 

praesentia,  presence  ;  in  praesentia, 
at  the  moment. 

praesentio,  4.  sensl,  sensum,  per- 
ceive beforehand. 

praesertim,  especially. 

praeses,  sidis,  president,  chief. 

praesidium,  guard,  garrison,  post, 
help,  protection. 

praestans,  ntis,  excellent. 

praesto,  1.  stitl,  —  (stand  ahead), 
excel,  show,  perform. 

praesto,  present,  at  hand,  ready  ;  p. 
esse,  present  oneself,  wait  on.  meet. 

praesum,  esse,  ful  (be  at  the  head), 
command,  conduct,  govern. 

praeter  (passing),  beyond,  except, 
against,  contrary  to,  above. 

praeterea,  besides. 

praetereO,  Ire,  il,  itum,  pass  by; 
praeteritus,  past, previous. 

praetervehor,  3.  vectus,  be  conveyed, 
ride,  drive,  sail  along ;  oram  p. 
coast  along. 

praetor  (one  who  goes  before),  gen- 
eral. 

praetorium,  general's  tent,  head- 
quarters. 

praeustus,  a,  um,  burnt  at  the  end. 

prandeO,  2.  prandl,  pransum,  break- 
fast. ' 

pratum,  meadow. 

preces,  um,  f.  prayers,  entreaties; 
omnibus  precibus,  by  everything 
that  is  sacred. 

precor,  1.  pray,  entreat ;  male  pre- 
cari,  curse. 

premo,  3.  press!,  pressum,  presi 
(hard). 

pressus,  us,  pressure. 

pretidsus,  a,  um,  costly,  precious. 

pretium,  price. 


VOCABULARY. 


177 


Priamus,  L,  Priam,  King  of  Troy 
pridie,  day  before. 

Priene,  es,  city  in  Ionia. 

primo,  at  first. 

primores,  urn,  first  men,  men  of  the 

front  rank,  hading  men. 
primum,  first. 

primus,  a,  urn,  first  ;  prima  luce,  at 
daybreak,  peep  of  day  ;  prima  ob- 
sidio,  beginning  of  siege ;  in  pn- 
mis,  especially;  primi,  van. 
princeps,   ipis,   first,   chief,    leader, 
head    man,    prince;     principem 
esse  belli  inferendi,  lead,  head  a 
tear. 
principalis,  us,  lead,  command. 
principium,  beginning. 
prior,  prius,  former,  previous;  first. 
pristinus,  a,  urn,  former,  previous, 

original. 
priusquam,     before     (that),     sooner 

than. 
privatim,  privately. 
privatus,  a,  um,  personal,  private. 
pro,  in  front  of,  instead  of,  for,  as, 
in  return  for,  in.  proportion  to, 
considering,  according  to,  as  far 
as  concerns;  pro  sano,  as  a  man] 
in  his  senses ;  pro  tempore  ac  re, 
according  to  circumstances. 
pro,  interj.  oh!  ah! 
probitas,  atis,  honesty,  uprightness. 
probS,  1.  prove,  approve. 
probus,  a,  um,  honest,  upright,  good; 
adv.    probe,   properly,   well    and 
good. 
procedo,     3.    cessi,    cessum,    come 

forward,  advance. 
procella,  storm. 
procerus,  a,  um,  tall. 
procul,  at  a  distance,  far. 
procumbS,  cubui,  cubitum,  lean  for- 
ward;    in     genua    procumbere, 
kneel  down. 
procures,   3.    curri    (cucurri),    run 

forward,  in  advance,  ahead. 
procus,  I,  suitor. 
pr5de6,   ire,  ii,   itum,   come  forth, 

out. 
prods,  3.  didl,  ditum  (pass  on),  trans- 
mit ;  betray.     See  memoria. 
produce,  3.  duxi,  ductum,  lead  forth, 
produce;  draw  out,  protract. 


proelior,  1.  fight.  _ 

proelium,  action,  skirmish;   p.  ca« 

pessere,  fight. 
profectie,  departure. 
profecto,  redUy,  truly.  _ 

proferd,   ferre,    tuli,    latum,    bring 

forth,  put  forth. 
proficio,  3.  feci,  fectum,  accomplish, 

effect.  ,         . 

proficiscor,  3.  profectus  (get  for- 
ward),  set  out,  start,  march,  pro- 
ceed 

profiteor,  2,  fessus,  profess,  offer 

profllgo.  1.  (dash  to  the  ground),  de- 
feat, rout,  despatch. 

profluvium,  flow  {of  blood). 

profugio,  3.  fugi,  fugitum,  flee  (away), 
flu,  escape. 

profunda,  3.  fudi,  fusum,  pour  forth, 

shed.  j 

profundus,  a,  um,  deep  ;  -um,  depth. 
progenies,  ei,  descendants. 
progredior,   3.    gredi,   gressus,  ad- 


vance. 
prohibeo,  3  keep  from,  hinder. 
proinde,  accordingly,  therefore. 
projiciS   (proicio),   3.  jeci,  jectum, 

cast  forth,  hurl,  fling. 
Prometheus,  ei,  a  demigod  bound  to 

Mt.  Caucasus  by  Jupiter  for  teach- 
ing men  the  use  of  fire. 
promineO,  2.   ui,  —  (stand  forth), 

project.  . 

promitts,  3.  misi,  missum,  promise, 

promissus,  long,  flowing. 
promoveO,  2.  movi,  mdtum,  move 

forward. 
promptus,  a,  um,  forward,  ready, 

gallant. 
pronuntiS,  1.  announce  publicly ,  give 

public  notice. 

prope,  (preposition)  near,  hard-by; 
adverb,  ictU-nigh,  nearly,  al- 
most; proxime,  lately,  very  re- 
cently. . 

propello,  3.  puli,  pulsum,  drive  for- 
ward, repel. 

propemodum,  well- nigh,  almost. 

propere,  hastily. 
properO,  1.  Jiasten,  hurry. 
propinquus,  a,  um,  mar;  subst.  re- 
lation, kindred. 
proponO,  3.  posui,  positum,  set  be- 


ITS 


VOCABULARY. 


fore,  hold  out,  offer,  propose ;  set 
forth,  exhibit,  narrate. 

propter,  hard  by,  near ;  on  account 
of,  in  consequence  of 

propterea,  on  that  account,  therefore; 
p.  quod,  because. 

propugnator,  defender,  champion. 

pr5pugno,  1.  come  forward  to  fight. 

prora,  prow. 

prorsus,  wholly,  absolutely. 

proruO,  3.  rul,  rutum  (tumble  forth), 
rush  forth,  forward. 

prosequor,  3.  pursue,  follow,  attend, 
escort. 

prosilio,  4.  silul,  leap  forth. 

prospectus,  us,  view. 

prospicio,  3.  spexi,  spectum,  look 
out,  provide  for. 

prosternS,  3.  stravi,  stratum,  throw 
flat,  prostrate. 

prosum,  prodesse,  profui  (be  for), 
do  good. 

pr5teg5,  3.  texl,  tectum,  cover  (in 
front),  protect. 

protends,  ndl,  ntum,  stretch  forth, 
out,  extend. 

pr5terres,  2.  (frighten  forth),  drive 
in  flight,  scare  away. 

protinus,  forthwith,  immediately. 

provehor,  3.  vectus,  be  borne  for- 
ward, sail. 

proveniQ,  4.  veni,  ventum,  come 
forth,  turn  out,  yield. 

provided,  2.  vidi,  visum,  foresee, 
provide  for,  make  provision  for. 

provincia,  province,  department. 

proxime.     See  prope. 

proximus,  a,  urn,  next. 

prudens,  ntis  (gifted  with  foresight), 
wise,  prudent. 

prudentia,  foresight,  wisdom. 

pubis  (puber),  puberis,  marriage- 
able, of  puberty,  adult. 

pubescS,  3.  — ,  — ,  grow  up. 

publice,  publicly,  officially,  in  public 
capacity,  as  a  people,  at  public  ex- 
pense. 

publics,  1.  (make  public  property), 
confiscate. 

publicus,  a,  um,  public,  of  the  peo- 
ple;  res  publica,  commonwealth, 
state. 

pudor,  shame. 


puer,  eri,  boy. 

puerulus,  I,  little  boy,  baby  boy. 

pugna,  fight,  battle. 

pugno,  1.  fight. 

puicher,  chra,  chrum,  beautiful,  fine. 

pulchritudo,  beauty. 

Pulio,  a  centurion. 

pull  us,  I,  young. 

pulse,  1.  knock,  strike,  clash,  rap  (at). 

pulsus,  us,  striking,  battering. 

pulvinus,  I,  pillow. 

pulvis,  eris,  dust. 

puniceus,  a,  um,  red,  reddish-purple. 

Punicus,  a,  um,  Punic,  CartJiagin- 

ian. 
punid,  4.  punish. 
puppis,  is,  stern  (of  a  vessel). 
purgamentum    (off-  scouring),    that 

which  is  cast  asliore,  waif. 
purge,  1.  cleanse,  justify. 
purpura,  purple. 
purpuratus,  clothed  in  purple ;  pur- 

puratl,  courtiers. 
purpureus,  a,  um,  purple. 
puter  (putris),  tris,  tre,  decayed. 
puteus,  I,  well. 
puto,  1.  think. 
pylae,  arum  (ifvXai),  pass. 
Pylus,  I,  f .  city  in  Elis. 
Fyrrhus,  I,  King  of  Epirus. 
Pythius,  Pythian  (Apollo). 

Q 

Q  =  Quintus. 

qua,  by  which  way,  in  which  direc- 
tion, where. 

quadratus,  a,  um,  square,  square- 
hewn.     See  agmen. 

quadriduum  (quatriduum),  (space 
of)  four  days. 

quadrigae,  arum,  four-horse  chariot. 

quaero,  3.  quaeslvl,  quaesltum,  ask, 
seek,  reach. 

quaeso,  (/)  pray,  prithee. 

quaestor  (collector),  quaestor. 

qualis,  e,  (such)  as,  of  which  sort. 

quam,  as,  how,  than;  quam  pluri- 
mos  (possunt),  as  many  as  they 
can,  as  many  as  possible. 

quamdiu,  how  long,  as  (so)  long  as. 

quamobrem,  wherefore. 

quam  vis,  although,  however  much.  - 

quando,  when  t ;  ever. 


VOCABULARY. 


179 


quanquam  (quamquam),  although. 
quanto  —  tanto,  by  as  much  as  — 

by  so  much  ;  the  —  the. 
quantum  —  tantum,  so  far  —  as. 
quantus,  a,  um,  how  much,  as  much 

as. 
quantusvis,    avis,    umvls,    however 

great  {you  choose),  never  so  great. 
quare   {by   ichich   thing),   by  ichich, 

ichereby,  wherefore,  why. 
quasi,  as  if. 

quatio,  3.  (quassi),  quassum,  shake. 
■que,  and. 

quercus,  us,  f.  oak. 
querela,  complaint. 
queror,  3.  questus,  complain. 
qui,   quae,   quod,   rel.    who,   ichich, 

that. 
qui,  quae,  quod,  int.  what  {manner 

of)1 

qui,  qua,  quod,  indef.  any,  some. 

qui,  hoic? 

quia,  because. 

quicumque  (-cunque),  quaecum- 
que,  quodcunque,  whoever,  what- 
ever. 

quidam,  quaedam,  quoddam  (quid- 
dam),  a  certain,  a. 

quidem,  true,  indeed,  at  least,  at  any 
rate  ;  ne  —  quidem,  not  even. 

quies,  §tis,  rest,  sleep. 

quiescS,  3.  quievi,  quietum,  rest,  be 
quiet. 

quietus,  a,  um,  quiet,  calm. 

quilibet,  quaelibet,  quodlibet  (quid- 
libet),  any  {you  like). 

quin  {how  not),  so  as  not;  nullum 
tempus  intercessit  quin  accipe- 
ret,  no  time  intervened  without  his 
receiving.     See  absum. 

quinam,  quaenam,  quodnam,  who, 
whu-h,  what  {pray)?  how  {ichy) 
not? 

quinquennium,  {space  of)  five  years. 

quippe,  namely,  for. 

quis  ?  —  quid  ?  who  ?  what  ?  ;  quid  ? 
why? 

quis,  qua,  quid,  indef.  some  (one), 
any  {one) ;  ne  quis,  lest  any  one, 
that  no  one. 

quisnam  ?  quidnam  ?  who  ?  what  ? 

quisquam  —  quidquam  (quicquam), 
any  at  all. 


quisque,  quaeque,  quidque  (quod* 
que),  each  one. 

quisquis,  quidquid,  whoever,  what- 
ever. 

quispiam,  quaepiam,  quidpiam, 
some,  any. 

quo,  whither  ;  to  whom,  which. 

quo  (with  comp.),  that  the. . . 

quoad,  until. 

quod,  that,  in  that,  because. 

qudmodo,  how. 

quondam,  formerly. 

quoniam  [now  that),  since,  as  indeed. 

quoque,  also,  too. 

quot  (indecliu.),  how  many,  as  many 
as. 

quotannis,  every  year,  yearly. 

quotidianus,  a,  um  (cotid.),  daily. 

quotidie  (cotidie),  daily. 

quotiens  (quoties),  as  often  {as). 

quum.     See  cum. 

R 

Rabies,  ei,  madness,  rage. 
radicula,  rootlet,  root. 
radix,  icis,  root ;  foot  {of  a  moun- 
tain). 
radQ,  3.  rasi,  rasum,  scrape,  shave. 
ramosus,  a,  um,  branchy. 
ramus,  i,  branch,  bough. 
rana,  frog. 

rapax,  acis,  rapacious. 
rapidus,  a,  um,  rapid. 
rapis,  3.  rapui,  raptum,  carry  off 

rob  ;  raptum,  plunder. 
raptim,  hurriedly. 
rarus,  a,  um  (gaping),  scattered,  rare, 

singly,  here  and  there,  in  scattered 

parties. 
ratie,  reckoning,  plan,  method,  way, 

account,  regard. 
ratis,  is,  raft. 
ratus,  a,  um   (fr.   reor),  reckoning, 

thinking. 
rebellis,  e,  rebellious. 
rebelle,  1.  renew  war. 
recede,  3.  cessi,  cessum,  icithdraic, 

retreat,  retire. 
recens,  ntis,//'C^;  integri  et  recen 

tes,  perfectly  fresh. 
receptaculum,  shelter. 
recessus,  us,  retreat. 


180 


VOCABULARY. 


recids,  3.  cidi,cisum  (cut  hack),  trim. 

recipero  (recuperS),  1.  get  back,  re- 
cover. 

recipio,  3.  cepl,  ceptum,  take  back, 
get  back,  recover,  receive,  under- 
take ;  se  recipere,  withdraw. 

reciproco,  1.  turn  back;  pass.  ebb. 

recito,  1.  read  aloud. 

recognitis,  recognition. 

reconciliatis,  reconciliation,  making 
friends.^ 

reconcilis,  1.  restore,  gain  (win)  back, 
reconcile. 

recoiids,  3.  didi,  ditum,  hide. 

recreS,  1.  (make  over),  restore,  re- 
fresh, strengthen. 

rector,  driver,  rider. 

rectus,  a,  um,  right,  straight ;  recta 
regione,  in  longitude,  from  E.  to 
W.  ;  recta  fronte,  facing. 

recubs,  1.  — ,  — ,  recline. 

recumbo,  3.  cubui,  cubitum,  lie  back, 
lie  down  again,  recline. 

recuperS.     See  recipero. 

recurrS,  3.  curri,  cursum,  run,  has- 
ten back. 

recusS,  1.  refuse;  recusans,  recu- 
sant. 

redds,  3.  didi,  ditum,  give  back,  re- 
store, render,  deliver,  repeat,  re- 
semble. 

redes,  ire,  ii,  itum,  return,  come 
down,  be  reduced;  redit  animus, 
he  comes  to  life. 

redigo,  3.  egi,  actum,  bring  back,  re- 
duce. 

reditus,  us,  return. 

reducS,  3.  duxi,  ductum,  lead,  march, 
bring  back. 

redux,  ducis,  returned. 

refers,  ferre,  tuli  (rettuli),  latum, 
bring  back,  carry  back,  report,  re- 
late, show,  turn ;  gratiam  referre, 
make  requital,  return  favor. 

refertus,  a,  um,  (choke)-ful,  full  to 
overflowing. 

reficis,  3.  feci,  fectum  (make  over 
again),  repair,  refit. 

refugis,  3.  fugi,  fugitum,  flee  back, 
run,  back,  retreat  (rapidly). 

regaiis,  e,  royal,  regal. 

regina,  queen. 

regis,  direction,  region,  district. 


regius,  a,  um,  of  a  king,  royal ;  re« 
gia  (sc.  domus),  royal  palace. 

regno,  1.  be  king,  reign. 

regnum,  royal  power,  kingdom, 
realm,  throne,  sovereignty,  domin- 
ion. 

regs,  3.  rexi,  rectum,  direct,  guide, 
drive  ;  govern,  rule. 

regredior,  3.  gressus  (step  back),  re- 
trace steps,  march  back,  return. 

regulus,  i  (kinglet),  chieftain. 

rejicis  (better  reicis),  3.  jeci,  jectum, 
throw  back,  drive  back,  reject. 

relegS,  1.  banish  (by  law). 

religis,  conscientiousness,  religious 
feeling,  conviction,  obligation,  scru- 
ple, duty. 

religiose,  conscientiously,  scrupu- 
lously, devotedly. 

religs,  1.  tie,  fasten. 

relinquS,  3.  liqui,  lictum,  leave  be- 
hind, abandon;  obsidionem  r., 
abandon  the  siege;  relinquitur 
ut,  the  only  course  open  (left)  is 
for 

reliquiae,  arum  (what  is  left),  rem- 
nant, remains. 

reliquus,  a,  um,  left,  remaining ,  rest. 

remanes,  2.  mansi,  mansum,  stay 
behind,  remain. 

remedium,  remedy. 

remex,  igis,  rower. 

Remi,  drum,  Belgic  tribe  on  the 
Marne  (Matrona);  their  capital, 
Durocortorum  (Rheims). 

remigS,  1.  row. 

remissus,  a,  um  (slackened),  mild. 

remitts,  3.  misi,  missum  (let  go),  send 
back  ;  slack,  relax  ;  litteras  remit- 
tere,  write  back;  bellum  remit- 
tere,  desist  from  hostilities. 

removeo,  2.  mdvi,  motum,  remove  ; 
remotus,  a,  um,  remote. 

remus,  i,  oar. 

renovs,  1.  renew. 

reor,  reri,  ratus,  think,  suppose. 

repars,  1.  renew. 

repells,  3.  reppuli,  repulsum,  drive 
back,  thrust  back. 

repente,  suddenly. 

repentinus,  a,  um,    sudden. 

reperis,  4.  repperi,  repertum,  find 
out,  find. 


VOCABULARY. 


181 


repets,  3.  petlvi  (ii),  petitum,  seek 
again,  oak  again,  rep<  > it,  fetch  back. 

reples.  2.  evi,  etum,  Jill. 

reports,  1.  carry  back. 

reposes,  3.  poposci,  demand  (as  one's 
due),  require. 

reprehends,  3.  ndl,  nsum,  take  to 
task,  rebuke,  blame. 

rep  rims,  3.  press!,  pressum,  press 
back,  keep  back,  repress. 

reputes,  1.  take  into  consideration, 
think  over. 

requirS,  3.  quisivi.  quisitum,  seek 
again,  require ;  hunt  up,  ask. 

res,  rei,  thing,  matter,  affair,  circum- 
stance, fact ;  property;  deed,  act, 
fight;  event,  position,  interest.  R. 
is  often  to  be  translated  by  combi- 
nation, often  to  be  omitted.  Re 
vera,  in  truth  ;  res  publica,  com- 
monwealth, state;  res  frumentaria, 
commissary  department,  supply  of 
corn  '  res  novae,  revolution,  re- 
volt;  res  communis,  common  in- 
terest; res  gestae,  transactions, 
exploits,  feats  of  arms  ;  suis  rebus 
diffidere,  despair  of  one's  fortune, 
consider  one's  self  in  a  desperate 
plight ;  re  desperata,  in  despair ; 
imperitus  rerum,  ignorant,  inex- 
perienced. 

reservo,  1 .  keep  back,  reserve. 

resists,  3.  stitl,  — ,  withstand,  re- 
sist. 

respicis,  3.  spexi,  spectum,  look 
back  after,  have  regard  to. 

responded,  2.  spondi,  sum,  make 
answer,  answer ;  responsum,  an- 
swer. 

restitus,  3.  ui,  utum,  restore,  right, 
give  instead. 

rests,  1.  stitl,  — ,  remain. 

resumS,  3.  sumpsi,  sumptum,  take 
back,  resume;  vires  resumere, 
gather  fresh  strength. 

retines,  2.  tinui,  tentum,  keep  back, 
restrain,  retain. 

retrahs,  3.  traxi,  tractum,  drag,  haul 
bark,  bring  back. 

retro,  backward. 

revells,  3.  velli  (vulsi),  vulsum, 
pluck  off,  up. 

reverbers,  1.  (lash  back),  dash  back. 


reverts,  3.  ti,  sum ;  revertor,  ver- 
sus, return. 

revincis,  4.  vinxi,  vinctum,  tie. 

revocs,  1.  call  back,  recall. 

rex,  regis,  king,  sovereign. 

Rhenus,  I,  Rhine. 

rhinoceros,  otis,  m.  rhinoceros. 

Rhodus,  I,  f.  Rhodes,  island  in  the 
Aegt  an  Sea. 

rictus,  us,  jaws,  muzzle. 

rides,  2.  ri.sl,  risum,  laugh  (at). 

ridiculus,  a,  um,  laughable,  ridicu- 
lous. 

riges,  2,  — ,  — ,  be  stiff,  rigid. 

rigor,  stiffness,  cold,  rigor. 

rigs,  1.  water. 

rima,  crack. 

rimor  (make  cracks),  root  into,  pry 
into,  search. 

ripa,  bank. 

risus,  us,  laughter. 

ritus,  us,  use,  custom,  fashion,  man- 
ia'"/'. 

rivus,  rivulus,  i,  brook. 

rixa,  wrangle,  quarrel. 

rixor,  1.  quarrel,  squabble. 

robur,  oris,  n.  strength,  flower  (of 
an  army). 

rods,  3.  rosi,  rSsum,  gnaw. 

rogatus,  us,  request. 

rogS,  1.  ask. 

rogus,  i,  funeral  pile,  pyre. 

Romanus,  a,  um,  Ho  man,  of  Rome. 

ros,  roris,  m.  dew. 

rSs-trum,  beak. 

rota,  wheel. 

ruber,  bra,  brum,  red. 

rudo,  3.  rudivi,  ruditum,  roar,  bray. 

ruina,  ruin;  ruina  equorum,  mass 
of  slaughtered  horses. 

rumor,  rumor. 

rumps,  3.  rupi,  ruptum,  burst,  break. 

rus,  3.  rui,  rutum,  rush. 

rupes,  is,  rock,  cliff. 

rursus,  back  again,  in  one's  turn. 

rusticus,  a,  um,  country;  subst. 
countryman. 

S 

Sabinus,  cognomen  of  the  tinluc'ig 

legate  Titurius. 
Sacae,  tribe  of  the  Scythians. 


182 


VOCABULARY. 


sacer,  era,  crum,  sacred ;  sacra  fa- 
cere,  sacrifice. 

sacerdos,  otis,  c.  priest,  priestess. 

sacrificium,  sacrifice. 

sacrifice,  1.  sacrifice. 

sacr5,  1.  consecrate. 

sacrum,  sacrifice. 

saepe,  often. 

saepes,  is,  hedge. 

saepi6,  4.  saepsi,  saeptum,  hedge  in, 
surround. 

saeta  (seta),  bristle. 

saevie,  4.  rage,  be  rampant,  run  riot. 

sagitta,  arrow. 

Sagittarius,  I,  archer. 

sagulum,  military  cloak. 

salio,  4.  salui,  saltum,  leap. 

saltern,  at  least. 

salt6,  1.  leap,  dance. 

saltus,  us,  leap ;  mountain  pasture, 
pass. 

salubris,  bre,  healthy. 

salus,  utis,  well-being,  weal,  welfare, 
safety  ;  saluti  consulere,  have  a 
care  for,  take  care  of,  safety ;  sa- 
lutem  dicere,  give  greeting. 

salute,  1.  greet,  salute. 

salve,  hail! 

salvus,  a,  urn,  safe,  alive. 

Samarobrlva,  Amiens. 

sanctus,  a,  um,  holy,  sacred. 

sane,  surely,  verily. 

sanguis,  inis,  m.  blood. 

sanies,  el,  matter,  venom,  slaver. 

sanitas,  atis,  soundness,  health. 

sanus,  a,  um,  sound,  in  one's  senses. 

sapiens,  ntis,  wise  ;  adv.  sapienter. 

sapientia,  wisdom. 

sapic,  3.  IvI,  ui,  3.  have  understand- 
ing, see  into  it. 

sarcinae,  arum,  baggage;  sarcinas 
aptare,  get  baggage  ready. 

satelles,  itis,  attendant,  satellite. 

satis,  1.  sate. 

satis,  enough  ;  satius,  better. 

satisfaciS,  3.  feci,  factum,  satisfy. 

satrapes,  is,  satrap. 

satrapla,  satrapy. 

saucius,  a,  um,  wounded. 

saxum,  rock,  stone. 

scalae,  arum,  ladder. 

scapha,  skiff. 

scelus,  eris,  crime. 


schola,  school. 

scindo,  3.  scidi,  scissum,  split,  make 
a  rent,  breach  in,  tear  down. 

scie,  4.  know. 

scitum,  decree. 

scitus,  a,  um,  shrewd. 

scribe,  3.  scrips!,  scriptum,  write. 

scrutor,  1.  rummage,  ransack. 

scutum,  shield. 

Scytha,  /Scythian;  Scythae,  a  no- 
madic race  W.  of  the  Black  Sea 
and  in  W.  Asia ;  adj.  Scythius. 

secede,  3.  cessi,  cessum,  withdraw. 

secessie,  withdrawal,  revolt. 

sece,  1.  secui,  sectum,  cut. 

secundum  {following,  along'),  during. 

secundus,  a,  um,  following,  second  ; 
favoring ;  secundo  amne,  down 
stream. 

securis,  is,  axe. 

securus,  a,  um,  without  care,  uncon- 
cerned, (feeling)  safe,  secure,  con- 
fident. 

secus,  otherwise.  For  secius,  see  se- 
tius. 

sed,  but. 

sedee,  2.  sedi,  sessum. 

sedes,  is,  seat,  site,  abode. 

seditio,    (going   apart),  sedition. 

seditiosus,  a,  um,  seditious. 

segnis,  e,  sluggish,  slow,  tedious, 
tough;  adv.  segniter. 

Segontiaci,  orum,  British  tribe  in 
Hampshire  and  Berkshire. 

Segovax,  ctis,  British  king. 

semet  =  se. 

simita,  path. 

semivivus  (only  half  alive),  7uHf 
dead.' 

semper,  always,  constantly.         [ing. 

sempiternus,  a,  um,  eternal,  unfail- 

senatus,  us,  senate. 

senectus,  utis,  old  age. 

senex,  senis,  old  man  ;  comp.  senior. 

Senones,  um,  Gallic  tribe  between  the 
Loire  and  the  Marne ;  capuai, 
Agedincum  (Sens). 

sensim,  by  degrees,  gradually. 

sententia,  opinion. 

sentie,  4.  sensi,  sensum,  be  aica?^t 
think,  feel,  perceive;  unum  „en 
tire,  be  of  one  mind,  agree  tc  ou* 
thing. 


VOCABULARY. 


183 


separating  separately. 
septentriones,  um  (seven  stars,  Great  | 

Bear),  North. 
septiremis,  with  seven  banks  of  oars. 
sepulcrum,  sepulchre,  monument. 
sepultura,  burial,  sepulture. 
sequor,  3.  secutus,  follow. 
serius,  a,  um,  serious. 
serm5,  5nis,   speech,  talk,  conversa- 
tion, language,  proposal. 
serd,  3.  sevi,  satum,  sow. 
sero,  late,  too  late. 
serpens,  ntis,  serpent,  snake. 
serpS,    3.    serpsi,    serptum,    creep, 

crawl. 
servilis,  e,  of  a  slave,  slavish. 
serviQ.  -i.be  a  slave. 
servitiis,  utis,  slavery. 
servo,  1 .  watch,  preserve,  observe,  save. 
servus,  I,  bondman,  slave. 
setius.    See  nihild. 
seu  —  seu,  wl tether  —  or. 
sevocS,  1.  call  apart,  aside. 
si,  if. 

sic,  so  ;  sic  ut,  just  as. 
siccitas,  atis,  dryness,  drought. 
siccS,  1.  dry. 

siccus,  a,  um,  dry,  droughty. 
sicubi,  if  anywhere. 
sicuti,  just  as. 

Sidon,  f.  Sidon  in  Phoenicia  (Saida). 
sidus,  eris,  constellation,  star. 
sigillum,  seal. 
significatiS,  intimation. 
signified,  1.  signify. 
signum,  sign,  image,  statue,   stand- 
ard ;  signal ;  signa  conferre,  join 
battle,  fight. 
silentium,  silence. 
sileo,  2.  ui,  — ,  be  silent. 
silva,  wood,  forest. 
Silvester,  tris,  tre,  woody. 
similis,  e,  like. 
slmius,  ape,  monkey. 
simplicitas,  atis,  simplicity,  candor, 

st  ret  igh  tfo  r  wa  rd  ness. 
Simonides,  is,  a  famous  lyric  poet. 
simul,  at  the  same  time;  s.  atque  (ac), 

tig  soon  as. 
simulacrum,  image,  likeness. 
simulatio,  pretence. 
simulo,    1.    make    believe,    pretend, 
feign,  play. 


simultas,  atis,  rivalry. 
sin,  but  if. 
sine,  without. 
singillatim,  singly. 
singularis,  e,  special,  extraordinary. 
singuli,  ae,  a,  each,  individual, apiece, 
one  by  one;   in   singulos   annos, 
year  by  year. 
sinister,  tra,  trum,  left;  sub  sinis- 
tra, on  the  left. 
sinus,  us,  bosom  ;  gulf. 
Sisygambis,  is,  daughter  of  Artax- 
erxe*  Mnemon,  mother  of  Darius 
Codomannus. 
siti6,  thirst,  be  thirsty. 
sitis,  is,  thirst. 

situs,  us,  situation,  site,  position. 
situs,  a,  um,  situated. 
sive,  or;  sive  —  sive,  whether  —or* 
smaragdus,  i,  emerald. 
socer,  eri,  father-in-law. 
societas,  atis,  partnership,  eilliance. 
socius,  partner,  accomplice,  ally. 
socorditer,  carelessly. 
sodalis,  comrade,  companion. 
Sogdiana,   northern  province  of  the 
Persian  Empire,  between  the  Oxus 
and  Jaxartes,  Bokhara. 
SogdianI,  inhabitants  of  the  same. 
sol,  solis,  sun,  Sun-god,  Sol. 
solatium,  solace,  comfort. 
soleO,  2.  solitus  sum,    be  wont,  ac- 
customed, in  the  habit,  use. 
solea,  sanded. 

solitudd,  solitude,  solitary  place. 
solitus,  a,  um,  accustomed. 
solium,  throne. 
sollemnis,  e,  {solemn))  solemnis  dies, 

festal  day. 
sollicito,  1.  stir  up,  tamper  with. 
sollicitude,  anxiety,  care,  concern. 
solum,  ground,  soil. 
solus,  a,  um,  alone. 
solvo,  3.  solvi,  solutum,  loosen,  take 
to  pieces,  cast  off,  set  sail ;  pay  ; 
obsidionem  solvere,  raise  siege. 
somnium,  dream. 
somnus,  i,  sleep;   in   somnis,  in  a 

dream. 
sonus,  i,  sound. 
SSpithes,  is,  an  Indian  king. 
sorbeS,  2.  sorbui  (sorpsi),  sorptum, 
suck  up,  absorb,  drink. 


184 


VOCABULARY. 


sordidus,  a,  um  (swart),  dirty,  mean. 

soror,  sister. 

sors,  sortis,  lot,  oracle 

spads,  eunuch. 

spargs,  3.  sparsl,  sparsum,  sprinkle, 
scatter. 

spatiosus,  a,  um  (roomy),  spacious, 
extensive. 

spatium,  room,  space,  interval,  time; 
career. 

species,  el,  appearance;  speciem 
facere,  present  appearance;  in 
speciem,  for  a  blind,  to  make  be- 
lieve. 

specimen,  inis,  sample,  specimen. 

spectaculum,  show,  spectacle. 

spectator,  on-looker,  beholder,  spec- 
tator. 

spectd,  1.  behold,  look  at,  look  and 
see;  look  towards,  face;  look  to, 
have  regard  to. 

speculator,  spy,  scout 

speculor,  1.  spy. 

specus,  us,  cave,  grot. 

spslunca,  cave,  cavern. 

spernS,  3.  sprevl,  spretum,  reject, 
despise. 

spero,  1.  hope. 

sp§s,  el,  hope,  expectation. 

spiculum,  point,  javelin. 

spiritus,  us,  breath. 

splrs,  1.  breathe,  blow. 

spolia,  drum  (strippings),  spoils;  s. 
opim?.,  see  opimus. 

spolio,  1.  strip,  rob.  despoil. 

spondeO,  2.  spopondl,  sponsum, 
promise. 

sponte  (sua),  of  one's  own  accord. 

squalidus,  a,  um,  rough,  foul ;  wild. 

squama,  scale. 

stabilio,  4.  (make  steady),  establish. 

stabulum,  stall,  stable,  roost,  house. 

stadium,  race  course,  stade  (QWfeet). 

stagnS,  1.  form  standing  icater,  over- 
flow. 

stagnum,  standing  water,  pool. 

statim,  on  the  spot,  immediately, 
forthwith. 

statiS,  picket,  outpost. 

stativa,  drum,  standing  camp. 

statuo,  3.  ui,  utum,  cause  to  stand, 
set  up,  fix,  determine. 

status,  a,  um,  fixed,  regular. 


stercus,  oris,  dung. 

sterilis,  e,  barren. 

sterilitas,  atis,  barrenness. 

sterns,   3    stravi,    stratum    (strew\ 

throw  down. 
stimulS,  1.  goad. 
stipendium,  tribute,  tax. 
stipes,  itis  (stake,  stock),  blockhead. 
stlps,  1.  (stuff),  surround. 
stirps,  stirpis  (stock),  splinter. 
sts,   1.    steti,  (staturus),    stand,    be 

posted,  depend  on. 
strages,  is,  butchery,  massacre. 
stramentum,  straw,  thatch. 
strenuus,   a,  um,   active,    energetic, 

brisk, 
stridor,  roar. 
strings,  3.  strinxl,  strictum,  graze, 

draw. 
Strophius,  King  of  Phocis. 
strus,   3.    struxl,   structum,  put  in 

layers,  build. 
studes,  2.  ui,  — ,  strive,  be  in  earnest, 

study. 
studium,  zeal,  enthusiasm. 
stultitia,  folly. 

stultus,  a,  um  (dull),  foolish,  stupid. 
stuppa,  tow,  oakum. 
sturnus,  I,  starling. 
suades, 2.  suasi,  suasum(ma&£  sweet, 

pleasant),  advise. 
suavis,    e,    sweet,    pleasant;     adv. 

suaviter. 
sub  (w.  ace.  and  abl.),  under ;  near, 

close    to;    towards;    sub    bruma, 

d h  ring  midwin ter. 
subdo,   3.   dldl,  ditum,  put  under. 

See  calcar. 
subdues,    3.    duxi,    ductum,    haul 

((shore. 
subductis,  hauling  ashore. 
subeS,  Ire,  ii,  itum,  undergo,  sustain, 

come  up. 
subigs,   3.    egi,    actum  (get  under), 

subjugate. 
subinde,      immediately,    thereupon, 

from  time  to  time. 
subito,  suddenly. 
subitus,  a,  um,  sudden. 
subjectus,  a,  um,  put  under,  subject; 

lying  near,  off. 
subjicis     (subicis),     jeci,     jectum, 

throw  from  beneath,  thrust  under; 


VOCABULARY. 


185 


ignes  subjicere,  set  on  fire ;  sub- 
due, subject;  add  ;  rejoin. 

sublatus.     Sec  tollo. 

subiimis,  e,  aloft,  high  in  the  air. 

submitts,  3.  mlsl,  missum,  send  (un- 
der), send  secretly;  bend;  pass. 
sink  :  genu  s.  kink  on  one's  knee. 

subrideS,  2.  risl,  risum,  smile,  grin. 

subruO,  3.  rui,  rutum,  undermine. 

subsequor,  3.  secutus,  follow  close. 

subsidium,  aid,  help,  support,  re- 
serve. 

subside,  3.  sedi,  sessum,  settle;  in 
genua  s.  kneel. - 

subsists,  3.  stiti,  — ,  halt,  hold  out. 

subsum,  esse,  fui,  be  near. 

subvenio,  4.  veni,  ventum,  come 
(up)  to  the  help. 

succedS,  3.  cessl,  cessum  (come  up 
to),  succeed,  relieve. 

succendo,  3.  di,  sum,  set  fire  to. 

succido,  3.  cidi,  cisum,  cut  down,  fell. 

succurrS,  3.  curri,  cursum,  run  up 
(to  help  one),  succor. 

sudes,  is,  stake. 

sudor,  siceat. 

sufficiS,  3.  feci,  fectum,  choose  in 
place  ;  be  sufficient,  suffice. 

suffoco,  1.  throttle,  choke,  drown. 

suffodis,  3.  fodi,  fossum  (dig  from 
under),  stab. 

suffragium,  vote. 

suggerO,  3.  gessi,  gestum,  supply, 
bring  a  supply. 

sui,  sibi,  se  (sese),  self. 

sulphur  (sulpur),  uris,  n.  sulphur. 

sum,  esse,  fui,  be  ;  sunt  horridiore 
aspectu,  present  a  more  hideous, 
frightful  appearance;  capillo  sunt 
promisso,  they  wear  their  hair 
long,  flowing.  (For  various  trans- 
lations see  dr.  349,  365,  402.) 

summa,  total,  whole  amount;  surama 
virium,  chief  strength;  s.  belli 
administrandi,  com  in  and-in-chaf. 

summitto.     iSee  submitt6\ 

summus,  a,  urn,  highest,  top,  extreme, 
utmost,  greatest,  chief,  supreme, 
most  important ;  summis  copiis, 
in  full  force  ;  summa  tranquilli- 
tas,  perfect  calm. 

sum6,  3.  sumpsi,  sumptum,  take, 
take  on  oneself,  undertake. 


supellex,  ectilis,  f.  furniture. 

super,  over,  above,  about. 

superbia,  haughtiness,  pride. 

superbus,  a,  um,  overbearing,  haugh- 
ty, proud. 

superfundo,  fudi,  fusum,  pour  over  ; 
pa^s.  overflow. 

superior,  upper,  higher,  former,  su- 
perior, victorious ;  superiorem 
esse,  have  the  upper  hand,  the  bet- 
ter of. 

superne,  from  above. 

superd,  1.  have  the  upper  hand,  over- 
come, surpass,  prevail ;  cross. 

supersum,  esse,  fui,  be  over  and 
above,  remain,  survive. 

supervenio,  3.  veni,  ventum,  come 
upon,  find. 

supplementum,  supplement,  re- 
c  r  u  its,  re  info  r  cements. 

supplex,  icis,  on  one's  knees,  suppli- 
ant. 

suppiiciter  (on  bended  knee),  suppli- 
antly. 

supplicium,  punishment  (capital), 
execution,  death;  supplicio  affi- 
cere,  put  to  death. 

supponS,  3.  posui,  positum,  lay  un- 
der, substitute. 

supra,  above,  on  the  top. 

supremus,  highest,  last. 

surgS,  3.  surrexi,  surrectum,  rise, 
get  up. 

Susa,  drum,  winter  residence  of  the 
Persian  king  ;  adj.  Susis,  idis,  of 
Susa  (ShusJian). 

suspectus,  a,  um,  suspected. 

suspends,  3.  pendi,  pensum,  hang 
up,  hold  hanging,  suspend. 

suspicid,  3.  spexi,  spectum,  look  up 
to,  respect. 

suspicio,  suspicion. 

suspirium,  sigh. 

sustento,  1.  maintain,  holdout;  ae- 
gre  is  dies  sustentatur,  it  was 
hard  icork  for  our  men  to  main- 
tain themselves  that  day. 

sustineS,  2.  tinui,  tentum  (bear  up), 
maintain  one's  self  against,  with* 
stand,  stand,  sustain. 

suus,  a,  um,  his,  her,  its  own  ;  sua 
loco,  on  favorable  ground. 


186 


VOCABULARY. 


Symplegades,  um,  two  rocks  fabled 

to  smite  together. 
Syracusae,  arum,  Syracuse. 
Syrus,  Syrian. 


Taberna,  shop  ;  inn. 

tabernaculum,  tent,  pavilion. 

tabescs,  8.  tabul,  — ,  pine  atcay. 

tabula,  tablet;  t.  picta, picture. 

taciturnitas,  atis,  silence,  mumness, 
taciturnity. 

tacitiumus,  a,  um,  taciturn. 

tacitus,  a,  um,  silent. 

talea,  tally. 

talentum,  I,  talent  (6,000  drachmae, 
the  drachma  being  nearly  = 
franc). 

talis,  e,  such. 

talus,  I,  ankle-bone,  die. 

tarn,  so. 

tamen,  yet,  nevertheless  ;  tamen  etsl, 
although. 

Tamesis,  is,  Thames. 

tamquam  (tanquam),  as  if. 

Tanais,  idis,  River  Don. 

tandem,  at  length  ;  pray. 

tangs,  3.  tetigi,  tactum,  touch,  bor- 
der on. 

tantopere  (tanto  opere),  so  greatly. 

tantulus,  a,  um,  so  small,  so  insig- 
nificant. 

tantum,  (so  much,  and)  only  (so  much). 

tantummodo,  only. 

tantus,  a,  um,  so  great,  so  much; 
tantus  —  quantus,  so  much  —  as. 

tardus,  a,  um,  slow. 

Tarsus,  I,  f .  chief  city  of  Cilicia. 

Tasgetius,  I,  chief  of  the  Carnutes. 

taurus,  I,  bull. 

Taurus,  I,  mountain  range  of  Asia 
Minor. 

Taximagulus,  I,  British  chieftain. 

Taxiles,  is,  official  name  of  an  In- 
dian Ling. 

tectum,  I,  roof,  house,  dwelling. 

tegs,  3.  texi,  tectum,  cover,  hide. 

telum,  I,  missile,  dart,  shaft,  weapon; 
teli  j actus,  range. 

temere,  rashly,  without  considera- 
tion, thoughtlessly. 

temeritas,  atis,  rashness. 


terns,  pole  (of  a  chariot). 

temperantia,  moderation,  self-con- 
trol. 

temperatus,  a,  um,  temperate,  mild. 

temperies,  el,  temperature. 

tempestas,  atis,  weather,  stress  of 
weather,  storm  (spell  of  weather), 
season,  time. 

templum,  temple. 

tempts  =  tento. 

tempus,  oris,  time,  season  ;  opportu- 
nity ;  t.  adversum,  adversity. 

temulentus,  a,  um,  drunk. 

tenax,  acis  (with  a  strong  grasp),  te- 
nacious, tough. 

Tencteri,  orum,  German  tribe  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Rhine. 

tendo,  3.  tetendl,  tensum  (tentum), 
stretch,  hasten. 

tenebrae,  arum,  darkness. 

tenes,  2.  tenui,  tentum,  hold,  keep, 
maintain,  occupy;  in  officio  te- 
nere,  keep  to  one's  allegiance. 

tener,  a,  um,  tender. 

tents,  1.  try,  put  to  test. 

tenuis,  e,  thin,  slight,  trifling,  feeble, 
poor. 

tepor,  lukewarmness,  mildness. 

tergum,  back,  rear. 

terminus,  I,  limit,  bound,  goal. 

terra,  earth,  land. 

terres,  2.  frighten. 

territs,  1.  scare. 

terrester,  tris,  tre,  land,  by  land. 

terribilis,  is,  dreadful,  terrible. 

terrificus,  a,  um,  fearful,  terrific. 

terror,  dread,  terror. 

tertium,  third  time. 

testimonium,  evidence,  proof;  t.  di- 
cere,  bear  icitness. 

testis,  is,  c.  icitness. 

testor,  1.  bear  witness,  call  to  witness. 

testuds,  inis  (tortoise);  testudo,  1. 
A  shed  covered  with  wet  hides  to 
protect  the  besiegers ;  mantelet,  2. 
A  roof  of  interlocked  shields,  un- 
der cover  of  which  the  soldiers  ad- 
vanced to  storm  a  fort. 

Thapsacus,  I,  f .  city  on  the  Euphrates. 

Thebae,  arum,  Thebes. 

Theocritus,  I,  Greek  poet  of  Syracuse. 

ThermSdon,  ontis,  river  of  Pontus. 

thesaurus,  I,  treasure,  treasury. 


VOCABULARY. 


187 


Theseus,  ei,  King  of  Athens. 

Thoas,  antis,  king  of  Scythians. 

Thraces,  Tltrucians. 

Thras6,  a  braggart. 

Tigris,  idis  (is),  m.   Tigris  (arrow), 

river  of  Mesopotamia. 
times,  2.  ui,  — ,  feur. 
timidus,  a,  urn,  fearful,  timid. 
timor,  fear. 
ting5  (u8),  3.  tinxi,  tinctum,  dip,  wet, 

steep. 
tintinnabulum,  bell. 
titulus,  I,  title. 
Titurius.     See  Sabinus. 
tolerabilis,  e,  endurable. 
tolero, 1.  endure,  support,  get  through 

irith. 

tollo,  3.  sustuli,  sublatum,  raise,  set, 

take  up,  lift,  elevate,  extol;   take 

away,  get  rid  of;  sublatus,  a,  um, 

lifted  up,  elevated. 
tonde§,  2.  totondl,  tonsum,  shear, 

shave. 
tormentum,   engine   {for    shooting), 

nt  i stile,  torture. 
torpeO,  2.  ui,  — ,  be  numb,  torpid.  _ 
torques,    2.     torsi,    tortum,    twist, 

wrench,  torture  ;  hurl. 
torques  (is),  is,  m.  neck-chain,  torque. 
torrens,    ntis,    burning,    parching; 

roaring,  rushing;  subst.m.  torrent. 
torreo,  2.  ui,  tostum,  parch,  scorch, 

heat. 
tot,  indecl.  so  many. 
totidem,  just  as  many. 
totus,  a,  um,  gen.  ius,  whole. 
tracts,  1.  handle,  paw,  feel;  treat. 
tractus,  us  {drawing),  stretch;  suck, 

current;    magno  tractu,   with   a 

powerful  current. 
trad6,  3.  didi,  ditum,  hand  over,  turn 

over,  give  up,  deliver,  commit,  as- 
sign, hand  down,  say. 
traduce,  3.  duxi,  ductum,  lead,  march 

over. 
tragula,  tragle,  strap-javelin. 
trahS,  3.  traxi,  tractum*  draw,  drag, 

detain;  bellum  t.  protract  war; 

nomen  t.  derive  name. 
trajectus,  us,  passage.  ^ 
trajicio.  See  transjiciS. 
tranquillitas,    atis,  calm,   calmness, 

stillness. 


trans,  beyond,  across. 
transed,  ire,  ii,  itum,  cross,  pass  by. 
transfers,  ferre,  tuli,  latum,    trans- 
fer, transport. 
transfigO,   3.    fixi,   fixum,   transfix, 

impale,  run  through. 
transfuga,  deserter.^  ^ 

transjiciS    (trajicio,    traicio),    jeci, 
jectum,  put,  throw  across,  cross; 
strike  through,  pierce  through. 
transitus,  us,_f  rossing. 
transmissus,  us,  passage  across,  pass- 
ing over. 
transmitto,   3.    misi,   missum,   send 

across,  over,  transmit. 
transno,  1.  swim  across. 
transports,   1.    carry    across,    over, 

transport. 
transrhenanus,    a,   um,    across    the 

Rhine. 
transvehS,  3.  vexi,  vectum,  convey 

across;  pass,  cross. 
Trebonius,  i,  a  legate  of  Caesar's. 
trepido,  1.  be  agitated,  excited,  alarm- 
ed. 
Treveri,   orum,   a  tribe    m   Belgic 
Gaul.     The  Moselle  runs  through 
their  territory ;  their  capital  was 
Augusta      Treverorum,      Trier, 
Treves. 
tribunal,  alis,  n.  tribunal,  tribune. 
tribunus,    i,    tribune;    t.    militum, 
military  tribune,  six  to  a  legion, 
corresponding,  say,  to  colonel. 
tribu6,  3.  ui.  utum,  award,  ascribe. 
triceps,  cipitis,  three-headed. 
triduum,  {space  of)  three  days. 
triennium,  {space  of)  three  years. 
triformis.  e,  with  three  bodies. 
trini,  ae,  a,  three.     See  Gr.  95,  R.  2. 
Trinobantes,  um,  tribe  in  the  E.  of 
Britain.     Their  capital  was  Ca- 
malodunum,  Colchester. 
tripertito,  in  three  divisions. 
triplex,  icis,  threefold. 
triquetrus,  a,  um,  three-cornered,  tri- 
angular. 
tristis,  e,  sad,  gloomy,  disheartening. 
trucido,  1.  butcher,  slay. 
truncus,  i,  trunk,  log.  < 
trux,  trucis,  fierce,  wild. 
tu,  tui,  thou. 
tuba,  trumpet. 


188 


VOCABULARY. 


tueor,  2.  (tuitus,  tutus),  tutatus,  pro- 
tect, defend. 

tugurium,  hut,  cottage. 

turn,  then,  besides  ;  cum  —  turn,  both 
—  and  {especially). 

tumultus,  us,  rising,  disturbance. 

tumulus,  I,  mound,  grave. 

tunc,  then,  at  this  juncture. 

tunica,  shirt,  tunic. 

turba,  disturbance,  crowd. 

turbs,  1.  disturb. 

turibulum,  censer. 

turma,  squadron. 

turpis,  e,foul,  unseemly,  disgraceful. 

turris,  is,  tower. 

tus,  turis,  frankincense. 

tutus,  a,  um,  safe  ;  tuto,  safely. 

tuus,  a,  um,  thine. 

tympana,  orum,  drums. 

tyrannus,  I,  tyrant. 

Tyrii,  orum,  Tyrians. 

Tyrus,  i,  f.  Tyre. 

U 

Ubi,  where,  when,  as,  if. 

ubique,  everywhere. 

ulciscor,  3.  ultus,  take  one's  ven- 
geance  on,  avenge. 

Ulixes,  is,  Ulysses. 

ullus,  a,  um,  gen.  ullius,  any  {in 
negative  and  conditional  clauses). 

ulterior,  a,  us,  further. 

ultimus,  a,  um,  furthest  off,  most  dis- 
tant, last. 

ultra,  beyond. 

ultro,  beyond,  over  and  above,  besides; 
of  one's  own  accord. 

ululatus,  us,  howling. 

umbilicus,  I,  navel,  centre. 

umbra,  shade,  shadow. 

umbraculum,  shady  place. 

umerus  (better  than  humerus),  i, 
shoulder. 

umor  (humor),  moisture. 

umquam  (unquam),  ever. 

una,  together,  in  company 

uncus,  i,  hook,  grappling-iron. 

unda,  wave. 

unde,  whence,  from  which. 

undique,  from  all  sides. 

unguis,  is.  m.  nail,  elate,  talon. 

unicus,  a,  um,  only,  sole. 


universus,  a,  um,  whole,  all  together. 
unus,  a,  um,  gen.  unius,  one,  sole, 

only;  ad  unum,  to  a  man;   uno 

tempore,  at  one  time,  at  once. 
urbs,  urbis,  city. 
urges,  2.  ursi,  urge,  press  hard. 
uro,  3.  us  si,  ustum,  burn. 
ursus,  i,  bear. 

usitatus,  accustomed,  familiar. 
usquam,  anyw/iere. 
usque,  even,  ever,  always  ;  usque  ad, 

up  to. 
usurps,  1.   take  to  use,  use,  claim, 

usurp. 
usus,  us,  use,  usefulness;   ex  usu, 

usui  esse,  be  of  use,  be  useful;  quae 

usui  sunt,  materials. 
ut,  uti,  how,  as,  when,  that;  after 

verba    studii   et   voluntatis,    to; 

after  Verbs  of  Fear,  that  not ;  sic 

ut,  so  as  to. 
uter,  tra,  trum,  G.  ius,  which  {of  two). 
uter,  tris,  m.  skin. 
uterque,  utraque,  utrumque,  either; 

both ;    in    utramque    partem,   in 

either  case  ;  utrique,  both  parties. 
uti  —  ut. 

utique,  at  any  rate,  especially. 
utpote  {as  only  is  possible,  as  it  must 

be),  seeing  that,  especially. 
iitor,  3.  usus,  use,  make  use,  avail 

one's  self,  resort  to,  enjoy,  have. 

Utor,  like  afficio,  shifts  its  trans- 
lation with  its  object.     See  G.  405, 

R.  2. 
utrimque,    from    either    side,    both 

sides. 
utrum,  whether. 
uva,  grape. 
uxor,  wife. 


Vacca,  cow. 

vadum,  ford. 

vagina,  sheath,  scabbard. 

vagor,  1.  roam  about,  prowl  about. 

valeo,  2.  ui,  itum,  be  strong,  power- 
ful,  count,  tell ;  plurimum  valere, 
be  most  powerful ;  tantum  valuit, 
it  had  such  an  effect,  influence. 

valetuda,  health,  ill  health. 

validus,  a,  um,  strong,  stout. 

vallis  (es),  is,  valley. 


VOCABULARY. 


1S9 


vallum,  rampart  (of  palisades). 

valvae,  arum,  folding-doors,  leaves. 

vapor,  vapor,  steam,  heat. 

vanus,  a,  um,  vain. 

varietas,  atis,  variety. 

varius,  a,  um,  various,  varied,  incon- 
stant. 

vas,  vasis;  pi.  vasa,  orum,  vessel, 
utensil ;  vasa  colligere,  pack  up. 

vasto,  1.  lay  waste. 

vastus,  a,  um,  empty,  waste, wide,  vast. 

vates,  is.  soothsayer. 

vectigal,  alis,  tax,  tribute. 

vectd,  1.  convey. 

vectorius,  a,  um,  for  transportation; 
navigium  vectorium,  transport. 

vehemens,  ntis  (rushing),  violent, 
vehement ;  adverb,  vehementer, 
soundly,  violently,  sore. 

vehiculum  (waggon),  carriage,  con- 
veyance, vehicle. 

veho,  3.  vexl,  vectum  {bring  on  the 
way),  convey,  carry ;  pass,  ride, 
drive,  sail. 

vel,  or;  even. 

velamentum,  covering. 

vellus,  eris,  fleece. 

veld,  1.  veil,  cover. 

velocitas,  atis,  swiftness,  speed. 

velox,  ocis,  swift,  fleet ;  adv.  vel5- 
citer,  swiftly. 

velum,  sail. 

velut,  velutl,  as  if. 

venabulum,  hunting-spear. 

venatiO,  hunt;  venationem  exer- 
cere,  engage  in  hunting,  hunt. 

venator,  hunter. 

vendo,  3.  didi,  ditum,  sell. 

venenatus,  a,  um,  poisoned. 

venerium,  poison,  venom. 

veneO,  Ire,  Ivi  (ii),  itum,  be  sold. 

venerabilis,  e,  venerable. 

venerabundus,  a,  um,  in  tJie  attitude 
of  worshippers. 

veneror,  1.  worship,  venerate. 

venia,  permission,  pardon ;  veniam 
dare,  forgive. 

venio,  4.  venl,  ventum,  come  ;  ven- 
tum  est,  they  came. 

venor,  1.  hunt,  catch 

venter,  tris,  belly. 

ventito,  1.  come  backwards  and  for- 
wards, come  often. 


ventus,  i,  wind. 

Venus,  eris,  Goddess  of  Love. 

ver,  veris,  u.  spring. 

verbera,  um,  blows. 

verbero,  lash,  flog. 

verbum,  word ;  magna  cum  contu- 
melia  verborum,  with  grossly  in- 
sulting language. 

vere,  truly. 

vereor,  2.  veritus  (be  wary),  fear, 
be  afraid,  apprehensive ;  ut,  that 
not ;  ne,  that,  lest. 

vergo,  3.  incline,  trend,  lie. 

vernus,  a,  um,  spring,  vernal. 

vero,  truly,  indeed ;  but. 

ver  so,  1.  turn  about,  change;  sic 
versavit  utrumque,  so  whirled 
each  one  about,  so  changed  each 
man's  position,  served  each  such  a 
turn. 

versor,  1.  be  engaged,  remain,  be. 

versus,  us,  verse. 

versus,  -ward,  towards. 

Vertico,  one  of  the  Nervii. 

verto,  3.  vertl,  versum,  turn. 

verum  (true),  but. 

verus,  a,  um,  true. 

verutum,  dart  with  a  shaft  3$  feet 
long,  and  a  triangular  head  of  3£ 
inches. 

vescor,  3.  — ,  feed  on,  eat 

vesper,  vesperl,  >  .^ 

vespera,  )  * 

vesperasco,  3.  avl,  — ,become  evening. 

vespertilio,  m.  bat. 

vester,  tra,  trum,  your,  yours. 

vestigium,  trace,  track,  foot-print, 
sole. 

vestlgO,  1.  track. 

vestio,  4.  clothe. 

vestis,  is,  clothing,  dress,  garment. 

veteranus,  I,  veteran. 

veto,  1 .  ul,  itum,  forbid. 

vetus,  eris,  old,  former. 

vetustas,  atis,  age,  antiquity. 

vexatio,  harassment,  plague. 

vexo,  1.  harass,  plague. 

via,  road. 

viator,  wayfarer,  traveller. 

vice,  turn. 

vlclnitas,  atis,  neiglthorhood. 

viclnus,  neighbor. 

victima,  victim. 


190 


YOCABULABY. 


-,  )  conqueror,  victorious,  tri- 
x,  \      umphant. 


victor, 

victrix 

victoria,  victory 

victus,  us,  living,  mode  of  living, 
food. 

vicus,  i,  village. 

videlicet,  evident,  you  see,  to  wit. 

video,  2.  vidi,  visum,  see ;  videor, 
show  one's  self,  be  seen,  appear, 
seem,  seem  good,  proper. 

vigeo,  2.  ul,  be  strong. 

vigilia,  watch,  (night)  watch.  The 
night  was  divided  into  four  watches 
of  three  Roman  hours  each,  the 
hours  varying  according  to  the  sea- 
son of  the  year.     See  hora. 

vilis,  e,  cheap,  vile. 

vincio,  4.  vinxi,  vinctum,  bind. 

vinco,  3.  vici,  victum,  conquer,  over- 
come, vanquish,  beat ;  have  one's 
way,  carry  one's  point. 

vindico,  1.  claim,  save. 

vlnum,  trine. 

violo,  1.  violate. 

vir,  viri,  man. 


vireo,  2.  —  be  green. 

virga,  rod,  wand. 

virgo,    virgin,   maiden,   girl. 

virgula,  rod. 

virgultum,  thicket. 

virguncula  (dimin.  of  virgo),  lass. 

virtus,  titis,  manliness,  bravery, valor, 
worth,  virtue. 

virus,  i,  n.  poison. 

vis,  force,  violence,  significance  ;  vir- 
tue ;  amount,  quantity ;  vim  in- 
ferre,  violate;  vim  facere,  use 
force,  violence;  vires,  strength, 
forces. 

viscera,  um,  entrails,  vitals. 

visito,  1.  visit. 

viso,  3.  visi,  visum,  go  to  see,  visit, 
see  after. 


visum,  vision. 

visus,  us,  sight. 

vita,  life. 

vitalis,  e,  vital. 

vitis,  is,  vine. 

vitium,  fault,  failing,  via 

vito,  1.  avoid,  shun,  escape. 

vitrum,  woad  (a  certain  plant). 

vituperO,  1.  blame,  chide. 

vivo,  3.  vixi,  victum,  live. 

vivus,  a,  um,  living,  alive. 

vix,  scarcely. 

vocd,  1.  call,  summon,  bid,  invite. 

volo,  velle,  volui,  be  trilling,  wish 
want ;  mean  ;  si  ita  vultis,  if  you 
will  have  it  so. 

volo,  1.  fly. 

volucris,  is,  bird. 

voluntaries,  a,  um,  voluntary,  vol- 
unteer. 

voluntas,  atis,  will,  inclination,  af- 
fection, desire. 

voluptas,  atis,  pleasure. 

vomo,  3.  ui,  itum,  vomit. 

Vorenus,  i,  a  centurion. 

votum,  void,  prayer,  wish. 

vox,  vocis,  utterance,  voice,  cry. 

Vulcanus,  i,  Vulcan,  God  of  Fire. 

vulgo,  1.  spread  (among  the  common 
people). 

vulgo,  commonly. 

valgus,  i,  m.  and  n.  rabble,  masses. 

vulnero,  1.  wound. 

vulnus,  neris,  wound;  vulnus  in- 
ferre,  inflict  a  wound. 

vulpes,  is,  fox. 

vultur,  uris,  m.  vulture. 

vultus,  us,  countenance. 

Z 

Zeuxis,  is  (idis),  famous  painter, 
zona,  girdle. 


PXy"   Of  TEDS 

tjhiversitt; 


~A 


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